Wen Peng, keep your word. The eldest son of painter Wen Zhiming is good at calligraphy and painting, especially at official script. His seal cutting is graceful and elegant. He Zhen, the word Zhengchen, is a student of Wen Peng. He is good at philology, and the style of managing India and changing Wen Peng presents a simple and vigorous style. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, most of the prints were tooth prints, which were carved by literati and carved by craftsmen. Legend has it that Wen and he began to treat printing with "light frozen stone" (Qingtian stone), which was popular in the printing world. The reform of printing materials is of great significance to the development of seal cutting. As the originator of seal cutting, Wen Peng and He Zhen made great efforts to popularize seal cutting, and their works were regarded as models in the Ming Dynasty. He Zhen's painting style was famous for a while, and later generations called him the originator of Huizhou School (also known as "Huangshan School" and "Micro School"), and he was also called "Wenhe" with Wen Peng.
Huizhou School and Huizhou School
The founder is He Zhen of Ming Dynasty. After He Zhen, Su Xun, Cheng Pu, Zhu Jian and others first studied Qin and Han Dynasties, and their styles were unpretentious. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Guan and his son changed He Zhen's method, specializing in Han casting and printing, which was characterized by neatness and fluency. To the early Qing Dynasty, Anwei people Cheng Sui, Baweizu, Hu Tang and Wang Zhaolong made great efforts to change their habits of making friends and made great achievements in the layout of seal cutting, so they were called the "middle four sons". Because almost all schools in this period came from Anhui, they were generally called "Huizhou School" in history, and the founder of this school, Deng (introduced in another article), was also called "Huizhou School" because he came from Huaining, Anhui. This division method, which pays attention to native place and ignores artistic style, often lacks strict scientific nature. Therefore, they often belong to the Huizhou school, but they have different styles, which we should pay attention to. "Huizhou School" had a wide influence in Qing Dynasty. Dong Xun, Wang Sheng, Shen Feng in Yinshan, Zhejiang, and even Ding Jing, the founder of Zhejiang School, were deeply influenced.
Crown Prince Darren Chan, formerly known as Dongyang. Wei Ming was born in Huang Shanren, Anhui, and lives in Loudong (Taicang, Jiangsu). Although seal cutting belongs to Huizhou school. However, unlike Wenhe's style, Bai Wen deliberately imitated Chinese, which can reproduce the natural interest of Chinese and Indian in the stability of his works, and successfully developed seal cutting techniques by combining strokes and breaking edges. Good at punching knife printing, stable knife method and fine layout. So his works set an example for Indian family trees to learn Chinese and Hindi. Many Indian families in later generations realized the charm of China and India through the works of Crown. For example, Lin Gang, a native of Putian who lives in Changshu, was deeply influenced by him.
Zhejiang school
Zhejiang School is a famous seal cutting school prevailing at the same time as Huizhou School. Its founder is Ding Jing, followed by Jiang Ren, Huang Yi, Xi Gang and others. Huang Yi is a student of Ding Jing, and Jiang Renhe and Xigang also studied under Ding Jing. Their seal cutting styles are similar, but they have their own characteristics. Jiangren wins with simplicity, while Huang Yi and Xigang are famous for their elegance. Because they are all from Hangzhou, later generations are collectively called "Xisilang". Chen Yuzhong, Chen Hongshou and Zhao He followed closely. Because they are all from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, later generations called them "Zhejiang School" together with Indian artists who imitated their artistic style. Ding Jing and other eight people have their own achievements, and they are collectively called "Eight West Lengs". Like Huizhou School, Zhejiang School advocates the seal of Qin and Han Dynasties, and successfully expresses the style of Qin and Han Dynasties with a tough and firm knife. Because of its simple and vigorous style, it is different from the softness and smoothness of Huizhou School, so there is a comment that "Huizhou School is feminine and Zhejiang School is masculine". The art of Zhejiang School dominated the Indian altar in Qing Dynasty for more than a century, with far-reaching influence.
[other factions]
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, while Anhui and Zhejiang schools developed and expanded, other schools related to these two schools also appeared. Such as "Putian School" and "Yunjian School". The "Putian School", headed by Song Jue (Bi Yu), was born in Putian, Fujian in the Ming Dynasty, so it was also called "Fujian School". The works of Lin Gang, the late master of this school, are quaint and exquisite, shaped like a crown, and also have certain influence. The host of "Cloud School" is Wang Zenglu and his son. Most of the works of these schools lack originality, but at best they are the charm of famous predecessors, and finally they gradually retire and disappear from the printing altar.
[Deng Shiru]
Deng, formerly known as Yan, was one of the most outstanding seal engravers in Qing Dynasty. In the early years, the study of inscriptions in Qin and Han dynasties, seal, official, truth and grass were considered to be the first in Qing Dynasty. He applied the advanced skills of seal script to seal cutting, breaking through the narrow world with Qin and Han seals as the only object to take the method, and expanding the scope of seal cutting. The works are vigorous, solemn, smooth and fresh, creating a generation of Indian style. It greatly influenced later Wu Xizai, Zhao, Huang Du Fu, Wu Changshuo and so on, thus laying the foundation for the five color printing circles in the late Qing Dynasty. Although Deng was also listed as "Huizhou School", it was generally called "Deng School" because of its far-reaching influence.
[Wu Xizai]
Wu Xizai, the words go with it, calligraphy and painting are fine, and the seal cutting skill is very deep. He was a student of Bao, a calligraphy theorist in Qing Dynasty. His seal cutting was originally made in Chinese and Hindi. When he was about 30 years old, he saw Deng's works and admired them. Therefore, his calligraphy and seal cutting all learned from Deng, thus pushing the art of "Deng School" to a peak. Because Deng's works are rarely handed down from generation to generation, most of those who are called Deng School are actually Wu Weizong. His works had a great influence on Huang Du Fu and Wu Changshuo. Wu Changshuo once said, "After learning Bai (Deng), you must learn Qin Weng (Wu Xizai)". I admire it.
Wu Xizai's seal script is elegant and vigorous, which is manifested in the use of a knife as a pen, the brushwork is round and smooth, the momentum is full, and the vinegar is full. The turning joints of each word structure and the continuation of lines fully demonstrate the application of calligraphy. Most of the border sections are cursive, as beautiful as his calligraphy ink, which can be said to be unique. Xu Sangeng and others are also famous teachers of Deng School. Although they all have their own achievements, they are not as good as Wu Xizai. The achievements of Deng and Wu lie not only in their excellent works, but more importantly, they did not blindly imitate the works of their predecessors and made innovative contributions to the development of seal cutting.
[Zhao]
Zhao Qianzhi, Uncle Bian, has many nicknames. He is another great artist with unique innovative spirit after Deng. Calligraphy, painting and seal cutting have made great achievements. Seal cutting is a combination of Huizhou School and Zhejiang School. On the basis of Qin and Han seals, it absorbed Qin Quan's seal script, imperial edicts, ancient coins, mirror engraving and inscriptions, expanded the field of obtaining funds for seal engraving and created a new style.
Zhao seal cutting advocates pen and ink and has a strong sense of contrast between reality and reality. Zhu Wen is lively, while Bai Wen is steady and energetic. He even carved with a single knife and became a pioneer of the freehand brushwork school of seal cutting. He used the northern Wei calligraphy to engrave, or took the stone directly as a subtle brushwork, or imitated the "stone" as a masculine brushwork, which reproduced the grandeur and wonders of the northern Wei calligraphy between square inches, which can be said to be unprecedented. Zhao's achievements surpassed those of his predecessors Ding Jing and Deng, and also surpassed those of his contemporaries Wu Xizai. Seal cutting entered a new world through Zhao.
[Huang Shiling]
Huang Shiling, the word Mufu. Yi county, Anhui. After his parents died, he took photos in Nanchang and lived in Guangzhou for a long time, so his school can be called "Cantonese School" in art. At the beginning of seal cutting, he started from Zhejiang School and gradually entered the research of Deng, Wu Xizai and Zhao. Later, a friend who came to Beijing saw a lot of information about epigraphy, which opened his eyes, so he further took legal tender on the basis of studying Qin and Han Dynasties. Qin Quan, Han Jing and Bei Tie were particularly interested in Shang and Zhou bronzes and inscriptions in Han Dynasty, and eventually became a school outside Anhui and Zhejiang schools.
Huang Shiling's seal cutting is smooth and simple. On the basis of learning from Zhao, Bai Wen made a knife with a thin blade, reflecting the strength and straightness of China printing. Zhu Wen's pilot project is also in full swing. Composition pays attention to density, interpenetration, sharp and powerful lines, smooth and beautiful, not boring. It seems to inadvertently contain endless changes. It is also unique that Shu Wei is carved on the border with a punching knife.
[Wu Changshuo]
Wu Changshuo, formerly known as Jun Qing and with many nicknames, was the first president of Xiling Printing Society.
He was the last great painter in the Qing Dynasty, and he was also known as the four great painters in the late Qing Dynasty with Wu (present), Zhao (Zhi Qian) and Huang (Shi Ling). Poetry, painting and calligraphy are highly accomplished. His seal cutting began in Chen Hongshou of Zhejiang School, followed by Zhao. Finally, by studying the knife skills of Wu Xizai and Song Qian, and by studying the seal script of Qin and Han Dynasties and the clay seal of Wen Tao, it was finally unified among many teachers who benefited from it, forming a vigorous and powerful unique face.
Wu Changshuo's calligraphy was widely used in his early years, and he specialized in Shi Guwen after middle age. Park Mao-xiong combined Ji Jin's brushwork with pen, and developed his seal cutting method, which laid a solid foundation for his seal cutting to stand out from stereotypes and stand on his own feet. His carving method of cutting stones with a blunt knife makes his seal cutting show a simple, vigorous and vigorous interest in nature. His seal cutting can be described as a freehand brushwork in painting. After the philosophers in the late Qing Dynasty, he rose suddenly and became the most influential master of seal cutting in modern times.
[Zhao Shifeng]
No. Shuru, a famous modern calligraphy and painting seal engraver. Gong Sishu is good at identifying calligraphy and painting inscriptions and drawing horses. In his early years, he adopted the method of Zhejiang seal cutting, and later learned from Zhao and Deng to catch up with the Qin and Han Dynasties, but he still has unique skills in Xiaohe and Zhuwen. In seal cutting, there are actually two schools of engraving imitating the Han Dynasty, and Zhao Shifeng is one of the representative writers who inherited the casting and printing school of the Han Dynasty in modern times.
[Qi Baishi]
Qi Baishi, Qi Huang (1863- 1957), the word is imminent. Baishi borrowed the name of his hometown village in Xiangtan, Hunan. There are 300 rich lithographs in posthumous title, including borrowing mountain pavilion, Pingtang boss, Laoping, borrowing mountain pavilion boss, Xingziwu old man, Woodenhead, Mujuren and so on. A carpenter, he is a great artist with excellent poetry, calligraphy and printing, and his artistic experience is legendary. He thinks that seal cutting is the first, poetry is the second, calligraphy is the third and painting is the fourth.
His seal cutting is the beginner of Ding Jing and Huang Yi of Zhejiang School. After studying in Zhao, and Wu Changshuo. Inspired by the sacrifice of Sangong Mountain Monument in Han Dynasty, the round pen seal script was changed to Fang Bi; Inspired by "Heaven sends God to the North", a bold single-knife engraving method was formed; Inspired by Juan, imperial edict, official seals of Han, general print and Wei and Jin minorities, it formed a simple printing style. Among his artistic ideas, he highly praised "unique creation" and practiced it. He once said: "seal cutting, its seal cutting method is unique and interesting, only Qin and Han people." People in Qin and Han dynasties were not stupid, but dared to make their own creations, so they were able to surpass the times. I don't care about the ancients, but the custom thinks there is no foundation. I've tasted the stupidity of bereavement. I don't think about Qin and Han people, the son of man, and I am also the son of man. I don't think I'm unique. Now when I see it, I will admire it. " This shows that he is full of confidence in his originality.
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