Ming dynasty architecture
The pavilions and pavilions in ancient gardens are mostly built by the water, blending with the waterscape, which embodies the artistic conception of "pavilions are everywhere near the water, although many houses do not hinder the mountains". They are separated by winding cloisters and flower walls, forming a natural space with free changes in size, which makes tourists often in the situation of "mountains are heavy and rivers are suspicious, and there is no way for Liu Huaming to be another village". The main buildings, such as Yeyitang, Meihuatang, Chunzao Hall, Cuiai Building and Liudaixuan, have beautiful and exquisite shapes. These buildings are not only decorations for the scenery, but also places to enjoy the scenery and shelter from the wind and rain. The halls and pavilions in the park are connected, and the layout is tortuous and changeable. In this way, the color leaked out of the window, and the scenery outside the window was deep and poetic.
The pavilions and pavilions in the ancient Yi Garden have various architectural plane forms and changeable three-dimensional shapes, which embodies the exquisite, free and lively characteristics of Jiangnan garden architecture. The roof is made of small tiles and hollowed out. All kinds of archways, cornices, doors and windows are carved, and the paint color is simple and elegant, which has the artistic style of garden architecture in Ming Dynasty.
Landscape architecture pays attention to title and conception. Yiyuetang in the ancient Yiyuan Garden, Shen wrote in Yiyuan Garden in Qing Dynasty: "Those who set gardens are like halls." The hall is called Yiyue. There are a pair of pagodas in front of the hall, with strange peaks and rocks on the right, rockery pool on the left and laurel trees behind the hall. The Mid-Autumn Festival is in the middle of Gui Xiang. He is suspected to be in Guanghan Palace. The hall is hung with a plaque inscribed by Dong Qichang, a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, which reflects the ideological interest of some literati at that time who were attached to mountains and rivers, indulged in elegance, enjoyed romantic scenery and put seclusion first. Chi Pan's "Unbalanced Boat" was built in Ming Dynasty and inscribed by Zhu Zhishan, a calligrapher in Ming Dynasty. This ship has no cable to tie, so it is named "unbalanced ship". Shipbuilding also has its feelings. Tang Bai Juyi's poem: "Without lifelong ambition, you can't be free. Once you return to the Weihe River, it is like a boat. " Li Bai also wrote: "Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will let go of my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat", which reflects the poet's dissatisfaction with the social reality at that time and his passive seclusion. Another example is that there is a pavilion on Zhushan Mountain in Guyiyuan, named Quejiao Pavilion, which deliberately mutilated one corner of the northeast to show the fall of the northeast, and the other triangles were all made of plastic, holding their fists high to show their determination to resist aggression and recover lost territory, which fully reflected the people's revolutionary will against Japan at that time. Tourists pay homage to this pavilion, reminding them of national humiliation and inspiring patriotic enthusiasm. Very educational. There are also some buildings with local historical commemorative symbols, such as the crane pavilion on the west embankment of Xi 'etang, where the crane stands still and wants to fly south. This pavilion was built according to the ancient legend of "Nanxiang White Crane", hence the name of Nanxiang. Visiting the White Crane Pavilion will make people think freely and increase the exploration of ancient love.
Green bamboo
The name of "Yiyuan Garden" is named after the artistic conception of "green bamboo delights in love". Bamboo is a traditional feature of ancient gardens. "Yiyuan" notes: "According to the shape of the garden, it is better than a mountain." Mountain refers to Zhuzhi Mountain in the garden, which embodies the artistic conception of Zhuqingshan, Lvzhushan and Lvzhushan. Bamboo is evergreen, elegant and exquisite, giving people an elegant and beautiful feeling.
Notes on Yiyuan Garden: There is a pavilion in the bamboo garden called Cui Yiting; There is a floating pavilion at the foot of Zhuzhu Mountain near the water. There is a green pavilion in the bamboo garden; There is a lotus wind bamboo dew pavilion by the stream; And there are xiuzhu on both sides of the curved corridor. Now, in addition to some idle places in the old district, or beside the stone road, in front of the house and behind the house, the corner of the white wall is dotted with bamboo clusters and small bamboo gardens. In the east, more than 30 mu of land has been expanded, and a new bamboo garden named "Qingqing Garden" has become a garden in the garden. In addition to Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys pubescens, there are Qin Xiao Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Bambusa henryi, Phyllostachys tortoiseshell and Phyllostachys arhat in the garden. Different colors and postures of bamboo are used to create various landscapes. Bamboo and stone are combined to form a three-dimensional bamboo and stone painting. There are groups of bamboo forests and winding roads, forming a landscape of "bamboo trails leading to secluded places". Bamboo is combined with buildings and streams, and various techniques are used to create a natural, quiet and beautiful space, highlighting the use of bamboo as a landscape, and unifying the garden name and landscape of ancient gardens.
Huashi lane
Garden road floor is also an integral part of garden art, which is mainly used as a guide for walking, and can also be regarded as an artistic appreciation. The roads of the ancient art garden extend in all directions, with winding paths leading to secluded places, full of interest and unique style. The garden road twists and turns with the layout of buildings, greening and rock pools, and changes freely with the ups and downs of the terrain. The arrangement of pavement patterns and the selection of materials vary from place to place. In front of the hall and around the pavilion building, exquisite patterns are paved with Yellowstone, bluestone, pebbles, blue bricks, blue tiles, columns, bowls and other materials, including plants and animals. General roads are made of Yellowstone, bluestone and cylindrical blocks, and the lines covered with patterns are simple and lively. Choose a square or hexagonal geometric pattern from the rectangular regular shapes around the building; In the road with wide, narrow, curved and multilateral natural shapes, the ice crack linear pattern is selected to adapt to the tortuous changes of the road surface. The content of the pattern is in harmony with the surrounding landscape. For example, the front and back floors of Meihuatang are paved with plum blossom-shaped patterns. Plum blossoms are in full bloom and the fragrance floats. Even if plum blossoms wither, they still seem fragrant and interesting. In Xiaoyundou rockery terrace, the pattern of "dragon" is laid, which has the artistic conception of dragon rhyme. The terraced fields around Ye Tang are paved with ice seams, and the pattern of "Dark Eight Immortals" is embedded in the middle, with various colors such as Yellowstone, bluestone, white stone, red tube piece, white bowl piece, glass piece, blue brick and blue tile. The colors are clear and harmonious, and tourists stroll through them, like entering a fairyland, as if they were next to the Guanghan Palace.
The pavement of the ancient garden is varied, which is in natural harmony with the environment in the park, full of interest, enhances the visual effect, encourages tourists to March, wander and stay, forms a dynamic and static connection and even daydreams, and attracts tourists to stop and enjoy.
Quiet qushui
The layout of the ancient Yi Garden has been centered on the Goose Pond since the Ming Dynasty. From the Qing Dynasty to the restoration and expansion after the founding of the People's Republic of China, attention was paid to digging rivers to control water, so that water was placed in the garden, mainly water, reflecting the garden scenery. The water in the ancient garden is isolated from the outside world, but in the 100-acre garden, there are thousands of meters of streams. Square pools and narrow water surfaces are formed, winding like a vein of a garden, running through the whole park. The stone barge by the pool is bumpy, winding, covered with flowers and plants. Looking at it endlessly makes people feel that the water is passive. And it has a long history. The goose pond is like a mirror, reflecting the clear reflection of "not tying the boat" built near the water, which not only expands the sense of space in the garden, but also adds quiet interest to people.
Floating pavilions, semi-floating in the water, are graceful and isolated from the world. After the pavilion, Zhushan stands by the water. Rotating around the water, the water turns with the mountain, the combination of motion and static, and the mountain lives with the water, which has far-reaching artistic conception. Gu Yiyuan's West Goose Pond, Yuanyang Lake, Lotus Pond, Guishan Lake and other pools. Communicate with each other and slow down the flow. On both sides of the pool, the pavilions and bridges are opposite, and the flowers and trees are lush and refreshing.
The 30-acre scenic spot expanded eastward by Yiyuan Garden also digs a pool to divert water, builds pavilions and bridges, and sets islands in the pool, with winding paths leading to secluded places, so that the water layout between the old and new scenic spots is included in Jiang Hong's poem "You Yiyuan Garden" in the Ming Dynasty: "Fireworks and fog plant ancient bridges, and the Pearl Palace pours out and leans on Qingyun. The graceful garden artistic conception of "quiet bamboo shadow, high water in the temple and high stone building" has become the most beautiful landscape in Shanghai gardens.
Couplet poems
The plaque couplets in China gardens, like men's eyebrows, are indispensable decorations and play the role of finishing touch. Many plaques in the ancient Yi Garden are thought-provoking, and the "White Crane Pavilion" reminds people of the origin of nanxiang town's name. "Echo Pavilion" means shouting and whispering, which embodies the spirit of Nanxiang intellectuals struggling in the dark during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period. Painting the Moon reminds people of the bright moon in the sky, which leaves a beautiful night scene on the wall through the window of the corridor. "Flying kites and flying fish under the porch" means that you can look up at the birds and overlook the fish here. In short, the plaque can not only summarize the artistic conception of garden attractions, but also point out historical allusions, so that people can appreciate the beauty of calligraphy art.
The couplets in the ancient garden are a concrete description and praise of the artistic conception of the scenic spot.
"Don't Tie a Boat" Couplet: Spring water with a double eaves shadow? Seven fragrant lotus leaves? (Qing) Liao Shoufeng
"South? Pavilion couplets: full moon? Yun Qi-Tianshan? (Qing) Ye Changchun
"Plum Blossom Hall" couplet: Is the billiard hall quiet and interesting? Is plum blossom fragrant in the cold? Chen Congzhou
Gu Yiyuan has many poems. Ancient literati visited the park and were moved by the scenery. They left many immortal poems for future generations, which provided valuable information for us to study classical gardens.