Liu Xie wrote "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" at Dinglin Temple in Nanjing
Liu Xie, whose courtesy name was Yanhe, was born in about the first year of Taishi (465), the reign of Emperor Ming of the Liu Song Dynasty. , Qi and Liang three generations. He lost his father when he was young and his mother when he was 20. His family was poor. He is determined and studious all his life and never gets married. After three years of mourning, he took refuge with the eminent monk Seng Hu at the age of 24 and lived in Dinglin Temple. In addition to collating classics and reading, writing "Wen Xin Diao Long" was Liu Xie's main career in Dinglin Temple. When he was about 33 years old, he began to write a paper. After several years of hard work, he wrote the first complete literary theory work in ancient my country, "Wen Xin Diao Long", but it was not "referred to by the times". However, Liu Xie had full confidence in the achievements of his works, and he was determined to accept Shen Yue, the leader of the literary world at that time. However, Shen Yue had a high status and had strong family views, so Liu Xie was not qualified to visit him directly, so he had to carry the manuscript on his back, pretend to be a hawker, wait for Shen Yue's car to drive out, and come up to see him. After Shen Yue read it, he praised it greatly and thought it was "deep in literature and science". He put it on his desk so that he could read it at any time. Thanks to Shen Yue's praise, Liu Xie and his "Wen Xin Diao Long" gradually became known to the world. It may also be Shen Yue's recommendation. At the beginning of Tianjian, Liu Xie started his career and was invited by the court. He left Dinglin Temple at the age of 39 and embarked on an official career. He successively served and concurrently served as the record office (managing documents) of Xiao Hong, king of Linchuan, and Xiao Ji, king of Nankang, in the Chinese army, Cao Cao of the chariot and cavalry warehouse in the army (managing warehouses), the county magistrate of Taimo (now Qu County, Zhejiang), and the infantry colonel. (responsible for the security of the East Palace), the general secretary of the East Palace (managing the chapter memorial) and other duties. When he was appointed as Tai Mo Ling, he "had clear achievements in politics." When he was appointed as the general secretary of the East Palace, he was "loved and accepted" by Xiao Tong, the prince of Zhaoming, another writer at that time. They discussed books together and discussed ancient and modern times. In his later years, Emperor Wu of Liang ordered Liu Xie to enter Dinglin Temple and compose scriptures with the monks. So he left officialdom and returned to Dinglin Temple. Finally, Liu Xie chose the path of becoming a monk. After becoming a monk, he died in less than a year, about the fourth year of Zhongdatong (532). According to historical legend, Liu Xie "was good at writing on Buddhism. He must be invited to write texts on temple towers and inscriptions on famous monks in the capital." It can be seen that he was a famous writer at that time, but unfortunately his collected works have long been lost. Nowadays, apart from "Wen Xin Diao Long", only two articles, "On Destroying Confusion" and "The Stone Buddha Stele of Shicheng Temple in Yanshan Mountain built by Wang Jian'an of Liang", have been preserved.
Liu Xie had a close relationship with Zhongshan Dinglin Temple throughout his life. He visited the temple three times. The first time was from the sixth year of Qi Yongming (488) to the second year of Liang Tianjian (503). For 16 years, Liu Touyi and Seng Hu assisted him in collecting Buddhist scriptures and correcting the scripture collection. The original biography of "Liang Shu" was completed. Said: "The scriptures stored in Dinglin Temple are determined by Xie." At the same time, he also wrote many inscriptions. For example, in the ninth year of Yongming (491), when Liu Xie was 27 years old and the fourth year after entering Dinglin Temple, he wrote "Inscription on the Temple in Dinglin on Zhongshan Mountain" and "Inscription on the Founding of Jianchu Temple" ("Inscription on the First Temple of Jianchu Temple"). "The Collection of Tripitaka" Volume 12). In the tenth year of Yongming Dynasty (492), Shi Chaobian died in Dinglin Temple and was buried in the south of the temple. Liu Xie wrote an inscription ("Biography of Eminent Monks"). In the first year of Yanxing (494), Liu Xie was 30 years old. In the seventh year after entering Dinglin Temple, Shi Sengrou passed away and was buried in the south of Zhongshan. Liu Xie wrote the "Inscription on the Monument of Master Sengrou". More importantly, Liu Xie also wrote "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons". The second time was in the seventh year of Tianjian (508 years). Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty said that "the ocean of Dharma is vast and shallow knowledge is difficult to find", so he ordered the Shaman Monkman of the Kangzhuangyan Temple to "select thirty people including Sengzhi, Senghuang, and Liu Xie from the King's Office in Linchuan, Dongguan, etc. to the Dinglin Temple." ", "Zhongjing Yaochao", a total of eighty-eight volumes, was completed in the summer and April of the following year. This time Liu Xie entered the temple for less than 6 months. The third time was in the third year of Zhongdatong (531), when Prince Zhaoming passed away. Following Emperor Wu's order, he and Shamen Huizhen went to Dinglin Temple to write scriptures again. According to the biography of "Book of Liang": "After attaining the merits, he asked to become a monk. He first burned his temples and made an oath to himself. The imperial edict granted him. Then he changed his service in the temple and changed his name to Huidi. He died before he expected it." That was less than a year later. A generation of literary stars passed away this year. Aged 68.
Among the "Four Hundred and Eighty Temples in the Southern Dynasties", Dinglin Temple on Zhongshan Mountain is among the best. Since the temple was built, eminent monks have emerged here in large numbers, such as Tamamiduo, Sengyuan, Faxian, Sengrou, Zhichun, Chaobian, Senghu, etc. all live here. Take Seng Hu as an example. At that time, he was a great master with the "Sect of Virtue and Chi, and a name that covers all the pure disciples". He had more than 11,000 black and white disciples. The temples here have a strong economy, a rich collection of books, and a beautiful environment. The "beautiful and beautiful" Zhongshan Mountain, coupled with "the mountain houses are far away, the springs are clear and dense," make it a perfect place for reading.
When Liu Xie came to take refuge, Seng Hu certainly welcomed him. This was a rare assistant who came to his door. During the more than ten years that Liu Xie and Seng Hu lived together, they "learned widely about the classics and read them as a profession". In addition to diligently reading the classics and interpretations, they also actively studied hundreds of classics and historical works and literary works of the past dynasties. "Wen Xin Diao Long", he not only corrected the scripture collection in the temple, but also wrote the immortal work "Wen Xin Diao Long".
Wang Anshi and Nanjing
Wang Anshi (1021-1086) was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province on November 12, the fifth year of Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Jiefu and his nickname was Banshan. He was once named Duke of Jing State, and after his death he was given the posthumous title of Duke Wen, so he was also called Wang Jing Gong and Wang Wengong. Although this "reformer of China's eleventh century" (Lenin's words) was born in Jiangxi, he has an indissoluble bond with Nanjing. He spent his youth in Nanjing, where he served as magistrate three times, observed filial piety twice, and resigned as prime minister twice. He lived in Nanjing for nearly twenty years. After his death, he was buried at the foot of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing. His parents and brothers He was also buried in Nanjing after his death. He left many touching deeds and magnificent poems in Nanjing.
When Wang Anshi was seventeen years old, he moved to Nanjing with his father Wang Yi because he was appointed magistrate of Jiangning. Two years later, on February 23 of the second year of Baoyuan, his father died of illness and was buried in Niushou Mountain outside Zhonghua Gate. Therefore, Wang Anshi kept filial piety in Zhongshan, Nanjing, and was determined to study. "Although he slept and ate, he would not let go of the scroll." When he was reading, he understood through his own thinking. He did not stick to the original annotations, but focused on applying what he learned. As Su Shi said, he "collected the legacy of the six arts and judged it with his own ideas; he sifted through the traces of hundreds of schools of thought and became a new man." "of. He also frequently conducted surveys and interviews, and often asked questions about farmers and female workers who had practical experience. Therefore, his understanding of real society is relatively profound and accurate.
In the second year of Qingli (1042), the 22-year-old Wang Anshi passed the Jinshi examination and ranked among the best. From then on, he embarked on an official career and devoted himself to reform with the spirit of "moving forward with intention and daring to take charge of major world affairs". . In the fourth year of Jiahu (1059), when he was the magistrate of Sansi Duzhi, he wrote a 10,000-word "Book of Statements" to Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, suggesting that the court comprehensively reform the laws at that time and advocated good financial management as a the center of the entire reform. But he did not receive the attention of Song Renzong and the ministers in power. In August of the eighth year of Jiahu (1063), Wang Anshi's mother Wu passed away. He took the opportunity to resign from his post of Zhizhigao (an official who drafted orders, proclamations for the emperor, etc.) and returned to Jiangning to mourn. After the mourning period expired, Wang Anshi still stayed at Jiangning's home to recruit apprentices and give lectures. He wrote "Hong Fan Zhuan" and other works, refuting the fallacy of the induction of heaven and man, and embodying the idea of ??not being afraid of changes in nature.
In Zhaowenzhai of Dinglin Temple, he met Li Gonglin. It is said that when Wang Anshi was seriously ill, he asked Li Gonglin to draw a large picture of riding a donkey for him. Li stayed up for ten days and nights, and finally painted it. When he sent it, Wang Jinggong had passed away, and Li Gonglin slapped it with two skinny hands. The coffin burst into tears, and with trembling hands hung the extra large "Picture of Wang Jinggong Riding a Donkey" in front of the coffin. Everyone was so moved that they covered their faces and cried.
While in Nanjing, Wang Anshi wrote many beautiful and profound poems and lyrics, expressing his concern for the country and his love for his country. There are especially many poems written about Zhongshan, nearly a hundred of which have been found. The scenery of Zhongshan is described in detail. For example, the poem "Jade Stream": "The stream flows silently around the bamboos, and the grass and trees west of the bamboos make the spring soft. Sitting on the eaves facing each other all day long, not a single bird sings, and the mountain becomes more secluded." And the poem "Remembering Jiangshan" is even more brilliant: "There are green vines and green trees in Jiangnan Mountain, and the rushing water is between the two mountains. The mountains are high and the water is deep. Fish and birds are happy. There are no cars and horses. People are free for a long time. The clouds are buried and the sound of woodcutters is heard through the green leaves. The moon is full of fishing shadows, and the yellow dust is all over my eyes. I wonder when I will return to sleep." He observed, described, and sang like this because he fell deeply in love with Zhongshan.
Wang Anshi loved Nanjing during his lifetime, and the literati and officials and the people of Nanjing also loved and missed Wang Anshi. No matter how conservatives belittled and abused him during the reign of Yuan and Wei, people still visited graves and offered sacrifices every year. "Daoshan Qinghua" said: "Wang Anshi was worthy of the Confucius temple, sitting below Yan and Meng and above the ten philosophers." "Qingbo Magazine" also said: "At that time, there were no scholar-officials in Jinling who did not visit the tomb of Jinggong. Fifty years ago, some of his scholars also went to pay homage to the festival.
”
Wang Anshi’s former residence, Banshan Garden, is located in what is now the Naval Academy. In 1982, the Nanjing Municipal People’s Government designated the garden as a municipal cultural relic protection unit. If it can be visited by people, it will contribute to the construction of spiritual civilization. It is very helpful.
Xie An and Jiangning Dongshan
Jiangning Dongshan, also known as Dongtu Mountain and Tushan, is named after the famous generals Xie An (320-385) and Xie Xuan (343-343) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. 388) A villa was built here, and Xie An was stationed here during the Battle of Feishui, which made it famous. As the saying goes, "the mountains are not high, but the immortals are famous." As a historical monument and scenic spot, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it became famous. It is also listed as one of the forty-eight scenic spots in Jinling and is called "Dongshan Autumn Moon". The Dongtu Mountain seen today is about 2 kilometers high and 60 meters high. Its top is a flat land with several acres of land, and the center can be built. Pavilions can be built around pavilions, pavilions, halls, buildings, etc. There are many layers of loess in the west and north of the mountain; in the northeast, there are loess covered with red ribs; while on the south slope, there are small loose sandy stones. It is in the shape of a five-level terrace with an average height of ten meters. It is obvious that it is an artificial addition. There are buildings on the first, second and fourth level terraces, indicating that it has a good foundation on the mountainside in the southeast corner. There is also a terrace, where the "Dongshan Qiuyue" pavilion is built. There is a terrace below, with a high wall built from the ground. It has six floors and is relatively intact. The upper level of the stone wall is 21 meters wide, with carved dragons and cloud heads. The stone railings, etc. indicate that it was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty or the Song Dynasty. This terrace is the relic of the balcony building. There is a pool on the south side of the stone wall, which is called Daijiatang. It is called Xiegongshan Well. To the south, there used to be a deep pool. Looking at the whole picture, we can indeed see the outline of Xie Gong's villa at that time.
Xie An built his villa in Dongshan, Jiangning, and commanded the Battle of Feishui here. "Book of Jin" Biography of Xie An, There are detailed records in the biography of Wang Xizhi. During the reign of Emperor Jian Wen, Sima Yu, Xie An was over fifty years old and Xie Xuan was thirty years old. They were already living here, "lying high in Dongshan". Years later) Qin Fujian invaded, and An worshiped him as a general and opened the mansion with the three divisions, that is, he ordered his brother Xie Shi and nephew Xie Xuan to attack. ) asked for advice... An Sui ordered him to drive out of the mountain villa (referring to Dongshan, Jiangning) to gather his relatives and friends. Fang and Xuan played chess and played chess in the villa. He returned at night and instructed the generals to perform their duties. Xuan and others have broken through the stronghold, and a message has arrived. An Fang was playing chess against a guest. After finishing reading, he took the picture and put it on the bed. He was not happy, but the chess game was the same as before. When asked by a guest, Xu replied: "Young people have already defeated thieves." After that, I returned to the house and transferred the ownership. I was so happy that I didn't feel that my teeth were broken. It's so pretentious. With his presidential merits, he came to pay homage to the Taibao. "This is the historical description of Xie An commanding the Battle of Feishui here. This is a noble image of being resourceful, decisive and calm in command. Regarding his building a pavilion in Dongshan here, there is also a clear record in the Jin Dynasty Biography, He is said to be "a book of good deeds... a good man of music... he built a villa on a mountain in a mountainous area, with many pavilions and bamboo trees." Every time he traveled with his Chinese and foreign nephews, he spent hundreds of gold on delicious food... " He also said, "Although An was sent by the imperial court, his ambition to Dongshan remained unchanged from beginning to end, which is reflected in his words and expressions. As far as the new town of Zhenzhen, we can walk from home to home..."
It is true that Dongshan in Kuaiji and Dongshan in Jiangning are both beautiful; but the former is the place of understanding for "restoration", and the latter is the place for "rising up for the cause" It is also mentioned in the "Book of Jin·Xie An" that Xie An "sings and whistles with ease" and "has a good nature in music". However, every time he travels to reward, "he must be followed by prostitutes" When Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty came to the south of the Yangtze River, he also praised "the new wine in the south and the song of the little prostitute in Dongshan". He even said this in "Dongshan Yin": "Bringing the prostitute to the east mountain, I feel sad and happy." My prostitute's present day is like a flowery moon, while his prostitute's ancient tomb is barren and the grass is cold. The white chicken dreamed of being three hundred years old and spilling wine to make everyone happy. .........That is also a moment, and this is also a moment. Why should the vast and vast chant be strange? "Here, Li Bai is right to call Dongshan "Dongtu Mountain". The "White Rooster Dream" mentioned in the poem is the dream before An's death, which can be seen in Xie An's biography. "Three hundred years after the dream" refers to Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty The era of "sprinkling wine with each other" refers to the fact that Li Bai and Xie An were happy together three hundred years later. Li Bai did know Xie An very well. In the poem, it is also said: "When visiting the historical sites in Yecheng, there is still Xie Andun. With the view of the dangers of the surrounding land, the high standard is unparalleled. Imagine the appearance of Dongshan and remember the words of Youjun (Wang Xizhi).
..." Li Bai also has two poems "Recalling Dongshan", in which Xie An is mentioned again, saying "the roar beats away the crowd" and "want to repay the guests from Dongshan". Regarding the above-mentioned new pavilion, Li Bai also wrote a poem about it, calling it "Jinling Scenery" Well, the powerful men gathered in the new pavilion." Li Bai followed Xie An's footsteps! Wen Tingyun in the late Tang Dynasty also wrote "Song of Xie Gongshu", which said: "The Suzaku sails south around the fragrant road, Xie Lang's east shu is connected with spring green", which explains Although the road is a bit "detoured", it still gives people the feeling of green grass. The poem also says, "The situation is full of emotions, and the capital has a snake's tail... Fu Jian is not allowed to cross the Huai River." "Game" means that Xie An played chess with his nephew here.
Xie An's ancestral home is Yangxia, Henan. Today, several Jin bricks with the word "Yangxia" can still be seen in the suburbs of Nanjing. This is certainly very interesting. "The old Wang Xietang Qianyan" has been at least 1,600 years ago, but this Xie family brick is still the original, which should be a true witness of history.
Wang Xizhi (321-379, 1st work: 303-361) was a famous calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was born in Linyi, Shandong Province. Wang Xizhi was born in the prominent Wang family in Wuyixiang, Jiankang, and was the nephew of Wang Dao. An Deng ascended the city of Ye, "I am leisurely daydreaming, and I have ambitions for the world." "I learned calligraphy from Mrs. Wei (鄄) in my early years. Later I changed my studies and started learning Zhang Zhi in cursive calligraphy and Zhong Bo system in formal calligraphy. I learned from many others' strengths and prepared various styles. I changed the simple calligraphy style since the Han and Wei dynasties and created my own beautiful and beautiful calligraphy style. In the new style, his formal script and running script are the best in ancient and modern times. People praise his writing style as "floating like floating clouds, as powerful as a startling dragon." " was admired by calligraphers of all ages and was regarded as the "Sage of Calligraphy". The original works of his works have not survived, and those handed down to the world are all copied by later generations. The running script is represented by "Lanting Preface", and the cursive script is represented by "Chu Mu Tie" and "Shi". "Qi Tie", the most famous of which are "Huang Ting Jing" and "Le Yi Lun"
Ge Hong (284-364), also known as Zhichuan, was a Taoist theorist and alchemist in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. , medical scientist. He was a studious boy from Jurong, Danyang County (now Jurong, Jiangsu Province). He often sold firewood in exchange for paper and pens, and traveled thousands of miles in the hope that he would find it. He dabbled in classics, history, and works of hundreds of schools of thought, and became famous for his Confucianism. He was not good at socializing, but liked the methods of being taught by gods. He first learned Taoism from Zheng Yin, and later learned alchemy from Nanhai Prefect Bao Xuan. He also studied medicine and lived in Jiankang for a long time. At the beginning of the Chenghe period, Situ Wang Daozhao was appointed as the governor of the state, transferred to Situ Yu, and promoted to consult and join the army. In his later years, he heard that Jiaozhi produced elixirs and asked to be appointed as the county magistrate in Gouluo. When he arrived in Guangzhou, he took his nephew to Luofu Mountain to practice Taoism and refine elixirs. He also engaged in writing. He comprehensively understood Taoism and Confucianism, and wrote many works in his life, including 100 volumes of poems and poems, 30 volumes of epigraphs, 10 volumes each of Immortals, Good Officials, Hermitage, and Jiyi, and he also copied the Five Classics. 310 volumes of "History, Han Dynasty, Words of a Hundred Schools of Thoughts, Prescriptions and Prescriptions", 100 volumes of "Jin Gui Prescriptions", and 4 volumes of "Ji Hou Yao Ji Prescriptions". The most famous ones are "Bao Pu Zi", with 50 extra chapters, adhering to Confucianism. The Gangchang thought opposes the metaphysical talk since the Wei and Jin Dynasties; the 20 inner chapters are a complete alchemy work that runs through Taoist thought. Among them, the "Golden Elixir Chapter" and the "Huangbai Chapter" record the use of minerals to refine elixirs, gold and silver. "Xian Yao Pian" mainly records the use of plants to treat various diseases. It is a relatively primitive pharmacology. It is a 3-volume volume of "Jiu Hou Zu Jie Prescriptions", which was expanded to 8 volumes after later additions, and is called "Jiu Hou Preparation for Emergency Prescriptions". Most of the prescriptions collected in the book are easy to obtain, effective, cheap, and easy to use.
Sun Quan (182--252) was born in Fuchun, Wu County (now Fuyang, Zhejiang). Sun Quan succeeded him in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The father and brother's business occupied six counties in Jiangdong. In the 13th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (208), he joined forces with Liu Bei and used fire attacks to defeat Cao Cao's army in the world-famous Battle of Chibi, establishing the foundation of Soochow. The foundation of the founding of the country. In the 16th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (211), Sun Quan moved the political center from Jingkou to Moling. The following year, Moling was renamed Jianye, the former site of Jinling City in Chu State
Stone mountain, build stone city.
There are stone warehouses and stone warehouses in the city to store weapons, food and other supplies.
A beacon tower was set up in the south of Stone City, which became an important military town. In April of the first year of Huanglong (229), Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang, and the country was named Wu. In September of the same year, the capital was moved to Jianye, which was the beginning of Nanjing's capital establishment. Sun Quan rebuilt the "Taichu Palace" in Jianye·
The official circumference is 500 feet. And built Jianye City into a truly ancient city, with a circumference of 20 miles and 19 steps. Sun Quan established Diannong Captain in Jiangcheng, Lishui, Hushu and other counties to manage agriculture. Sent 30,000 troops to dig a canal named "Pogangdu" from Jurong to Yunyang (now Danyang County), connecting the Qinhuai River and the Taihu Basin. To the west of Jianye City During the opening of the Nankai River, the Eastern Canal (Qingxi) was dug, and the tidal ditch was opened, making both sides of the Qinhuai River a prosperous commercial area. Thousands of people in the Sun Wu Palace were engaged in silk weaving. This is the beginning of Nanjing's silk weaving industry. Sun Quan attached great importance to the development of navigation and once sent a fleet of ten thousand people to Yizhou (Taiwan). ), Liaodong Peninsula, and Hainan Island; he also sent envoys to Korea (North Korea), Funan (Cambodia), Linyi (central Vietnam) and the Nanyang Islands. The first Buddhist temple in the south of the Yangtze River - Jianchu Temple - was built. In 252 AD, Sun Quan died of illness and was buried at the southern foot of Zhongshan Mountain. It was later named the Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, Sunlinggang, and King Wu's Tomb (now known as Meihua).