It expresses the ambition to resist foreign invasion, unify the motherland, and make achievements.
The era in which Lu You lived was an era of internal and external troubles. The invasion of foreign nations and the incompetence of his own rulers made Lu You suffer from war and chaos in his youth. As an adult, Lu You also had a bumpy career, but he had a firm belief and wanted to be a patriot who persisted in the war of resistance and resisted compromise and surrender. So he "stepped forward, stood on the standpoint of the nation, unyieldingly denounced the crimes of the invaders, exposed the traitors, and called on the people to rise up and fight" ① (p15). In his early years, he determined to "mount his horse to attack Kuang Hu, and dismount his horse to write a military letter" ("Impressions from Guan Daguan"). In "Reading a Military Book at Night", Lu You also wrote, "In my life, I will be the vanguard of the king holding the gun. All the soldiers who died in battle have , shamefully return to guarding his wife and children", expressing the determination to resist the enemy and serve the country; in middle age, he also "serves the country with peace of mind, and is still determined to destroy Hu Hu" ("Pillow"); in old age, he still makes a sonorous and exciting voice in the poem " Once you hear the drums of war, you will be full of energy, and you can still bring peace to Yan and Zhao for the country" ("Lao Ma Xing"). The author of "Xie Chichun" used memories to express his ideal of fighting against the enemy and regaining his homeland, which has not faded even in his old age:
When he was in his prime, he joined the army. Wolf Feng is raised at night. With a red face and green temples, he supports the carved Ge Xirong and smiles at the Confucian crown. The dreams of fame and fame are over, but the boat is floating in Wu Chu, and the sad songs are full of sadness and mourning. The mist is endless, looking at Qinguan, sighing that the fleeting years have been wasted.
This poem was written approximately in the 16th year of Chunxi reign of Emperor Xiaozong (1189). The first sentence, "I joined the army at the prime of life, once devoured the remaining captives in anger, and fought at night with the clouds high," describes his impassioned ambition when he was in Zhenjiang in his thirties and participated in the preparations for the Northern Expedition of the anti-golden veteran Zhang Jun. From these two sentences, we can also see how heroic he was at that time, how extraordinary his life was, and how much he despised enemies who were like wolves and tigers! "With beautiful face and green hair, he supports the eagles and soldiers, and laughs at the Confucian crown. There are many mistakes." At that time, he was full of energy, abandoned his pen and joined the army, and asked for a tassel to drive away the captives. He personally defended the motherland by fighting. How proud he was. How proud! However, because the ruler of the Southern Song Dynasty was greedy for life and did not dare to resist the invasion of the Jin people, but instead bowed his knees to the enemy and sued for peace, his ambition was difficult to realize. The last sentence had to utter a sad sigh of "Sighing that the fleeting years have been wasted."
The famous contemporary scholar Qian Zhongshu praised:
The patriotic sentiment was saturated throughout Lu You’s life and permeated all his works. When he saw a painting of a horse, he touched it. Seeing a few flowers, listening to the chirp of wild geese, drinking a few glasses of wine, and writing a few lines of cursive calligraphy will all arouse thoughts of revenge and national humiliation, and the blood will boil...② (p172)
Indeed, Lu You His patriotism is very strong. He attaches great importance to the country and is always concerned about national affairs. He hopes to enrich the country and strengthen the army. At the same time, he also hopes that his talents can be used to make contributions to the bullied motherland and the suffering people. Do your best.
The second expresses the indignation of having no ambition to serve the country.
At an early age, I didn’t know that things were difficult, and the Central Plains looked to the north like a mountain. The building boat is crossing Guazhou in the snowy night, and the iron horse disperses in the strong autumn wind. The Great Wall outside the Great Wall is empty, and the faded temples are already stained in the mirror. A master who is truly famous in the world, no one can compare with him in thousands of years.
In this poem "Book of Anger", the poet yearns for and recalls the mighty and majestic fighting life in his early years, laments the failure of his ambition, expresses extremely deep and indignant feelings, and pours out strong patriotic passion. As Professor Yan Xiu said, "Lu You, who had an empty heart of 'worrying about the country and his lonely ministers, shed tears of sorrow for the brave warriors' ("New Spring"), failed to realize his wish to restore the Central Plains until his death. "He will hate to see the Central Plains until his death" ("Taixi") ), became his eternal regret." ③ (p42) There are many other poems like this by Lu You, such as "Traveling around the world with a sword, I lost my old days and became old and sick. Who cares about my liver and gallbladder? "("Guan Yuan"); "A man with lofty ideals lives in desolation and idles for a long time, looking at the famous flowers scattered in the rain" ("The Rise of Sickness"); "A peaceful and strong man is useless, and he sheds tears of worry about the country" ("Shu Anger") and so on. "His poems contain sadness and indignation in their generosity, and melancholy in their boldness... These poems are elegies and sighs. They were written by the poet with tears... This kind of desolation of disillusioned ideals is also a kind of sublime tragic beauty, which is a symbol of Lu You's poetry. The most touching spiritual power.
”④ (p102)
Many of his words also reflect his grief and anger of unrealized ambitions. For example, "The Sapphire Case" (the sound of the west wind and rain rolling over the waves), "Thanks to the Emperor's Favor" (the small pavilion leaning on the Qingqiu) and so on. Among them, "Complaining of Love" written when he was dismissed from office and returned to his hometown of Shanyin for insisting on resisting the Jin Dynasty and restoring the country, can be said to be a representative work of this kind:
In those days, he traveled thousands of miles to find a feudal lord. The horse is guarding Liangzhou. Where is the dream? The poem is based on the recollection of the military life on the front line in Hanzhong, and expresses the depressing mood of "before Hu is extinguished, and the hair on the temples is beginning to fall". He was full of lofty ideals when he killed the enemy and performed meritorious service, but due to the cowardice of the Southern Song Dynasty, he only ended up in the tragic situation of "dusty old mink fur". The author expressed the sadness and anger caused by the failure of his ideal. He was sad that "Hu is not dead" and never forgot to restore his homeland in the Central Plains, but "autumn comes first", and he shed tears when he was worried. Finally, he expressed the emotion of "My heart is in Tianshan, and I am old in Cangzhou". These two sentences summed up the poet. In his later years, he lived a lonely life and had ideological conflicts with resisting invasion and restoring the country. He wanted to be on the front line of the battlefield, but he wanted to spend his whole life on the beautiful Jinghu Lake.
Three? Exposing and criticizing corrupt authorities and capitulationists
As a patriot and poet with a strong sense of responsibility, Lu You was responsible for the destruction of mountains and rivers, the displacement of people, the signing of humiliating treaties, and the survival of the ruling authorities and traitorous surrender. The poet had strong hatred and resentment.
The poem "Remembering Old Friends in Taoyuan" (titled "Huashan Mountain") reveals the treason of the Southern Song Dynasty in its unwillingness to regain its lost territory. "The Resentment of the Qing Dynasty" (Jiangtou Higurashi Drinking) exposed the ruling class's cruel and despicable crimes against the patriotic soldiers who insisted on resisting the Jin Dynasty. In "Drunken Song", he exposed "the war horse died in a stable." The capitulation policy of "Guan Qing abides by the peace treaty" has resulted in the dangerous situation of "the poor border refers to Huaihe and Fei, and the foreign land looks to Jingluo". His "Guan Shan Yue" is a masterpiece that opposes the peace negotiation and criticizes Gou An:
Fifteen years after the imperial edict, the general came to the border without fighting. The rich men sang and danced, the horses in the stables were fat and their bows broke. People's bones are captured in the air in the sand. The ancient war in the Central Plains has been heard. How can the descendants of the unfaithful people bear death and hope to recover? There are several tears tonight.
This poem was written by Lu You with an old inscription from Yuefu. When he was dismissed from office and living in Chengdu, the poem denounced the Southern Song Dynasty court's attitude of being timid and unwilling to care about the national calamity. It also expressed the frustration of the patriotic soldiers who had no way to serve the country and the desire of the people in the Central Plains to recover. It reflected the poet's concern for the country and the people. Unified patriotic feelings. There are twelve lines in the poem, and each four lines has a rhyme, which expresses a layer of meaning. It can be said that this is a microcosm of the society of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time. Some typical things, such as red doors, stable horses, broken bows, white hair, bones of conquered people, tears of survivors, etc., express the poet's clear feelings of love and hatred.
“The poet condemned the Longxing Peace Conference with sorrow and anger, and condemned the Southern Song Dynasty nobles for their debauchery and harming the country... Lu You was full of resentment towards these powerful traitors who harmed the country.” ④ (p101) The strong hatred is conveyed through the words. Shown in every word.
Four. Express love and care for the motherland and the people.
Love for the motherland and love for the people are unified. Lu You's patriotism is largely reflected in his care and sympathy for the people. Regardless of whether it is the common people in "Farmer's Lament" who "do their best to do their job", but "have no way to make a living" due to "county officials collecting rent"; in "Autumn Harvest Song", "the people have been in severe famine for several years. They move across ravines and face each other. The county officials and pavilions are as long as hungry wolves, the women are frightened to death and the children are stiff." "The rich are forced to serve thousands of slaves, while the poor and old have no silk" and so on all express this theme.
There are also some works that expose the atrocities committed by foreign rulers against the people of the Central Plains: such as "The first battle in the sea is like a guest image", "Zhao Wei and Hu Chen are thousands of feet yellow, and the king's army has been looking south for another year". While filled with grief and indignation, they also It expressed the strong desire of the people in the occupied areas for the Southern Song Dynasty army to regain their lost territory and relieve the people's suffering. There is also a famous poem "Autumn Waves" (climbing the Happy Pavilion on the evening of July 16th to look at the Nanshan Mountain in Chang'an):
Autumn comes to the corner of the border city and the mourning is heard, and the beacon fire shines on the high platform. Sad songs are attacking the building, and drinking wine with high spirits is such a joy and sorrow! Passionate people are like the moon in the southern mountains, especially when the dusk clouds bloom. The smokey willows in Baqiao and the pond in Qujiang are waiting for people to come.
This poem was written in the autumn of the eighth year of Emperor Xiaozong's reign in the Song Dynasty (1172). At that time, Lu You was serving as the Sichuan Xuanfu envoy's secretary general and prosecutor's judge in Nanzheng (today's Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province). During this period, Lu You actively offered advice to Wang Yan, the Xuanfu envoy. The favorable situation ahead and the actual life in the military inspired the author's strong desire to regain Chang'an. This poem reflects the author's concern for the progress of the war, his eagerness to regain Chang'an, and his firm belief in victory. The first part of the film is about climbing high and drinking wine. The first two sentences describe the autumn scenery and the tense fighting atmosphere on the northwest front. "Elegy is building, relying on high wine" and two typical actions show that the poet loves the motherland and is extremely optimistic. of mind. The next film is about looking at Chang'an from a distance, looking forward to victory. The poet stood on the Happy Pavilion, looked far away, and aimed his imagination from Nanzheng to Chang'an. The target was so focused and clear. The poet seemed to really see the smokey willows on both sides of Baqiao outside Chang'an City swaying in the wind. On the Qujiang River in the south of Chang'an City, countless pavilions and pavilions opened their doors, expecting the Southern Song Dynasty army to return victoriously as soon as possible. At the same time, the whole poem also uses vivid words and full emotions to reflect the strong desire of the people of all ethnic groups in the occupied areas to return to the embrace of the motherland and the urgent desire of the people in the south to regain the Central Plains, liberate the occupied areas, and unify the motherland.
The author of this type of work basically stands on the standpoint of the people, reflecting the unity of his patriotism and love for the people.