Since the Republic of China, this name has been very loud. When it comes to whether there is a Gu Yue Pavilion, it is this kind of porcelain tire that paints enamel. Some people speculate that Guyuexuan was a hall name during the Qianlong period.
China people are very willing to give their residence and study a hall number. For example, Zhang Daqian's is called Dafeng Hall, Ji Xiaolan's is called Yuewei Caotang, and the place where the emperor studied himself is called Sanxi Hall.
In our Zhongshan Park, there is a place called Lai Yu Jin Xuan, which was built in the Republic of China. A porch is a small house with windows or a long corridor. Where's Gu? Some people think it is a famous house or a small house during the Qianlong period.
However, I searched all over the Forbidden City, but I couldn't find it. Some people think that there were two painters who painted this kind of enamel at that time, one was Jin Cheng and the other was Xu Ying. Why do you say that? It is because a large number of enamels from Yongzheng to Qianlong were painted with two small chapters, which read these two words, Jin Cheng and Xu Ying.
Let's have a look. This chapter is about Jincheng and Xu Ying. The meaning of these two words, which we call people's names for the time being, seems to have nothing to do with the picture, so some people speculate that these two words are people's names, but they are not found in the archives of the Qing Dynasty.
This is the first statement about Gu.
2. Seek knowledge about enamel porcelain. Enamel porcelain evolved from cloisonne. Cloisonne is made of enamel glaze on copper tires. If it is replaced by the enamel glaze on the porcelain tire, it is called enamel color.
Enamel color began in the late Kangxi period and reached its peak from Yongzheng to Qianlong period. However, the enamel color in Yongzheng period was the highest and the craft was the most beautiful. During the Qianlong period, the enamel gradually turned to pastel, so the enamel ended in the late Qianlong period. At the same time, some porcelains have enamel glaze and pastel. This is a transitional enamel ware. You think it's enamel? It has pastels. Do you think it is pastels? It has enamel glaze, but the artistic level of porcelain is very high.
The production of enamel color is to send the best plain white porcelain fired in Jingdezhen into the palace, and then paint enamel color glaze in the palace and fire it. Painters are highly skilled and the processing level is strictly controlled. If there is any defect, it will be broken immediately. Because the enamelware is for Gong Yan's room to enjoy, it must not be lost to the outside, so the quantity is very small. Few collectors can see such rare products, so it is generally difficult to distinguish the difference between enamel and pastel.
The main characteristics of enamel color are introduced for reference:
First look at the porcelain tires. The porcelain tire is thin and regular, intact. Most of them are small pieces, and those larger than one foot are rare.
The second is shaping, mostly small daily-use porcelain such as bowls, bottles and hookahs, as well as animal ornaments.
Third, the bottom shaft is pure white, not blue or yellow, and the shaft surface is smooth, clean and flawless.
Fourth, the color of enamel. The color is extremely bright and soft, and it is rarely a solid color but a pastel coupling color. There are many colors, and seven or eight colors can appear on the same thing, up to more than ten.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) The characteristics of pigment. Each pattern is made of various pigments. Its color surface is as smooth as a mirror, and sometimes it can reflect mussel light, which is very beautiful. The glaze surface protrudes about one millimeter from the bottom glaze, and the three-dimensional effect is obvious. Close your eyes and touch it with your hands, and you can clearly feel it. If you look at it with a magnifying glass, you can see tiny opening lines on each Kobanawa lobule. This phenomenon is invisible to the naked eye, which is also the most important feature. Pastel, on the other hand, has no protruding feeling.
Sixth, painting and ornamentation, enamel painting pays special attention to painting skills, mostly meticulous; Different dynasties are different, for example, most of Kangxi's enamel colors are colored, and the colored places are red, yellow, blue, green, purple and rouge.
Draw boughs of peonies, big flowers with broken branches, and books on longevity, "longevity", September chrysanthemum, etc. The characteristic of Kangxi enamel color is that there are flowers but no birds, and the color matching is worse than that of Yongzheng Qianlong.
Yongzheng's enamel color is more mature, with a breakthrough in technology and richer color materials. During Yongzheng period, he painted colorful paintings, but mostly used white paintings. White background painting can better highlight the gorgeous and bright enamel. Yongzheng enamel patterns are mostly landscapes, bamboo stones, flowers and birds. At the same time, it is accompanied by corresponding poems on paintings, which are a combination of poems, books and paintings. It has a unique flavor and looks more elegant. During the Yongzheng period, monochrome painting was still popular, such as using carmine, dark blue and ink ... you can draw any color, which is very China painting style. This is original, especially beautiful.
The enamel color in Qianlong period inherited the style of Yongzheng, but the branch art was not as rigorous as that in Yongzheng period. Because Emperor Qianlong had a soft spot for famille rose, he paid great attention to and developed famille rose, a branch of art. As a result, the enamel faded slightly, and works between pastel and enamel appeared. These transitional products also have a high artistic level.
The enamel paintings in Qianlong period were mainly flowers and birds, landscapes, figures and western women, accompanied by imperial poems. At this time, the rolling process appeared again, followed by very beautiful landscapes, figures and flower-and-bird patterns. This new process is not enamel in essence, but famille rose, also called "green famille rose".
Seven, money knowledge. At one time, writing money was forbidden in Kangxi period.
It took Kangxi 40 years to open the ban and sign it. However, the original word "Xi" will be rewritten as "Xi", which only appears on Kangxi porcelain.
Kangxi's brush strokes were written on enamel utensils with pigments, including red, blue, purple and black. The signature is only "Kangxi Imperial System" in regular script, which was added by both parties. There are three forms of four fonts, the difference is that the word "Kang" and the word "Yu" each have two different pens.
There are also two ways of calligraphy in Yongzheng period, one is imitation of Song Dynasty, and the other is regular script, both of which are four characters plus two sides. Imitation of Song Dynasty is "Yongzheng year system", and regular script is "Yongzheng imperial system". I only see Kelan style.
Ganlong body is just one of the four words of "Ganlong year system", and its characteristics are shown in Figure 7. Dry dragon has two colors: blue and black.
I'm not a professional, but I found a website, hoping to help you.
3. Poems about porcelain include poems about sending Xu to wasteland. Song Peng Li Ru's floating beam burns porcelain skillfully, and its color is better than Qiong Jiu's.
I never like you alone because of the official illness. Older people sigh and engage in ancient times.
Yong Jingdezhen Wuranting Ming Temple Zhou Zongtao House leans on the shore, and the boat sails back to Jiang Lai every day; Workers don't have to be smart, this device can throw away the materials in the county. Give Hao Jiuming and Li Rihua a gift to find cinnabar in the city, and the pine sound cloud is empty from the pot; You light the Liu Xia lamp and go to Pan Lanting Jiuqu Spring.
The book presented to Hao Nineteen Yu Heng Xuan Kiln is very thick, and the world name is Hao Nineteen; There are even more beautiful poems. I look back at Lushan Mountain. White jade and Phnom Penh plain porcelain tires Qing Li Hong (Qianlong) white jade and Phnom Penh plain porcelain tires, carved dragons and painted phoenixes cleverly arranged; Exquisite and exquisite, you can see the green hills in silence.
Title Xuande Ruby Red Glazed Bowl Qing Li Hong (Emperor Qianlong) When the rain falls over the feet and the clouds hang down, the sunset shines alone; The mud is clear and the iron is stained with cinnabar. This bowl of pottery is fine in color. Li Hong (Qianlong) in Ji Hong bottle of Yongxuan kiln is dizzy like Xia Jihong after rain, and the fire is slightly roasted; The cinnabar in the world is not what it should be, and it is difficult for western gems to be the same.
Flower arrangement should make flowers blush, which is more hollow than painting. In 2008, the porcelain of China Dynasty was unparalleled, and the kiln was called the first in the coming year.
Don't let you decide the official songs, let alone the quality of Yongle blank? In the play, Jpua, Cheng Qing and Xu Jinzhai claimed that pottery boasted about the previous dynasty and the collection price was higher than Yinglin. Jing yuan has been casting for 300 years, and recently pushed Langyao.
Lang Yao, formerly known as Zhongcheng, is fond of ancient balance essence. Fishing for legal algae has been raging for three thousand years.
Fan Jinhe's earthenware is the oldest. Some officials decided to look for your firewood, which was searched on the ground and unearthed.
Zhong Cheng is fond of the past and has a legacy, and his politics is idle and artistic. After the rain, the sky is blue and jade red, and the palaces and temples are bright and resplendent.
Beauty Lang Feiluo, a wandering beauty in Jingdezhen, has nothing to see when innocent girl comes here. Looking down, the whole place is like a burning fire, and three thousand stoves smoke together.
The sky is full of fog, and the smoke keeps turning like a wheel. The yellow luster condenses the brush and the flowers turn into red clouds.
Back in the town, the factory felt it was obvious that Tang Ying had returned to the ancient town, and Guangdong was like a dream. The heart of the mountain remains unchanged, and the state of human feelings is life and death.
There are still thousands of merchants, and pottery smoke is still five colors long. There is a struggle for identity on the roadside of the elderly. Although people are old, they are not decadent.
Ding Mao returned to Yunyang in the middle of winter and stayed in Zhushan Taoists for 20 years. Qing lives by the river and Yu 'an lives in his hometown. It's raining in Bili Village, Ma 'anshan, and the wind of the duck tail boat is light.
The uncanny workmanship is outside the flute and drum, and it is appreciated in the Tao. The frost remover said to Yunyang Road, and maple trees are like spring trees.
Yao Minxing produces fine porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiaba, shenqing, but porcelain is not handmade; Artisans came from all directions, and artifacts became the world. There are many people living in Ye Tao, and his career has not even kept pace with the times; The rich make money and the poor work hard.
The index finger is a million cigarettes, and Chinese and foreign Jia Kezhen; There are many ants and leeches in the rough house, and pottery candles and cows fight. Metropolis is more difficult than men, and floating color is the thumb.
Poems on the Yangtze River (choose two): Qingling is like gold, heavy water hammer catches the river open, and it doesn't rain for miles; The mud is thicker and the rice is chiseled. Pray that the ship will not return to town. A hundred kinds of fine porcelain are hard to choose, and Ji Hong and Ji Cui are better than Qiong Yao; Therefore, there are no foreign products in the basin at home, and I don't envy Ge Kiln and Ding Kiln.
Fu Zhu Liangzhi Ci (choose one) Zheng Qingfeng's factory and the green fields in the clouds, Jia Chuan berthed in Wu Peng in the rain; In the dead of night, the dream of returning home was awakened, and the kiln fire was bright red on both sides. Tao Yang Zhi Zhu Ci (choose nine) Zheng Tinggui grasshopper honeycomb lane crooked, blank workers painted blue and white day and night; Now they are all from other provinces, and there are several local kiln gangs.
White glaze is removed from the blank house, and loess is packed in the box factory; In the dispute of getting on and off the ferry, the firewood boat closed and the boat sailed. The firewood on the dock is piled separately, and the man collects and counts it; Visitors to the kiln site are in a hurry, once every three days.
The name of Qiao porcelain is still alive, and the dark furnace in Phnom Penh is open; Xi Shou was not sold by farmers. Yesterday, the new kiln was tested. The green kiln burns the dragon jar and praises the old and new gangs in the same trade; Tao Qing Tao Chengqi will attend the meeting and reward God for singing solo every day.
Nine domain porcelain merchants enter the city, and their teeth are opened as designed; You know, the treasure has traveled across the ocean, and Ambassador Annan of China paid tribute. Fill the putty lightly and skillfully, and it is estimated that the pile is bright and dark; I made an appointment with my basket-carrying partner, and Huang Jiazhou came to the mainland.
Goose neck beach is full of water, barges and straw piled up like mountains; Porcelain will be shipped soon. I hope Lang will return it later. Welcome the teachers' meeting in May Festival and worship the wind and fire immortals in June; Kong Lung once read Don Gong Ji. Adults always depend on heaven.
Posthumous title Hao Jiuqing Zhu Yan Danquan brothers have a long-standing reputation, and the new town plan is following suit; The lantern is alone on the river, and the poet is hidden in the pot. Tao Ge (thirty-five selected works) Han Ji of the Qing Palace, Tao Yang, a male town in the south of the Yangtze River, is full of wonderful porcelain; Half-kiln households in the 20-mile long street, take him down and tell Duchang to follow the road.
It is not surprising that Wu Denian's so-called fake jade porcelain is today's real jade; Ordinary work, referred to by thousands of people, is known by difficult material resources. As the old saying goes, children are not used to blanks; Refined to be very thick and ripe, a model is a good porcelain.
Several circular machines are put on the plate to see the hand blank; The blank is circulated with two fingers, leaving a long handle without carving. The blank is laid on the board, and the new blank is not cut or smeared with mud; Tao Jun has been a good craftsman since ancient times. He is a strange model.
The blank does not crack and needs turning, and the round light of the knife needle is not bad; This is a matter of self-cultivation, and a little bit will damage Guanghua. The painting blank should be glazed, dipped and blown, and should be uniform and round; There are only blue and white paint materials first, and there is always time for new tricks.
Blue and white shades show the good end, and the magnetic blank picture is wide; Do you know Feng Wei Song Shang? It is known that the cover glaze is the same. White glazed blue and white flowers become flowers in one fire, and the flowers spit out from the glaze; You can participate in the creation of Tai Chi Hallows with innate wonder and infinite origin.
Look at him blowing glaze like a flute, and the small tube is veiled without water; Last week, there was no gap, and the vitality needed to be adjusted. The green material only praises the leek edge, and the description of the kiln is light and fresh; Jia Zheng's color is still relatively strong, so it's best to wear pearls and babel.
If you use lots of sheep, you can learn how to write. Look at his glaze color as ink, as if it were snowing in the pool. There are many glazed fruits in Guan Gu's family, including mirror grinding of fetal quality; If it is not as brittle as a rice cooker, the fruit glaze will be mixed with gray water.
Glazing seems to wrinkle easily, and the general rotation is always uniform; If you leave brown eyes and caviar, you will get a slight scar. Crossing the Goose Neck Beach is Guanzhuang, and people along the coast do not plant mulberry; Burn the sagger with sand and mud with bare hands and laugh at his plate full of mulberry lang.
Saggers have different origins and are generally piled by sand workers; There are even flat box cleaners, looking at steamed bread coming out from a distance. Sagger might as well burn it and hide it as thin as possible; Once the fire is raging, who can learn more?
The Wei family handed down the big kiln and once worked hard. It can be seen that hard work is as good as children and grandchildren. The kiln is full of fire day and night, and the eyes are golden to see the smoke; Raw and cooked will always be judged.
4. Who knows that the enamel porcelain of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty was founded in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, which is based on bronze tire enamel and has a simple style. Six years after Yongzheng, enamel color materials were originally imported from abroad and began to be homemade. Because of the pigment, the decorative materials of enamel colored porcelain are not limited. In addition to flowers, birds, figures and landscapes, the picture is deliberately left blank to add poems and chapters, which brings together the charm of "poetry, calligraphy and painting" in the creation of utensils.
The lid and bottom of the pot were covered with various flowers, commonly known as "Hundred Flowers Land", which was a popular decorative pattern in Europe at that time. The front of the room is two rectangles, and the scenery is depicted in blue. The mountains are handsome and tall, the houses are huge, and the bridges are flowing, all of which are described with meticulous brushwork. The blank space is marked with beautiful calligraphy, such as "Trees near the South Mountain", "Smoke contains North Bamboo Yao" and red leisure stamps "Mountain is high" and "Water is long". Looking at the narrative alone is like describing an ink and wash landscape painting. But if you don't distinguish between materials, you can call it ink painting, not to mention it really comes from the hands of court painters.
Yongzheng enamel color is meticulous and elegant. With dense and delicate flowers as the background, this work sets off a quiet and elegant blue landscape, and the visual effect of "taking silence in the middle of the noise" seems to interpret the aesthetic concept of simply controlling complexity. At the bottom of the document is the word "Yongzheng year system", which is the seal style of the blue book, and this form has also become a common pattern in porcelain writing.
5. Description of Qianlong enamel vase When the ear is removed from the vase, it must be a jade pot spring type, and it was mostly a low round type during Qianlong years. Enamel porcelain is a comprehensive work of art, and its design theme, poetry seal and so on will be carefully opposed and regulated. Poetry and seal are in the middle.
Look at these first, whether there are sand holes and gold plating on the surface of enamel ware (dry period is very heavy), and whether the enamel glaze is broken.
Whether to look at the porcelain tire (thin and complete, mostly small pieces), the shape (mostly daily necessities), the bottom shaft (pure white), the enamel color (bright and soft) and the painted pattern (in Qianlong period, western women mostly had flowers and birds, landscapes and poems)
Most abbreviations are like this.
6. There are several identification methods for Qing Ganlong imperial enamel. 1. Porcelain tyre: The porcelain tyre is thin and regular, and intact. Most of them are small pieces, and those larger than one foot are rare.
2. Modeling: mostly small daily-use porcelain such as bowls, bottles and hookahs, and animal ornaments.
3. Bottom glaze: it is pure white glaze, neither blue nor yellow, and the glaze surface is smooth and flawless.
4, enamel color. The color is extremely bright and soft, and it is rarely a solid color but a pastel coupling color. There are many colors, and seven or eight colors can appear on the same thing, up to more than ten.
5. Characteristics of pigments. Each pattern is made of various pigments. Its color surface is as smooth as a mirror, and sometimes it can reflect mussel light, which is very beautiful. The glaze surface protrudes about one millimeter from the bottom glaze, and the three-dimensional effect is obvious. Close your eyes and touch it with your hands, and you can clearly feel it. If you look at it with a magnifying glass, you can see tiny opening lines on each Kobanawa lobule.
This phenomenon is invisible to the naked eye, which is also the most important feature. Pastel, on the other hand, has no protruding feeling.
6, painting and ornamentation, enamel painting techniques are particularly particular, mostly meticulous; Different dynasties are different, for example, most of Kangxi's enamel colors are colored, and the colored places are red, yellow, blue, green, purple and rouge.
7. Money knowledge: Money knowledge in Kangxi period was once forbidden to write money.
Extended data
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The painting of enamel porcelain is its essence. After all, the embryo, color and shape of enamel porcelain can't escape the shadow of other colored porcelain in the same period, but painting has its own unique side.
Most of the enamel paintings come from silk sketches on imperial paper. According to records, from Kangxi to Qianlong, there were many famous painters who took paper painting as their profession, among which the most famous were: Wang, Jiang Tingxi, (Italian western painter), Tang Dai, Gao, Yuan Jiang, Jin Tingbiao, Li Shichuo, Yuan Ying, Wang Jingming, Qian Weicheng and so on.
The paintings of these famous painters are carefully described by painters on enamel porcelain, with both form and spirit and their own styles.
The development of enamel painting has its characteristics of the times. During the reign of Kangxi, most of the enamel paintings were modeled after the color patterns when bronze tires painted enamel. Most of the contents are peony wrapped around branches, Xiang Lian wrapped around branches, okra wrapped around branches, and small flowers. Composition is a symmetrical pattern with big flowers and big leaves, simple content and lack of vitality.
At this time, color texture is very useful. The texture is red, yellow, blue, white and other colors, but all colors and paintings are outside the utensils, and the inner wall is white. Uniform color application is the biggest feature of Kangxi enamel.
In the early years of Yongzheng, the enamel paintings did not change much, and the composition was still rigid and symmetrical, but the sketches began to increase and had some vitality. The background color was still carmine, yellow, blue and white. By the mid-Yongzheng period, the meticulous painting of "Courtyard Painting" was popular in the whole society and appreciated by Yong Zhengdi.
Painters of enamel porcelain catered to the emperor's likes and dislikes and began to "hook, draw, wrinkle and dye" enamel porcelain with "courtyard painting" as the manuscript, which is also unique to enamel porcelain. The painting themes are mostly profound hibiscus mandarin duck, ganoderma lucidum narcissus, golden pheasant peony, plum orchid and bamboo chrysanthemum, bamboo sparrow, Qiu Shu myna and so on. There are also various landscapes and pavilions.
Because Yongzheng himself likes ink and colorful landscapes, these paintings are all painted in monochrome or bicolor, which is extremely elegant and beautiful. Butterfly Map is a collection of various colors, and it is said that there are as many as 36 colors. After all, paper and silk paintings are manuscripts. Some of these paintings are painted directly on white porcelain, and some are painted in color, but the patterns are exquisite.
At this time, most of the objects are still painted inside, and a few of them are painted outside. At this time, I occasionally saw the painting method of "brocade ash heap".
Sogou encyclopedia-porcelain tire painting enamel
7. Who were the masters who painted enamel during the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty? The masters who painted enamel in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty were: Tang Dai was famous for his "deep and stable landscape"; Dai Heng is good at flowers and birds and is also a master of ink painting. Zou Wenyu is a painter who co-painted "The Picture of Immortality" with Lengmei and others in the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, and he is also the most admired master of painting in Yong Zhengdi.
Dai Lin, Xu and others wrote on the enamel ware, and the font was beautiful but not delicate, calm and carefree, which complemented the painting style of enamel porcelain. Later generations commented that Yongzheng enamel porcelain has four unique qualities: "The texture is as white as snow, and it is also unique; As thin as an egg curtain, I want to fly with my mouth hissing. I am absolutely unique; With a very fine microscope, flowers are dewdrops, bright and slender, butterflies are furry, and their necks are upright, which is also unique; The writing is extremely fine, there are strings, and the four families are also unique. "
8. Seek the original poem of "Ten Miles of Red Makeup Daughter Dream"