Oracle Bone Inscriptions, also known as "Wen Qi", "Oracle Bone Inscriptions", Yin Ruins or "tortoise shell and animal bones". Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded and reflected the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty, which mainly refers to the words carved on tortoise shells or animal bones by the royal family in China in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~ 1 1 century), and their contents are generally the things asked or the results obtained by divination. After the demise of the Shang Dynasty and the rise of the Zhou Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions still used it for a period of time, which is an important material for studying the social history of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's form and structure have tended to be combined independently, and a large number of pictophonetic characters have appeared, which is already a quite mature writing form and the earliest systematic writing form known in China. It inherits the original carving symbols, enlightens the bronze inscriptions, and is the key form of the development of Chinese characters, which is called "the earliest Chinese characters". Modern Chinese characters evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
According to the existing archaeological data, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was not unique to the Shang Dynasty, but existed before the Shang Dynasty. (garden village Primitive Social Site in Doumen Township, Western Suburb of Xi City)
Oracle Bone Inscriptions, also known as Wen Qi, tortoise shell or tortoise shell bone, is a very important material of ancient Chinese characters. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the word "Hua" has a very lofty position. In a total of * * * 65,438+million Oracle bones, there are more than 4,000 different characters and figures, of which about 2,500 characters have been recognized.
There are about 27% pictophonetic characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which shows that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a fairly mature writing system. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty, Chinese characters at that time had developed into a writing system that could completely record Chinese. In the discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, the number of words has reached about 4000. There are a lot of signifiers, pictographs, knowing characters, and many pictographs. These words are similar to ours.
The characters used today are very different in appearance. But from the point of word formation, they are basically the same. The word "strong" is often mentioned in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which means slave.
Judging from the number and structure of fonts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has developed into a more rigorous and systematic writing. The "six-character" principle of Chinese characters is reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. But the traces of the original picture and the original words are still obvious. Its main features are:
1. As far as the structure of characters is concerned, some hieroglyphics only emphasize the physical features, and the number of strokes and the front and back are not uniform.
2. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, some words have the same meaning with or without "mouth". For example, "divination" and "occupation" both come from the word "divination".
3. Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions's cognitive characters only require the radical to conform to the clear meaning, but not to be fixed. Therefore, there are many variants in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some words can be written in dozens or even dozens.
4. The size of Oracle Bone Inscriptions graphics is often determined by the complexity of objects. Some words can occupy the position of several words, and they can be long or short.
King Wu of Yin divines tortoise shells.
5. Because these characters are carved on hard animal bones with knives, the strokes are very thin, and most of them are in Fang Bi.
Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions was carved with a knife, and the knife was sharp and blunt, and the bones were thin and thick, hard and soft, the strokes carved out were different in thickness, even as thin as hair, and the joints of the strokes were peeling off, thick and heavy. Structurally, the length and size are not necessarily the same, or the dispersion is uneven; Or the dense layers are stacked, which is very neat and solemn, so it can show the infinite interest of simplicity and variety.
Although the structure of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is complex and varied, it has a symmetrical and stable pattern. Therefore, some people think that China's calligraphy, strictly speaking, began in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, because Oracle Bone Inscriptions has prepared three elements of calligraphy, namely, using a pen, binding words and composing a composition.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions was developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was mature in Longshan culture period, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was named after being carved on tortoise shell bones, which was a kind of book trace circulated in Yin and Shang Dynasties. The content is an Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which records the 270-year migration from Pan Geng to Zhou Wang, and is the earliest book trace. Yin merchants have three characteristics, namely, believing in history, drinking alcohol and worshiping ghosts and gods; Because of this, these tortoise shells, which decided many things such as fishing, conquest and agriculture, can be rediscovered in later generations and become important materials for studying China characters.
In Shang dynasty, the pen and ink were excellent, and the calligraphy was thin and sharp because of engraving, which had the interest of a blade. Influenced by the rise and fall of writing style, it can be divided into five periods, which are introduced below. In the late Shang Dynasty, he moved from Pan Geng to Shang Zhouwang, which lasted for about 273 years and experienced the eighth king of 12. During this period, Oracle Bone Inscriptions should be divided into early and late periods. There are different opinions on the study of the chronology of Oracle bones in Shang Dynasty. At present, Dong Zuobin's five-stage theory based on ten criteria such as lineage, appellation and chastity is mainly adopted, namely the first stage: Pan Geng, Xiao Xin, Xiao Yi and Wu Ding; The second stage: Zu Geng and Zujia; The third issue: Yan Xin and Kangding; The fourth period: martial arts, Wen Ding; The fifth issue: the first issue and Di Xin.
Glorious period:
From Pan Geng to Wuding, about one hundred years ago, influenced by the flourishing age of Wuding, the calligraphy style was magnificent, which was the acme of oracle calligraphy. Generally speaking, the pen is round and sharp, full of variety, regardless of fat or thin, full of vitality.
Secondly, I sincerely hope that:
It took about forty years from Zu Geng to Zujia. Both of them are holy kings. Calligraphy in this period was sincere, generally inherited the style of the previous generation, stuck to the rules, and rarely made new creations, but it was not as vigorous and bold as the previous generation.
Third, the decadent period:
It has been fourteen years since Suan Xin came to Kangding. This period can be said to be the autumn of the decline of literary style in Yin Dynasty. Although there are still many neat books, the paragraphs are scattered and irregular, not so regular, a little childish and confused, and the number of typos is not uncommon.
Fourth, steep period:
It took about seventeen years to get from Wuyishan to Dingding. Wu Wending is determined to restore the boldness of the Wuding era, and his calligraphy style has become vigorous and powerful, showing a youthful atmosphere. There is a very strong style in the slender brush strokes.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) strict term:
It's about 89 years since I first came to Di Xin. Calligraphy style tends to be rigorous, slightly close to the second phase; Lengthened in length, cautious, not decadent, and lacking in heroic spirit.
Fine print on Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also influenced by knife carving. In divination, "yes" or "no" is often engraved on both sides of the central longitudinal line of tortoise shell, written from the central line to the left and right, so the two sides are symmetrical and harmonious, with symmetrical beauty. Moreover, after engraving, all the big and small characters are filled with ink and ink, or both sides are Zhu Mo, which is more artistic and can be called a miracle in the history of books.
Literature and art refers to the characters used by the Yi people in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan, also known as "literature and art" and "Shu Shu". Many books in Ming and Qing dynasties said that this writing was "like tadpoles" and "1840 letters". According to folklore, Yi language has a very long history, but the most prosperous period began after the Ming Dynasty.
The ancient Yi language is an ideographic writing, which is still popular among the Yi people. It is an original ancient Chinese character, not a product of borrowing and imitating Chinese characters. Yi language came into being between Neolithic Age and Iron Age, and experienced an inevitable stage of writing development. The contents of Yi language classics cover a wide range, including astronomy, geography, politics, economy, military affairs, medicine, arithmetic, topography, geomorphology, biology, agriculture and animal husbandry, etc. , which contains a lot of production and life skills and wisdom, is the experience summary and scientific crystallization of the Yi people's development and utilization of local natural resources.
The ancient Yi language discovered at present is from 8000 years ago to 1 10,000 years ago. The research of experts shows that the ancient Yi language can be juxtaposed with China Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Sumerian, Egyptian, Mayan and Hara-like languages, and it is one of the six ancient Chinese characters in the world, which can represent an important origin of world characters. However, due to various reasons, there are fewer and fewer old Yi people who can recognize Yi language in Guizhou, and the old Yi people who know ancient Yi language can't translate ancient Yi language classics because they don't know Chinese, so the research team of ancient Yi language is seriously lacking. Relevant experts call on the state and relevant provinces and cities to increase investment, strengthen the construction of the research team of ancient Yi language, and rescue the ancient Yi language as a national cultural treasure as soon as possible.
Piaget lazu's theory of word formation. Many Yi people in Sichuan say so. Many people who go to Sichuan to inspect Yi culture have collected this legend, but the details are different. It is said that Bi Ashlazu (homophonic) was found by his mother to be "squatting under a tree, writing a book. There was a crow and cat-like monster on the tree, spitting black blood, so Lazu dipped in blood and wrote a book. His mother walked under the tree, and the monster suddenly ran away, ... and the Yi writing began" (Zhuang Xueben). Speaking of the death of Piaget Lagui. He was deeply disturbed by the failure to pass down his scriptures, and later he became a beautiful Bai Niao. "The blood in his mouth fell on the leaves and became all kinds of words", and his son "Geng Chun copied these words one by one with a thin stick, ... and passed them on to others, which is how Yi language was handed down" (Zhang Chunde).
Bo Bogeng said that he created words. This theory is mainly circulated among the people in Yunnan (Wang Changfu).
Lu Ji said that he created words. The legendary founder of Yi language in northwest Guizhou is a clever old man named Lu Ji. He began to carve the images of six kinds of poultry and six kinds of wild animals, and marked the year on the tree and the moon on the stone, forming a unique Yi language (Wang Guifu) completely different from Chinese characters.
Dumina really left something to say. In the ancient songs of the Yi people, there is a legend that Dumina Quezoda taught people to write Yi language with leaves as paper and red soil as ink. Similarly, it is also recorded in Nisudo Festival that tuna went to heaven to ask Liu Bei's immortal for words and books. Mia Butterfly said. 1935, Ding Wenjiang edited and published the classic dance poem Cong Wencong Ke, and the translator Tan said in the preface of "The History of the Emperor Century" that "there were thirty generations from the time when human ancestors hoped to cover it up to being desecrated. There are no words here, just dictation. In the twenty-ninth generation of Wuluocuo, God sent a priest named Mi Aidi, who came to sacrifice wine, write, make laws and establish laws, and began to develop culture and etiquette. "
Tsumoto Aru's theory of word formation. Volume 9 of Southwest Yi Records records that he discovered the origin of heaven and earth, founded ancestor worship and created Yi hieroglyphics.
Iawu said the word creation. There is also a record in Volume 10 of Southwest Yi Records that he is "extremely clever", knowing astronomy above and geography below, creating Yi language and writing many history books.
Aco said that he created words. This is a widespread and timeless proverb. Yunnan Miscellaneous Collection records: "Those who had a town after Nagou in the Han Dynasty entered Malong House and abandoned their jobs to hide in the valley. The word "He Cong" is like a tadpole, only two years old. The letter is very strange, and it is numbered in the book group. " There are also records in Volume XIII of Dading County Records of Guizhou: nine foreign language books translated by An Guoheng in Ming Dynasty, including Gao Na in Tang Dynasty.
Yi
Mr. chieftain, who lives in Iwatani, wrote the word "Si", like a tadpole. It took three years to form, the letter is 1840, and the number is, which is today's Yi character. The word falls to the left, and there are also pictographs and meanings. There are similar records in Yunnan Records of the Apocalypse, Records of the Great Unity, Records of Yunnan (Old), Records of Jingchun Yunnan and Records of Hua Kai Prefecture.
In Song Dynasty, Chunhua Pavilion Post was compiled, which contained the oldest Canghe book, two ancient characters that no one could interpret before. Now Liu Zhiyi (1990) has successfully deciphered Cang Shu Jie >:; And Xia Yushu.
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