What does 1. Spring and Autumn brushwork mean? Spring and Autumn brushwork refers to paying attention to praise and criticism in the selection of publicity materials. The methods used by Confucius to compile Chunqiu are "pen" and "cut". "Pen" is an addition to the original records of Spring and Autumn Annals, while "Cut" is a deletion of the original records of Spring and Autumn Annals. The ram said: Confucius is the Spring and Autumn Annals. "Pen is a pen, cut is cut. People in Xia Xia cannot help but praise. " (Historical Records Confucius Family)
The spring and autumn brushwork emphasizes "taboo for respect, taboo for relatives and taboo for saints." In other words, when compiling a book, it involves respecting people and artifacts. Among the more than 800 major events recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals, except for 102 solar eclipse, earthquake, natural disaster and wind and frost, the other 700 major events recorded the major activities of Zhou Tianzi, princes and Qing Dafu. At that time, slave resistance was one after another, and there were "bandits and thieves" and "business thieves" everywhere. These major events that directly endangered the slave owners' rule were not recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals.
2. Explain that the so-called "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy", also known as "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy" or "Outlining the Great Righteousness", is a historical narrative method and skill in ancient China, and an article writing method created by Confucius, that is, expressing the author's ideological tendency in the narrative of the article, rather than expressing it through rhetoric.
Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical book of Lu, which is said to have been edited by Confucius. Scholars believe that every word it uses must contain praise and criticism. In Historical Records, Zuo Qiuming made a subtle exploration of the occult, and made a precise summary of this brushwork for the first time: "The name of Spring and Autumn Annals is implicit and obvious, with gloomy aspirations, graceful and logical, and not dirty, punishing evil and persuading good. Who can fix it without a sage? (The description of Spring and Autumn Annals uses fine words with obvious meanings, and records historical facts with profound meanings. It is witty and logical, exhaustive and undistorted, and warns evil and promotes good. If you are not a saint, who can write? )"
Because Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, he implied praise and criticism when describing history. Although he didn't directly explain his views on people and things, he euphemistically and implicitly expressed the author's subjective views through detailed description, rhetorical devices (such as word selection) and material selection. In order to explain Confucius' thoughts, later writers wrote special works to explain the inner meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, especially some details about ceremonies. For example, "Wu Gong was angry and slaughtered it, saying," Hu, the country of brothers. What's the point of chopping off your son? "Now that you have killed him (Guan), there is no need to use the humble title of' son' to address people.
Historians emphasize writing directly with pen, but Confucius secretly added his own subjective views by using obscure words and so on to evaluate historical figures. Later generations have different opinions on this.
3. Historical allusions Confucius was a great thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. In his later years, Confucius returned to Shandong to sort out documents and write Chunqiu. When Confucius wrote Chunqiu and described history, he expressed his opinions without reservation, so that Confucius' students found it difficult to change even a word in Chunqiu.
However, when Confucius expressed the meaning of praise and criticism, he did not directly explain his views on people and things in words, but expressed his subjective views euphemistically and implicitly through careful description, vocabulary selection and material screening.
For example, the monarchs of the State of Wu and the State of Yue boldly called themselves kings, while Confucius denounced them as "sons" in the Spring and Autumn Annals. As a matter of fact, Jin Wengong summoned Zhou for the purpose of implementing the land alliance, but Confucius washed Zhou's name in the Spring and Autumn Annals, saying that "the son of heaven hunted in Heyang".
Later scholars called Confucius' style of writing "Spring and Autumn brushwork" or "slightly expressing meaning", which means that the style of writing is subtle and tortuous, but it has both praise and disparagement.
Confucius compiled the Spring and Autumn Annals, recorded historical figures and events, and expressed his views by including praise and criticism in his writing. Later people called it "Spring and Autumn brushwork". For example, the Spring and Autumn Annals says: "In summer and May, Zheng Boke was in Yan." Zuo Zhuan reveals the obscure meaning of the word Spring and Autumn when referring to the year of A.D.: "The book says,' Zheng Boke is in Yan.' Duan is not a brother, so don't say brother; For example, the second gentleman is called gram; Zheng Bo is also a mockery of losing education: Zheng Zhi.
It's hard to run without saying anything. Zuo Zhuan pointed out that Duan was not like a brother, so he didn't say the word "brother"; Brothers struggle, like two kings, so they are called "grams"; Calling Zhuang Gong "Zheng Bo" is a satire on his uncultured (the development of things was deliberately arranged by Zhuang Gong). This record in the Spring and Autumn Annals shows the sincerity of Zhuang Gong. Don't say "run away" because historians have something difficult to write.
This shows that Chunqiu's attitude towards Zheng Bo and Duan Shu is negative. Another example is Spring and Autumn Thirteen Years of "xianggong": "Winter, the city defense." In the thirteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Xiang Gong said, "Winter is the city defense, books are the time. So he went to town early, and Zang Wuzhong asked him to finish his farm work. Ritual also. " Zuo Zhuan pointed out that the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded that the winter fortification was in the season. At that time, it was planned to build the city earlier, and Zang Wuzhong asked to finish the farm work before building it, which was in line with the etiquette.
This table, Spring and Autumn Annals, definitely holds a positive attitude towards building cities in winter. In the fourteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Mr. Yue said: "The title of Spring and Autumn Annals is hidden and obvious, with gloomy aspirations, graceful and logical, not polluted, punishing evil and encouraging good." Who can fix it without a saint? " Zuo Zhuan points out the description of Chunqiu. Words are precise and meaningful, historical records are subtle and profound, witty and logical, exhaustive and undistorted, warning evil and rewarding good.
If you are not a saint, who can write? This well explains Confucius' brushwork in the Spring and Autumn Period. "Praise the glory of flowers and autumn, and belittle it like an axe" is the characteristic of Spring and Autumn brushwork.