In the twenty-third year of Daoguang (1843), he was elected as Yougong and entered Beijing at the behest of his father. The next year (Chen Jia), he took the rural exam in Shuntian, which was a Chinese exam. Twenty-seven years (1847), he was admitted to the 13th Jinshi of Ding Weike Dimethyl, and changed to Jishi Shu, imperial academy.
At the beginning of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), after Li Hongzhang learned that the Taiping Army had entered Anhui on a large scale, he encouraged Lu, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, to go to war and rushed to write a letter for him overnight. When playing, Emperor Xianfeng appointed Lu as the minister of Anhui Yong Tuan, and Lu said to Li: "You curse me, I am destined to go; I also curse you and play music together. " So Li Hongzhang returned to Anhui with him. The following year, Li Wenan, Li Hongzhang's father, was also recommended by Wang Maoyin to respond to his hometown forever. The group motto of Li and his son is "neat and usable". Li Hongzhang fought against Taiping Army and Nian Army in central Anhui successively with Zhou Tianjue, Li, Lu, Fu Ji and other Qing officials.
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), after the Taiping Army broke the camp in the south of the Yangtze River, it formed the Huai Army to suppress the uprising.
At the beginning of the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), he served as the governor of Zhili and concurrently as the minister of Beiyang trade. Tongzhi eleven years (1872), awarded a bachelor's degree in Wuyingdian. Since then, Li Hongzhang served as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang for 25 years, and participated in a series of important measures taken by the Qing government in internal affairs, diplomacy, economy and military affairs. He became an important official of the Qing court relying on Jiguan and the Great Wall. With the rise of Li Hongzhang's status and rights, the Huai Army he founded was sent by the Qing court to Zhili, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces to defend, and became a standing army as a national defense force. With him as the leader, the Huai clique, composed of Huai clique generals, aides and a group of like-minded bureaucrats, became the most powerful Westernization clique at that time, and under its leadership, started the early Westernization Movement in China-self-improvement-modernization.
1895 April 17 Li Hongzhang signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japanese Plenipotentiary Ito Bowen and Foreign Minister Lu Aozongguang at Chunfan Building in Maguan.
190 1 In September, Li Hongzhang signed the Xin Chou Treaty with the great powers on behalf of the Qing government. People all over the country are very angry. Two months later, 78-year-old Li Hongzhang died in Beijing Xianliang Temple.
Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) was born in Xiangxiang, Changsha, Hunan Province (now Shuangfeng County, Hunan Province). China was a strategist, philosopher, politician and calligrapher in Qing Dynasty. He is one of the "famous ministers of Zhongxing" and a writer, and the founder of the prose "Xiangxiang School" in the late Qing Dynasty. Official to the Governor of Liangjiang, the Governor of Zhili, the University of Wuyingdian, the first-class righteous Hou Yong. Baiyangping, a native of Xiangxiang, Changsha, Hunan Province, now belongs to Tianziping, Ye He Town, Shuangfeng County, Hunan Province.
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), in November, the Taiping Army left northern Hunan and conquered Hanyang. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), Zeng Guofan established Yingyong, a place called Xiang Army, which was divided into army and navy. Soldiers recruited farmers in Xiangxiang area, and their wages were about three times that of green camp. The whole army only takes orders from Zeng Guofan. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), 6,500 soldiers from the 13th Army Battalion and 5,000 soldiers from the 10th Navy Battalion assembled in Xiangtan and fought to the death. The first battle was defeated by Taiping Army in Yuezhou and Jinggang. Zeng Guofan drowned himself several times. When he writes a book, he can only laugh at himself with "repeated defeats and repeated wars." After the reorganization of the army, Yuezhou and Wuchang were reoccupied, and the Taiping Army withdrew from Hunan. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1May 858), Jiujiang was stormed. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Ceng Guoquan surrounded Anqing, and was famous for "camping hard and fighting to the death". Tongzhi for three years (1864), the Xiang army attacked Tianjing (Nanjing).
Zeng Guofan inherited the independent style of Tongcheng School Fang Bao and Yao Nai, and founded the "Xiangxiang School", an ancient prose in the late Qing Dynasty. He talks about ancient prose, emphasizes the sonorous tone and tries his best to cover it up. Ancient prose is profound and magnificent, which can convey the spirit of Han Fu, so it has a magnificent artistic conception and can get rid of the disadvantages of Tongcheng School, which is called by later generations. The Zeng family had a patriarchal clan system in Tongcheng, but it changed and developed later. As a model of the text, he compiled a hundred kinds of miscellaneous notes on classics and history, which is not controlled by Tongcheng and is called Xiangxiang School in the world. Yan Fu, Lin Shu, Tan Sitong and Liang Qichao were all influenced by his writing style in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He is the author of hundreds of Quezhai Anthology, Poetry, Reading Record, Diary, Shu Shu, Letters from Home, Family Tune, Miscellanies of Classics and History, and 18 poems. No less than 100 volumes, known as the Complete Works of Zeng, spread all over the world. Another author is The Way of Learning, Five Proverbs and so on.
In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Zeng Guofan, then governor of Zhili, was ordered to go to Tianjin to handle the Tianjin religious plan. On June 2 1870, thousands of people gathered in front of the French Catholic Church in Tianjin, suspecting that the Catholic Church used the nursery as a crutch to kidnap people and kill babies. Uncle Feng, the French consul, believes that there is no hard pressure from the government. He ran into Liu Jie, the magistrate of Tianjin, with a gun in the street. He shot and killed a servant in Liu Jie on the spot because of an argument. In public anger, he first killed Uncle Feng, the French consul, and his secretary Simon, then killed 10 nuns, 2 priests, 2 other French consulate staff, 2 French nationals, 3 Russian nationals and more than 30 China believers, and burned the French consulate and Wanghai. After the incident, Britain, the United States, France and other countries jointly protested and dispatched warships to show off their strength. After Zeng Guofan arrived in Tianjin, considering the situation at that time, he didn't want to go to war with France. "However, the quick success of Hebei lottery is not one of the courtship crimes." At the request of France, it was decided to finally kill 18 people who took the lead in killing people, exile 25 people, and send Tianjin magistrate Zhang Guangzao and magistrate Liu Jie to Heilongjiang to compensate foreigners for the loss of 462,000 silver, and Chonghou sent a mission to France. As a result of this negotiation, the court and the people in public opinion were very dissatisfied, which greatly affected Zeng Guofan's reputation and caused the national ruling and opposition parties to scold him. Even his fellow villagers in Hunan smashed and burned the plaque boasting about his fame in Huguang Hall.
He died in Nanjing on February 4th, 11th year of Tongzhi (Gregorian calendar:1March 20th, 872). The court gave a teacher a gift, and he was named "Zheng Wen" after his death.
Lin Zexu (1785- 1850), the word fu, the word wood, called the elderly in the village at night, retired from the village, retired from the 72 peaks. Fujian Houguan (now Fuzhou, Fujian) was born. The main achievement was the collection of nearly 20,000 boxes of opium, about 2.37 million Jin, from Britain. Daoguang 19 (1June 3, 839) was publicly destroyed at Humen Beach on April 22nd.
In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Lin Zexu entered the Aofeng Academy. In the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804), he served as secretary of tongzhi of coastal defense in Xiamen, and later joined the Zhang Shicheng shogunate, the governor of Fujian. In the 16th year of Jiaqing (18 1 1), Jishi Shu, a scholar, was selected for editing. He has served as deputy examiner in Jiangxi Province and examiner in Yunnan Province. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), he was appointed as the supervisor of Jiangnan Road, transferred to Hangjiahu Road in Zhejiang Province, repaired seawalls, built water conservancy and developed agriculture, which was quite political. A patriotic politician who advocated banning opium and resisting aggression during the Opium War. Historians call him "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world" in modern China.
1In March of 839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, and the anti-smoking movement started rapidly. While stepping up the rectification of coastal defense, he strictly closed the cigarette dealers; On the one hand, foreign tobacco dealers are restricted from handing in opium. Lin Zexu said in a notice to foreign tobacco merchants: "The minister will not return until the opium is exhausted." Because of Lin Zexu's firm attitude, strong measures and the support of the people, foreign tobacco dealers were forced to hand over more than 20 thousand boxes of opium.
Lin Zexu ordered the public destruction of opium in Humen and led officials of all sizes to personally supervise it. He asked people to put opium into two big dug ponds, put salt water into the ponds, soak the opium for a long time, and add quicklime, which will boil the raw water and then destroy the opium. It took 22 days to destroy all the seized opium. This is the world-famous Humen destroying opium.
In the process of investigating opium in Guangzhou, Lin Zexu realized that Britain would launch a war of aggression. To defeat the enemy, we need to know ourselves. Through all kinds of analysis and research, he reached the conclusion of turning an enemy into a friend, which is Wei Yuan's summary of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". So Lin Zexu personally presided over and organized a translation team to translate foreigners' remarks about China into Petrochemical Yi Yan, which was an official "reference news" in China at that time. In order to understand foreign military, political and economic information, Guangzhou Weekly sponsored by British businessmen was translated into Macau News. In order to understand the geography, history and politics of the west, he also organized the translation of the Encyclopedia of World Geography written by the Englishman Murray, and compiled it into The Chronicles of Four Continents, which was the first book in modern China to systematically introduce western geography. He also translated Vattel's International Law. One of them stipulates: "All countries have the right to ban the import of foreign goods." This shows that the ban on smoking in China is in full compliance with international law. On the military side, we will strengthen and improve the coastal defense forces. Lin Zexu specially bought more than 200 new cannons from foreign countries and deployed them on Haikou Fort. In order to improve military technology, materials such as gun aiming methods and warship books were collected and sorted out. Lin Zexu dared to learn the spirit of foreign advanced science and technology and was highly praised by people. He is called "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world." Although Lin Zexu's understanding of the West is superficial, and his contact with Western learning is out of diplomatic and military needs, after all, he created an atmosphere of learning and studying the West in modern China and played an enlightening role in China's modern reform thought.
Lin Zexu, a famous feudal politician and a representative of the landlord class reformists, has been in politics for 40 years and served in 13 province. Although as a feudal official, he had the idea of "loyalty to the monarch" and suppressed the uprising of ethnic minorities, at the critical moment when the Chinese nation was facing semi-colonialism, he stepped forward, "put aside misfortune and honor", resolutely banned smoking, resisted foreign armed aggression and defended national sovereignty and territory. It also advocates learning advanced western technology and developing national industry and commerce. This is the mainstream of his life activities and thoughts. Lin Zexu was the first national hero in modern China. Lin Zexu loves poetry and calligraphy all his life, and has written works such as Yunzuoshanfang Paper Money, Yunzuoshanfang Paper Money, Yunnan Grass Singing, Lin Wenzhong's Official Letter and Hogg Ji Cheng. Manuscripts, diaries, official letters, letters, poems, etc. after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Was compiled as a collection of Lin Zexu's works.
In the thirty years of Daoguang (1850), the Qing government suppressed the Taiping Army, and later appointed him as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs in Guangxi. 1850165438+1died suddenly in the pavilion in puning county, Chaozhou on October 22nd at the age of 66. After his death, he was given to the Prince Taifu, and he was given a T-shirt according to the example of the Governor. He has got all the punishment and paid tribute to Wen Zhong.