The person who won the first place in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was only qualified to be an official. If you want to be an official, you must pass the Brown test of the official department before you can be awarded an official position. There are four criteria for selecting officials: one is correct appearance, the other is orderly speech, the third is neat and beautiful calligraphy, and the fourth is beautiful wording.
There are more than 50 regular subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Gentleman, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects are not taken seriously. Scholar and other subjects are not often held, and the scholar subject was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, and then it was gradually cancelled. Therefore, Ming Jing and Jinshi became the main subjects in the Tang Dynasty. Scholars generally try to paste classics, essays and strategies, and test recitation, speeches and political affairs respectively. The Ming Classics generally try to pass through, classics and strategies. Therefore, the difference between Jinshi and Mingjing mainly lies in the words and meanings. At that time, people valued scholars over Ming classics. In addition to the annual general examination, there is also a temporary and irregular imperial examination presided over by the emperor himself, which is called imperial examination. There were several encyclopedias in the Tang Dynasty, such as erudition and macro-speech, literature and classics, education and humanities and so on. People who join the department are not only white, but also people with backgrounds and official positions. Candidates can be recommended by others or by themselves. After the Kaiyuan period, "there are as many as 2,000 people in the whole country, and as few as 1,000 people", so "one in a hundred".
The exam mainly focuses on strategic theory, and also examines the history of classics and poems. After the admission, "those with high literary policy are specially given American officials, and then they are born." When examiners mark papers, the word-of-mouth of candidates is often one of the considerations. The original intention of doing this is the same as the investigation, hoping to take into account the performance of talents outside the testing ground. But it also inevitably leads to unfairness and the interest relationship between scholars and examiners.
The draft in the Tang Dynasty depends not only on the test results, but also on the recommendations of various people. As a result, candidates rushed to the doors of officials and dedicated their masterpieces to them, calling them papers. What is thrown to does is called official paper, and what is thrown to dignitaries is called writing paper. Throwing papers really makes talented people show their talents. For example, Bai Juyi's poem "Give Grass to the Original" to Gu Kuang was highly praised by the old poet. However, there are also many people who practise fraud and deceive the world.
Politically, after the implementation of the imperial examination system, it met the requirements of feudal monarchy and received the effect of centralization and consolidation of feudal rule.
It replaced the imperial examination system and the Nine-Graded Normal System since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and concentrated the power of selecting officials from local gentry and officials to the central government more effectively. The power of selecting officials was exercised by the central court, which strengthened the unity and concentration of state power. Taking the examination as the unified standard, people who want to be officials all over the country go all out to adapt to these standards and strengthen the unity of thought; The open and equal career path has stimulated and snared a large number of middle and lower intellectuals, giving them the opportunity to participate in the political power, thus reconciling class contradictions and being conducive to the stability of the political power. It opened the way for landlords and civilians in cloth clothes everywhere, stimulated and snared a group of middle and lower intellectuals, gave them the opportunity to participate in political power, and satisfied the strong desire of landlords in cloth clothes to participate in political power, thus reconciling class contradictions and expanding the ruling foundation of the ruling class. In a relatively meticulous and rigorous way, the imperial examination system has created a scale for taking candidates in the examination, which has certain objective standards, which seems to be the fairest. Anyone who studies well is eligible to take exams and become an official, which not only disguises the class nature of bureaucracy, but also attracts intellectuals of the whole society, enabling them to bury themselves in their studies and develop an extremely tame character, and it is not easy to generate unstable thoughts of dissatisfaction with feudal rule. This is also the fundamental reason why the imperial examination system can continue in feudal society 1300 years.
After the implementation of the imperial examination system, it promoted the development and prosperity of literature in the Tang Dynasty and promoted the significant development of culture and education in the Tang Dynasty. The word "imperial examination" has the meaning of dividing subjects and promoting talents. Scientific research in the Tang Dynasty includes general subjects and general subjects, and general subjects, especially Jinshi subjects, have an impact on literature. At first, Jinshi only tried five "current affairs strategies". When he arrived in Tang Gaozong, he added posts and essays, and became three trials. Of these three exams, composition is the most important. Essays generally refer to poetry, fu, admonition, inscription, ode, expression, discussion and discussion, mainly poetry and fu. In short, the imperial examinations and the ethos of "writing papers" promoted the development and prosperity of Tang literature.
The imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty inspired a large number of young intellectuals to study hard and make progress, creating a good social atmosphere. Most of the young people in the Tang Dynasty were ambitious, talented and enterprising.
The imperial examination system is a means of cultural autocracy, which makes thoughts rigid and divorced from reality, and affects the development of China culture. Imperial examination is a way to select talents in the Tang Dynasty, and it is also a means to win over and paralyze intellectuals. The imperial examination system also affected the development of education to some extent. What is tested in the imperial examination is also concerned by schools and society. Under the circumstance that school education has completely become the preparatory organ of the imperial examination, the shortcomings and drawbacks of the imperial examination system itself will directly affect all aspects of school education. The content of the imperial examination is limited to a few Confucian classics and poems, and the examination method pays attention to rote memorization. Under the influence of this ethos, the education and teaching work in schools also emphasizes rhetoric over practical learning, rote memorization over justice, and is full of dogmatism and formalism.
After the implementation of the imperial examination system, it met the requirements of feudal monarchy and achieved the effect of centralization and consolidation of feudal rule. The "rural tribute" in the Tang Dynasty was completely different from the recommendation under the procuratorial system, and local officials were only ordered to conduct pre-selection according to the specific criteria for selecting officials stipulated by the central government.
The central government used the imperial examination system to firmly control the power of selecting talents and appointing officials, and cultivated a new bureaucratic group of Jinshi, monopolizing official positions at all levels from the central to the local level. Those who were promoted but did not enter the government also enjoyed privileges such as exemption from taxes and customs duties and legal preferential treatment. Most of these people have self-knowledge and are willing to be loyal ministers and righteous men of the feudal dynasty. After the establishment of the imperial examination system, the spirit of centralization was fully reflected.
The imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on cultural education at that time. The task of schools in the Tang Dynasty was to enlighten and educate talents. But it has actually become a training base for bureaucrats. All the work of the school comes down to sending candidates to Shangshu Province for scientific research: law, calligraphy and arithmetic send candidates to Mingjing, Ziming and Shu Ming to train professionals; Guo Zi Xue, Imperial College, Simen Xue and Zhou County Xue provide candidates for Jinshi and Mingjing, and cultivate ruling talents. All kinds of schools learn Confucian classics and have unified teaching materials in order to unify their thinking and cultivate talents that meet the needs of the country.
The person who won the first place in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was only qualified to be an official. If you want to be an official, you must pass the Brown test of the official department before you can be awarded an official position. There are four criteria for selecting officials: one is correct appearance, the other is orderly speech, the third is neat and beautiful calligraphy, and the fourth is beautiful wording.
There are more than 50 regular subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Gentleman, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects are not taken seriously. Scholar and other subjects are not often held, and the scholar subject was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, and then it was gradually cancelled. Therefore, Ming Jing and Jinshi became the main subjects in the Tang Dynasty. Scholars generally try to paste classics, essays and strategies, and test recitation, speeches and political affairs respectively. The Ming Classics generally try to pass through, classics and strategies. Therefore, the difference between Jinshi and Mingjing mainly lies in the words and meanings. At that time, people valued scholars over Ming classics. In addition to the annual general examination, there is also a temporary and irregular imperial examination presided over by the emperor himself, which is called imperial examination. There were several encyclopedias in the Tang Dynasty, such as erudition and macro-speech, literature and classics, education and humanities and so on. People who join the department are not only white, but also people with backgrounds and official positions. Candidates can be recommended by others or by themselves. After the Kaiyuan period, "there are as many as 2,000 people in the whole country, and as few as 1,000 people", so "one in a hundred". The exam mainly focuses on strategic theory, and also examines the history of classics and poems. After the admission, "those with high literary policy are specially given American officials, and then they are born." When marking papers, the reputation of candidates is often one of the considerations. The original intention of doing this is the same as the investigation, hoping to take into account the performance of talents outside the testing ground. But it also inevitably leads to unfairness and the interest relationship between scholars and examiners.
The draft in the Tang Dynasty depends not only on the test results, but also on the recommendations of various people. As a result, candidates rushed to the doors of officials and dedicated their masterpieces to them, calling them papers. What is thrown to does is called official paper, and what is thrown to dignitaries is called writing paper. Throwing papers really makes talented people show their talents. For example, Bai Juyi's poem "Give Grass to the Original" to Gu Kuang was highly praised by the old poet. However, there are also many people who practise fraud and deceive the world.
The setting of subjects such as Fa Ming, Shu Ming, Zi Ming, Wu Ju, Medical Ju, and Boy Boy Boy in the imperial examination more or less impacted the stereotype of valuing literature over martial arts, valuing literature over calculation, and reestablishing teenagers, thus promoting the development of education at that time. Through the imperial examination, you can get a certain official position, so the general middle and lower intellectuals strongly demand to go to school, which objectively promotes the development of school education. The content of the imperial examination is Confucian classics, which makes people pay attention to reading, writing, writing poems and studying Confucian classics from school to society. This is of positive significance for ending the discussion on the style of study and metaphysics since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and causing the atmosphere of "five-footed boys are ashamed of ignorance of literature and ink" at that time.
Before they entered the civil service, they saw the light of hope in life through the imperial examination, so they naturally realized that studying hard was the first step to realize their ideals. What followed was a strong wind of social learning, and the "prosperous weather of Tang Dynasty" praised by historians was formed because of this wind.
In the Tang Dynasty, these three aspects were complementary, and feudal rulers used Confucianism to train their qualified slaves. At that time, the content of the exam was mainly four books and five classics. If they don't pass the classics, they can't be admitted. At the same time, the rulers used the imperial examination to implement the three cardinal guides and the five permanents, strengthened their ideological rule, and reduced the people of all ethnic groups to feudal slaves. On the other hand, in order to strive for success, intellectuals only read dead books and don't talk about creation, which seriously hinders academic development and social progress. Wu Han, a famous historian, pointed out: "The imperial examination system has bound people's intelligence, hindered the progress of science, suppressed people's thinking, divorced people from reality and production, and devoted themselves to reading dead books and writing empty words". Because the rulers changed the content of the examination, the imperial examination became a shackle that bound the intellectuals' thinking, which made some intellectuals unable to innovate in academic thinking, leading to their backward thinking and stagnant scientific and technological development.
The imperial examination system closely links reading, examination and being an official. Imperial examination has become a ladder for feudal intellectuals to enter the officialdom and the best way for them to get high positions and high salaries. Therefore, the purpose of studying and entering school is "ten years of cold snap, becoming famous in one fell swoop, making wealth expensive, becoming Tian Shelang and emperor every morning". This reading purpose and philosophy of life dominate school education, social education and family education, and seriously affect the thoughts of ordinary scholars. Of course, as far as the negative effects of the imperial examination system are concerned, it is not mainly the fault of the system itself. It should be admitted that the imperial examination system is still relatively good for selecting officials and talents.
The imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty adopted fair competition and open examination on the basis of merit to select political talents. Passing the exam can largely reflect a person's knowledge, ability and ideological quality. Because passing the exam can at least accurately judge whether this person usually pays attention to "stressing learning" and whether he pays attention to observing and thinking about practice. At the same time, we can also understand this person's cultivation, knowledge structure, personality, perspective, method and ability to deal with problems.
The imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty absorbed many scholars into the political power through public examinations, which was conducive to expanding and consolidating the political foundation of feudal rule and changed the situation in which the nobles dominated the political affairs in the early feudal society. The majority of landlords in Buyi entered the imperial examination as officials, which injected vitality and vitality into the feudal regime; Since then, the selection of officials has an objective basis for the level of cultural knowledge, which is conducive to the formation of high-quality civil servants; Reading, examination and being an official are linked, and power, status and knowledge are combined, which has created the tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching and the atmosphere of diligent study of the Chinese nation. It promoted the prosperity of literature, such as the selection of scholars by poetry and fu in the Tang Dynasty, which promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry.
Compared with the old system in Tang and Song Dynasties, the imperial examination in the early Ming Dynasty embodied the principles of equality, openness and merit-based, which made a small number of civilian children rise to the ruling class through competition for positions, which undoubtedly made some progress. Children and officials of ordinary people will not shake the foundation of feudal rule, but will make it more consolidated, which is one of the reasons why the Ming Dynasty can exist for more than 200 years.
After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to imperial examinations, and their methods were more rigorous than those of previous dynasties. To a certain extent, it promoted the development of education in the Ming Dynasty, and the imperial examinations must be run by schools. The prosperity of schools in the Ming Dynasty was not as good as that since the Tang and Song Dynasties. At that time, from the central government to the local government, schools were mainly divided into two categories: one was Guo Zi School, and the other was Fuzhou County School.
The imperial examination system in Ming dynasty is an important part of the political and cultural system in Ming dynasty, and it is a highly developed autocratic and centralized politics. The imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty is not a narrow cultural system or educational system, but a social system, which also has a great influence on the transformation of social values and social thinking mode in Ming Dynasty. The imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty expressed its system content through the organizational form of imperial examination. The most outstanding performance of this method is the detailed measures of the three-level examination in Ming Dynasty and the modular requirements of stereotyped writing for scholars.
The development of imperial examination system provided an important premise and broad space for the formation of imperial examination thought in Ming Dynasty, and gradually formed the characteristics of multi-perspective, practice-oriented and complete system in the elaboration and proposal of imperial examination thought theory. In the general direction and principle, the imperial examination thought in Ming Dynasty inherited China's ancient thought of talent selection, and at the same time combined the reality of imperial examination in Ming Dynasty and the actual needs of the government in selecting officials.
Specifically, it has the following characteristics: 1. Confucianism has become the dominant ideology in the imperial examination (specifically, respecting the examination principles of Confucianism and taking examination results as the only criterion for admission); 2. The examination thought of imperial examination sorting system and pre-service training; 3. All-round selection in imperial examinations and the examination concept of "being competent and obedient"; 4. The thought of comprehensive examination in imperial examination; 5. The educational examination thought of "the imperial examination must be conducted by the school"; 6. It is better not to abuse the examination concept that does not try to determine the pros and cons; 7. The thought of interactive adjustment in imperial examination.
Eight-part essay, as the main means of imperial examination, had a very bad influence on the selection of candidates in the imperial examination in Ming Dynasty for a long time. It led to the emergence of impetuous competition among scholars on the road of career promotion, which had a very bad influence on the style of study, style of writing and style of writing in the intellectual and academic circles of the Ming Dynasty, which affected every corner of society and humanities. It makes intellectuals spend their energy on stereotyped writing instead of learning useful knowledge.
At the same time, stereotyped writing of literati caused the solidification and stagnation of feudal culture that only respected Confucianism since the Han Dynasty. Although stereotyped writing has many negative effects, it has undeniable positive effects. The Eight-part Essay Examination in Ming Dynasty unified the examination standard, which was beneficial to marking and judging large-scale public examinations, and at the same time, it could effectively examine the writing ability and writing language level of candidates. In addition, stereotyped writing and taking scholars in imperial examinations promoted the formation of the whole society's attitude of attaching importance to learning, and played a boosting role in the inheritance and development of China's traditional culture.
The imperial examination in Ming Dynasty was based on the proposition of four books in the rural examination and the final examination, requiring candidates to explain Confucian classics in the tone of the ancients, "speak for saints" and answer with eight-part essays. Eight-part essay has many formal requirements and is very particular about form. It is only at the last level of the imperial examination that the imperial examination, which is used to determine the ranking, will be changed to ask current events. People who are keen on the imperial examination only know the four books and five classics, and all other knowledge has become a "miscellaneous study", and many scholars are ignorant. Even for the contents of the Four Books and Five Classics, the imperial examination only requires beautiful articles in accordance with the format and gorgeous words, which is almost a word game; Can't have independent thinking and innovative ideas. Under the requirement of eight-part essay, the practical knowledge and talents of candidates are ignored. Many candidates simply give up the Four Books and Five Classics, and specialize in the eight-part essay Fan Wenxuan engraving, which is specially designed for the exam. At that time, some people called stereotyped writing a "stepping stone", which means that after success, you can abandon it like throwing your shoes.
According to the records in the first volume of Biography of Ming Taizu, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, told the minister of Zhongshu Province when he opened the imperial examination in the fourth year of Hongwu that after the world was at peace, "the way of politics lies in benevolence", and the key to benevolence lies in the selection of scholars, and the imperial examination is one of the ways to select scholars. At the beginning of the second year of Yongle, according to the second volume of Ming Xun, the Ming Dynasty told officials of the Ministry of Rites that "the imperial examination is the first way for the country to recruit talents and scholars", and ministers should attach great importance to it and "cannot ignore it". Ministers are required to "only take simple people" when selecting scholars and oppose vain writing style.
"Treat Mo first and then gain virtue". Since Hongwu, the ministers of the Ming Dynasty began to discuss the status of the imperial examination system and made many useful remarks. Fang Xiaoru, a lecturer, is one of the representatives. In his view, it is very important to set up a course to take students, and its status is "for the sake of the world, it can be said that it is extremely important." By offering courses, selecting and appointing talents. "I will meet a benevolent gentleman, make progress at the same time, assist leniency, support the people, rise to the Taihe, and be infinitely for the people." During the period of Wen Jian, Yang Rong also discussed the position of the imperial examination system in politics. He analyzed the function of the imperial examination system, and thought that on the one hand, through the imperial examination, "the emperor consulted the way of governing the country", he asked the candidates about the way of governing the country; On the other hand, after passing the exam, it can play the role of "ruling the world by virtue, promoting the luck of civilization and achieving Millennium peace". Therefore, the monarch should attach importance to the imperial examination.
The emperor of the Ming Dynasty made a clear statement on the purpose of selecting judges for the imperial court. In the early years of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated in the imperial examination imperial edict (written by Wang Wei) that from the third year of Hongwu, the imperial examination was set up, with the purpose of "cultivating people with lofty ideals" and "if you want to use your talents, a gentleman will also". At the end of the imperial edict, it is also emphasized that "if you set up a division and choose a scholar, you will be an all-rounder and a good official in the future." "
After the formation of the imperial examination system in Ming dynasty, it had different degrees of influence on all aspects of Ming society. It is mainly reflected in the direct or indirect influence of the imperial examination system on literature, military affairs and natural sciences.
The influence of the imperial examination system on literature in Ming Dynasty was realized through the imperial examination system and the participation of scholars in the creation of novels and operas. The imperial examination system in Ming dynasty not only influenced literature in terms of the number of people involved in writing and the theme of works, but also influenced the literary form, literary atmosphere and social bestsellers in Ming dynasty.
The influence of imperial examination system on military affairs in Ming Dynasty. In the imperial examination system of the Ming Dynasty, besides training and selecting military talents, there were military examination papers and examination questions in the imperial examination of liberal arts. In addition, Confucius and Mencius also had a certain influence on China's military thought. Therefore, the imperial examination system had a direct or indirect impact on the military of the Ming Dynasty.
Indirect influence of imperial examination system on natural science in Ming Dynasty Because the examination of imperial examination system requires candidates to have a deep understanding of Confucius, Mencius and Zhu's articles, some juren and Jinshi can use administrative power to attach importance to the construction of agriculture, water conservancy and other projects after entering official career; On the other hand, after he became an official, based on his understanding of natural science and a small amount of practical experience in agriculture and water conservancy, he wrote some works on agricultural planting, handicrafts, agricultural products processing, medicine, mathematics and geography, which directly or indirectly influenced the imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty.
"climb high and look far, and become a success." Fang Xiaoru, an assistant lecturer, thinks that the purpose of setting up the imperial examination in Preface to Yingtianfu Township is "preparing for appointment". Opening subject examinations can make all talents in the world become officials. Therefore, the role of the imperial examination system in training and selecting talents is "to wait for the harvest, to wait for the autumn, to stand in the forest and hope that it will become a room." Yang Rong, a great scholar in the main hall, believes that the purpose of the imperial examination lies in: virtue, prosperity of civilization and peace for the Millennium.
Compared with the old system in Tang and Song Dynasties, the imperial examination in the early Ming Dynasty embodied the principles of equality, openness and merit-based, which made a small number of civilian children rise to the ruling class through competition for positions, which undoubtedly made some progress. Children and officials of ordinary people will not shake the foundation of feudal rule, but will make it more consolidated, which is one of the reasons why the Ming Dynasty can exist for more than 200 years.
After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to imperial examinations, and their methods were more rigorous than those of previous dynasties. To a certain extent, it promoted the development of education in the Ming Dynasty, and the imperial examinations must be run by schools. The prosperity of schools in the Ming Dynasty was not as good as that since the Tang and Song Dynasties. At that time, from the central government to the local government, schools were mainly divided into two categories: one was Guo Zi School, and the other was Fuzhou County School.
The imperial examination system in Ming dynasty is an important part of the political and cultural system in Ming dynasty, and it is a highly developed autocratic and centralized politics. The imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty is not a narrow cultural system or educational system, but a social system, which also has a great influence on the transformation of social values and social thinking mode in Ming Dynasty. The imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty expressed its system content through the organizational form of imperial examination. The most outstanding performance of this method is the detailed measures of the three-level examination in Ming Dynasty and the modular requirements of stereotyped writing.
The development of imperial examination system provided an important premise and broad space for the formation of imperial examination thought in Ming Dynasty, and gradually formed the characteristics of multi-perspective, practice-oriented and complete system in the elaboration and proposal of imperial examination thought theory. The thought of imperial examination in Ming Dynasty inherited China's ancient thought of talent selection in general direction and principle, and at the same time combined the reality of imperial examination in Ming Dynasty with the actual needs of selecting officials in Ming Dynasty.
Specifically, it has the following characteristics: 1. Confucianism has become the dominant ideology in the imperial examination (specifically, respecting the examination principles of Confucianism and taking examination results as the only criterion for admission); 2. The examination thought of imperial examination sorting system and pre-service training; 3. All-round selection in imperial examinations and the examination concept of "being competent and obedient"; 4. The thought of comprehensive examination in imperial examination; 5. The educational examination thought of "the imperial examination must be conducted by the school"; 6. It is better not to abuse the examination concept that does not try to determine the pros and cons; 7. The thought of interactive adjustment in imperial examination.
Eight-part essay, as the main means of imperial examination, had a very bad influence on the selection of candidates in the imperial examination in Ming Dynasty for a long time. It led to the emergence of impetuous competition among scholars on the road of career promotion, which had a very bad influence on the style of study, style of writing and style of writing in the intellectual and academic circles of the Ming Dynasty, which affected every corner of society and humanities. It makes intellectuals spend their energy on stereotyped writing instead of learning useful knowledge.
At the same time, stereotyped writing of literati caused the solidification and stagnation of feudal culture that only respected Confucianism since the Han Dynasty. Although stereotyped writing has many negative effects, it has undeniable positive effects. The Eight-part Essay Examination in Ming Dynasty unified the examination standard, which was beneficial to marking and judging large-scale public examinations, and at the same time, it could effectively examine the writing ability and writing language level of candidates. In addition, stereotyped writing and taking scholars in imperial examinations promoted the formation of the whole society's attitude of attaching importance to learning, and played a boosting role in the inheritance and development of China's traditional culture.
In the Ming dynasty, the system of "observing politics as a scholar" was implemented, which was also a feature of its official awarding procedure. The so-called "official Jinshi" means that after the middle school, Jinshi is not given an official position immediately, but is assigned to some administrative and military organs in the central government to observe politics and military affairs and get familiar with the situation. After a while, the official position was actually given. The establishment of a "judge of politics" is Zhu Yuanzhang's reform measure for the imperial examination system since the previous generation. Zhu Yuanzhang thought that the imperial examination system in Tang and Song Dynasties "emphasized literature rather than the integrity of morality and art", while those who took the examination in Yuan Dynasty "attached themselves to the yellow edge and didn't have to steal official positions". Zhu Yuanzhang advocated that the imperial examination system can be "a knowledgeable person who can select talents with rich cultural knowledge and strong practical ability." To this end, he created a "scholar who observes politics".
The implementation of the system of "observing politics by scholars" in the Ming Dynasty enabled some scholars to exercise their practical ability in handling government affairs and military affairs through observing politics, and learned from the political experience of the older generation of officials, which achieved good results. However, in the middle and late Ming dynasty, the system of inspecting political officials became a mere formality and did not play its due role. Become an empty form of routine.