Wang Zhaojun
·Diao Chan
·Xi Shi
·Yang Yuhuan
·Related allusions
The "Four Beauties" in ancient times: Xi Shi, Diao Chan, Wang Zhaojun, and Yang Yuhuan. There has been a conclusion as to which of the four beauties in China ranks first, but that is an ancient arrangement. Xi Shi ranked first, followed by Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan again, and Yang Yuhuan at the bottom. Among them, Xi Shi is the embodiment and synonym of beauty. The four beauties enjoy the "appearance of a woman shy of the moon, and an appearance of a fish that sinks before all the geese". "Closing moon, shameful flowers, sinking fish, falling wild geese" are historical allusions composed of wonderful stories. "Closing the Moon" tells the story of Diao Chan worshiping the moon. "Shame on Flowers" tells the story of Concubine Yang when she was watching flowers. "Shen Yu" tells the story of Xi Shi's time in the sand. "Luoyan" is the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress.
Wang Zhaojun
"Going to Jingmen with thousands of mountains and valleys, Mingfei Shangyou Village grew up. Once I went to Zitai Lianshuo Desert, only the green tombs were left facing the dusk. Draw pictures to understand the spring breeze. On the face, the soul of the moonlit night returns to the sky. The pipa has been playing nonsense for thousands of years, and it is clear that the resentment is expressed in the music. "(Du Fu's "Yong Huai Ancient Ruins") Zhaojun and Fan are also well-known stories. Over the past two thousand years, after continuous development and transformation by many dramatists, novelists, and poets, this story has become very sad and confusing, with multiple faces and far-reaching meanings. ?
The painter Mao Yanshou was blamed for Zhaojun's tragedy, and the novel "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" written by Jin people was the original author: ?
Since Emperor Yuan's harem was so large that it was not common, he asked the painter to draw pictures. Call according to the picture. All the people in the palace bribed the painters, as many as one hundred thousand, and the few were not less than fifty thousand. The only king Qiang refused, so he could not see him. When the Xiongnu entered the dynasty, they wanted a beautiful woman to be the Yan family, so they made a plan to carry out the mission of Zhaojun. When I went to summon him, he was the first in the harem in terms of appearance, good at coping, and elegant in manner. The emperor regretted it, but the name and registration had been determined, and the emperor trusted in foreign countries, so he no longer changed his name. Nai was so poor that all the painters abandoned the market, and his family had a fortune of tens of thousands. The artist is Du Ling Mao Yanshou, in human form, good and ugly, young and old alike... Abandoned from the market on the same day. "?
In various legends, it is also said that before the marriage, Mao Yanshou's frame-up for asking for bribes was exposed. Mao fled to the Huns in fear of crime and presented Zhaojun's portrait. Shanyu relied on his power to demand Zhaojun from the Han Dynasty. , Emperor Yuan had no choice but to part ways with Zhaojun and sent Zhaojun out of the country. Some said that Zhaojun died in sadness and depression, and some said that he did not want to remarry after the death of Huhanxie Chanyu. After the Song Dynasty, chastity was emphasized. "Autumn in the Han Palace" has her commit suicide by throwing herself into the river at the junction of Han and Fan. Modern people have abandoned their narrow national consciousness and understand this story from the perspective of promoting national unity. Wang Zhaojun and Princess Wencheng are both of the Chinese nation. A remarkable woman in history, Mr. Cao Yu's famous drama "Wang Zhaojun" was conceived from this perspective?
Ancient poets also interpreted the tragedy of Zhaojun from different perspectives. In Chapter 64, Xue Baochai said on poetry: "It doesn't matter what the title of the poem is, as long as you are good at interpreting the meaning of the ancients. ...There are many poems about Zhaojun written by predecessors, some lamenting Zhaojun, some resenting Zhaojun's longevity, and some ridiculing the Han emperor for not being able to make painters paint virtuous ministers instead of beautiful women. They are all different. Later Wang Jinggong once again said, "I couldn't draw the artistic conception, and it was in vain to kill Mao Yanshou at that time." Uncle Yong said again, "This is what my ears and eyes have seen. Wan Li'an can control the Yi Di." Both poems have their own opinions and do not follow the predecessors. "?
What is Wang Zhaojun's true face?
Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" has the following record:?
Zhaojun's courtesy name is Qiang, and he is from Nanjun At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a son of a good family was selected to enter Yeting. When Hu Hanxie came to the court, the emperor ordered five maids to be given to him. Zhaojun had been in the palace for several years, but he could not see the emperor, so he asked Yeting for help. OK. When Hu Hanxie was about to leave, the emperor summoned the five ladies to express his wishes. He came to the Guangming Han Palace and looked around. The emperor was shocked and wanted to keep her, but it was difficult to break his promise. With the Xiongnu. ("The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu") Zhaojun was from Zigui, Nanjun, in the same neighborhood as the great poet Qu Yuan. She came from a "good family" and was an innocent commoner, not a wealthy family such as a prefect or a censor.
After entering the palace, she was not summoned and had no rank. She was just an ordinary palace maid waiting for the imperial edict. She was inexplicably given to Hu Hanxie Shanyu, who later became a glorious figure in the Han court. However, by this time, Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty regretted it too late and had no choice but to Acting as promised, this beautiful and sad event will be achieved through the ages, and this messenger of national unity will be immortalized in history. ?
After the conquests of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, the power of the Xiongnu was greatly reduced. Zhaojun and Fan were the result of Huhanxie Shanyu's active request to enter the Han court, and there was no issue of coercion. After Zhaojun entered Hu, he was named Ninghulan and gave birth to a son named Yitu Zhiqianshi. In the second year after the marriage, Hu Hanxie passed away. According to Hu people's custom, Fu Zhulei Chanyu, the son of Shanyu Dalan who succeeded to the throne, wanted to marry her. Zhaojun asked to return to his homeland. Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, taking the overall situation into consideration, ordered her to learn from Hu Hanxie. According to customs, she became the successor of Shan Yu. Later, two more daughters were born, one named Xubu Juci and the other named Dangyu Juci. Ten years later, Fuzhu Lei Shanyu also died, and Zhaojun's son died in the struggle for the throne. Bu Xu came next and went to the Han Palace to treat the Queen Mother when Wang Mang was in power. After Wang Mang failed, he also died of Zhu Lei. It is not known what year Zhaojun died (that is, Zhaojun left the fortress).
A cut of plum blossoms. Zhaojun
The graceful figure is dancing with the colorful luan, the clouds on the temples are turning lightly, and the misty servant girl is lightly dancing. The apricot blossoms moisten the face with rain, the pink face is delicate, and the green indigo is lingering.
There is no dark sky in the sand outside the Great Wall, the leaves of the trees are withered, and the leaves of the grass are withered. Looking out at Chang'an from Yanmen Pass, the music is desolate and the heart is frosty.
With the spread of the story of the Three Kingdoms, Diao Chan has also become a household name. In the Tang Dynasty Li Changji's poem "Song of General Lu", "The silver tortoise shakes the white horse, under the banner of the pink lady Fu" seems to have Diao Chan's shadow. She is one of the "Four Beauties in China" and her popularity does not seem to be much lower than that of the "Three Wonders" Cao Cao, Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". However, was there Diao Chan in history?
Accordingly, Diao Chan’s name is not found in historical records. "Book of the Later Han? Biography of Lu Bu" has this record: "Zhuo took Bu as the captain of the cavalry and swore an oath as father and son. He loved and believed in him. After a slight disappointment, Zhuo drew his halberd and threw it. Bu's fist was saved, but Bu was Yin. He complained about Zhuo. Zhuo also sent someone to guard the middle pavilion, but he had an affair with his maid, which made him uneasy. "From this record, we can see the shadow of Diao Chan - one of Dong Zhuo's concubines, and Dong Zhuo and his maid. Lu Bu's grievances were also caused by women. The story of "Master Dong causing trouble in Fengyiting" in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" was born from this. Here, the "maid" is just a person who has been insulted and damaged, and has no character at all. Later, through the creation of the people and many artists, this "maid" became a dazzling image of Diao Chan. ?
Some scholars believe that Diao Chan actually existed, and Liang Zhangju is a representative. In "Miscellaneous Notes of Returning to the Fields", he said: "The incident of Diao Chan is hidden according to "The Biography of Lu Bu". Although its name has not appeared in the official history, its story may not be completely false." And in "Xiao Qixia Shuo Bai", he affirmed that "it is The cicada has its own person." ?
The stories of the heroes of the Three Kingdoms began to enter the folk after their death, and the story of Diao Chan spread relatively early. Diao Chan's drama has formed a series in the Yuan Dynasty's dramas. "Jinyuntang Secretly Determined Lian Ji", "Seizing the Halberd", "Guan Gong Kills Diao Chan under the Moon" and other dramas are all the stories of Diao Chan. In the play "Jinyuntang", Diao Chan is the daughter of Ren Ang, a native of Xinzhou, with a small nickname of Hongchang. She was selected into the palace during the reign of Emperor Ling and held the Diao Chan crown, hence the name "Diao Chan". Later, the emperor gave her to Ding Jianyang, the governor of Bingzhou, who gave her to his adopted son Lu Bu. During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Diao Chan and Lu Bu lost each other, but Wang Yun gained them. Diao Chan later burned incense in the garden and prayed to Lu Bu. Wang Yun discovered it, so he secretly discussed it and wrote a series of stories. In the history of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Diao Chan was also Lu Bu's wife, and after being separated, she lived in Wang Yun's mansion. ?
The stories of "White Gate Tower" and "Beheading Diao Chan" clearly show the influence of feudal backward consciousness. The capture of Lu Bu in Baimenlou was originally his own fault, but the play made Diao Chan responsible for Lu Bu's failure, and actually had her executed after being scolded. "Guan Gong Beheads Diao Chan Under the Moon" writes that after Lu Bu failed, Cao Cao gave Diao Chan to Liu Bei with ulterior motives. In order not to make the same mistake as Dong Cao and Lu Bu, Guan Yu actually beheaded her under the moon.
Diao Chan was also responsible for the downfall of Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu, how dry her mind was! A recent scholar, Zhou Jianyun, wrote "On Killing Diao Chan" to analyze the incident: "Diao Chan is not responsible for the crime, and Lv Bu is not the person to blame Diao Chan..." .... The character of the slaves of the three surnames is far inferior to that of Diao Chan. It is enough for Diao Chan not to scold Lu Bu. Why should Bu scold Diao Chan? If Guan Gong is a person who is familiar with the Spring and Autumn Period, Xizi is ordered by Gou Jian and aims at the marsh. Wu and Diao Chan were ordered by Situ to kill Zhuo, Bu and his son. Guan Gong did not blame Xi Shi, but killed Diao Chan under the moon? I dare to call Guan Gong a saint, and he will not kill the scenery for this!"?
It’s a pleasant thing to say. ?
Although the theory of "women causing trouble" is detestable today, the theory of "women saving the country" is not a lesson. Therefore, the ending of Diao Chan is also a difficult problem to deal with in artistic creation. Although Luo Guanzhong wrote about Diao Chan in a radiant way, after Dong Zhuo's death, he and Lu Bu became mediocre. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" TV series, Diao Chan quietly disappeared after Dong Zhuo was executed - "Diao Chan has gone with the breeze." What is the fate of this strange woman? It is left to the readers' own imagination. This may be a smarter approach. . ?
A cut plum blossom. Diao Chan
Singing and dancing, her sleeves are red. She looks like a hibiscus and moves like a flying bird. The hairpin on her skirt is swaying lightly, her eyes are full of smiles, a lotus pod, and two happy faces.
In the ingenious dealings between father and son, the tearful words are heroic and the flattering words are weak. Feng Yi Pavilion has its feet up, its emotions follow the wind, and its deeds become empty.
Xi Shi
Xi Shi, one of the earliest and most influential "Four Beauties" in China. Her reputation is connected with the Spring and Autumn Period of Wu and Yue, with Gou Jian who endured hardships, lived together for ten years, learned lessons for ten years, and finally with Wu's revenge: Wu Zixu was loyal and slandered, and Bo Pi (pǐ) was traitorous and subjugated the country, and it is connected with the creed of "female sex is a disaster" Together; associated with the heroine serving the country, the beauty's fate, and the tragic and joyful marriage with the beautiful lady; and "Xizi holds the heart", "Eastern imitation", and "If you want to compare the West Lake to the West, it is always appropriate to put on light makeup and heavy makeup", etc. When linked together...compared to other "beauties", it carries more historical and cultural loads. ?
How historically accurate is the story of Xizi?
The earliest mention of Xishi among the pre-Qin scholars is "Guanzi": "Mao Qiang and Xishi are the beauties of the world. "In "Zhuangzi", Xi Shi is mentioned three times. "Xi Shi's diseased heart is pín, which is the word for frown. People see the ugliness in it and look at it beautifully. When he returns home, he will cherish his heart and keep it in his heart. The rich people in him see it and close the door and never come out; When a poor man sees this, he grabs his wife and runs away." This is the origin of the idiom "Eastern imitation". There is also a saying in "Mencius" that "if Xizi is unclean, everyone will cover their noses and pass by it". "Han Feizi" also said: "The beauty of Xi Shi is of no benefit to my face; if I use fat and pink, it will be twice as beautiful as before." It seems that Xi Shi was indeed a well-known beauty in the pre-Qin era. However, it is not related to later generations. The difference in the legend is that she was not related to the political and military struggle between Wu and Yue for hegemony, and Guan Zhong destroyed Wu more than 200 years before Gou Jian. ?
Pre-Qin historical biographies such as "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" all mentioned Gou Jian's presentation of beautiful women to the King of Wu, but did not mention Xi Shi. The same is true for the "Historical Records" of the Western Han Dynasty. In Jia Yi's "New Book", Liu Xiang's "Shuo Yuan", Lu Jia's "New Yu" and "Huainanzi", Xi Shi only appears as a beauty. ?
Only in the chapter "Mozi? Relatives" it is mentioned that Xishi was sunk into the river because she was too beautiful, which shows that "it is too prosperous to be defended". ?
The earliest link between Xi Shi and Wu Yue's struggle for hegemony was the two unofficial histories of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" and "Yue Jue Shu". ?
In "The Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue", Wen Zhong presented to the King of Yue nine techniques to defeat Wu, the fourth of which was "the beauty left behind to confuse his mind and confuse his plans", and Gou Jian "who envoys the prime minister to the country, gets The daughters of Zhuluoshan Huanxin were named Xi Shi and Zheng Dan. They were decorated with Luo Yu (hú) and taught how to walk. They learned it in Tucheng and came to the alleys of the capital. They learned it in three years and presented it to Wu. " "Yue Jueshu". "The records are roughly the same, but Xi Shi's ending is completely different.
The former said that after the fall of Wu, the Yue people thought that this beauty was the root of trouble and could not survive, so they sank her in the river as a memorial to Wu Zixu, the Chī Yizi who was killed by the King of Wu. This was a cruel tragedy. The latter allowed her to become a partner with Fan Li and travel all over the world, which ended in comedy. Various stories and legends about Xi Shi in later generations originated from this. ?
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in the writings of literati and in the mouths of the people, the story of Xi Shi entered the stage of brewing, fermentation, and embellishment, which is reflected in the novels about ghosts and ghosts. There are a large number of chapters with Xi Shi as the object of chanting in Tang and Song poetry. Their themes often praise beauties for their unlucky fate or denounce women for causing trouble and ruining the country because of their beauty. Poems praising Wang Zhaojun are not as innovative. For example, Wang Wei's "Ode to Xi Shi": "At that time, we were accompanied by silk yarn, so we could not return in the same car. I thanked the neighbor next door and imitated An Kexi!" Lin Daiyu in "A Dream of Red Mansions" also translated this poetic meaning in "Ode to Five Beauties": " A generation is attracted by the waves, and Wu Gongkong remembers his son's family like a girl from the East Village with a smile on her face, her hair white and her hair hanging by the stream." In fact, neither of them has much profound meaning. Of course, there are also many insightful works. For example, Cui Daorong of the late Tang Dynasty wrote in "Xi Shi Tan": "Zai Pu destroyed the Wu Kingdom, and Xi Shi fell into a bad reputation. The spring water in Huansha was urgent, and there seemed to be complaints." Luo Yin's "Xi Shi Tan" said: "The family and the country will rise and fall naturally, so why should the people of Wu blame Xi Shi. If Xi Shi conquered Wu and conquered it, who would it be if Yue fell?" They are all more prominent. ?
The Zaju legend is the most complete re-creation of Xi Shi’s story. In the Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing wrote "Fan Li Enters Xishi at Gusu Terrace" and Zhao Mingyuan wrote "Tao Zhugong Fan Li Returns to the Lake". Unfortunately, today we can only see these two plays from "Ghost Book", and their content can only be based on The repertoire and relevant reviews are provided for speculation. The most complete collection of Xi Shi's stories should be regarded as "The Story of Huansha" written by Liang Chenyu of the Ming Dynasty. ?
"Huan Sha Ji" fully possesses various materials about Wu Yue's struggle for hegemony and the story of Xi Shi, and carefully differentiates and integrates them to weave a 45-part dramatic story, which runs through the joys and sorrows of Fan Li and Xi Shi. The history of the rise and fall of Wu and Yue. Because Xi Shi and Fan Li used a strand of Huansha as a token of love when they first met, hence the title of the play "The Story of Huansha". Different from its predecessors, this legend combines the love story of Xi Shi and Fan Li with patriotism. Love is subordinated to patriotism, starting with sacrificial love, and finally realizing personal love in the realization of patriotism. In the third episode "Welcome to Shi", Fan Li apologized to Xi Shi and said: "I am really ashamed of being in trouble for my father, detaining foreigners, and betraying the deep alliance." I know it, but the affairs of the country are very important and the affairs of the in-laws are very small. How can a woman be so insignificant as to let down the expectations of thousands of people?" Later, Fan Li asked Xi Shi to join Wu, but Xi Shi expressed hesitation, and Fan Li advised her: "If you can live happily for a long time. If we go, the country can survive and I can protect myself, but I don’t know how long it will take. If I don’t do it, the country will be destroyed and my body will be destroyed. Even if we are married at that time, my dear wife, you and I will definitely die. If we are both ghosts in the ditch, how can we seek happiness for a hundred years?" Therefore, "The Story of Huansha" may seem like a love story, but in fact it uses patriotism as the main theme. ?
After "The Story of Huan Sha", "The Story of Falling Sha" was published. At the end, it was written that Fan Li wanted to sink Xi Shi into Taihu Lake. Responsible for the massacre of meritorious officials, excessive debauchery, and the destruction of the country and the family. Such articles reversing the verdict are a bit boring nowadays. ?
A cut of plum blossoms and Xi Shi
The Yue girl's gauze shadow is long by the stream, her jade bones are fragrant, her face is beautiful and the fish are hidden. She slimmed down and exchanged clothes for the country, which confused the king of Wu and disrupted the court order.
I am lazy and happy, and my clogs are ringing in the corridor. I am panicking in the day and looking for fragrance at night. When the king of Yue arrives at the palace, his baby dies, the boat floats on the lake, and the mist is vast
Yang Yuhuan
The story of Yang Yuhuan is a hot topic in recent years, and people are enlightened through film and television media. The younger generation has their heads full of stories about Concubine Yang, Cixi and Wu Zetian. There is still a lot of work to be done in this regard as to what the story of Yang and Li originally looked like, its evolution and how we should understand it today. ?
Yang Guifei, also known as Yuhuan, was born in Yongji, Puzhou, Tang Dynasty (now Yongle, Shanxi). His father, Yang Xuanyan, served as a household secretary in Shuzhou. He died very early, and his uncle, Cao Yang Xuanyan, a scholar in Henan Prefecture, died. In the third year of Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was elected to the residence of Prince Shou Wang Li Mao and was registered as the concubine of Shou Wang.
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Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, the story of Li Yang has been a popular theme. The Tang Dynasty's notes "Minghuang Zalu", "Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy", "Youyang Zazu", and the Song Dynasty's "Yang Taizhen's Biography" continue to exaggerate this story. At the latest during the Song and Jin dynasties, this incident began to appear on the stage. Famous Yuan opera masters all wrote stories about Emperor Taizhen of the Ming Dynasty. The more famous ones include: Guan Hanqing's "Tang Minghuang's Crying Sachet", Bai Pu's "Tangminghuang's Autumn Night with Wutong Rain", "Tangminghuang's Tour of the Moon Palace", Yue Bochuan's "Luo Guangyuan's Dream Breaks Concubine Yang", Yu Tianxi's "Yang Taizhen's Neon Clothes Resentment", "Yang Taizhen Huaqing Palace" . There are many legends in the Ming Dynasty that wrote stories about Li and Yang. The one with the highest achievement and greatest influence later was "The Palace of Eternal Life" written by Hong Xun in the early Qing Dynasty. In "The Palace of Eternal Life", Li and Yang completed their role transformation. While singing this charming and touching love story, the author also expressed his own pain of national subjugation. ?
It is also worth mentioning that the story of Concubine Yang has as much influence in Japan as it does in China. There is a legend that Concubine Yang did not die at that time. She was protected by heaven and earth, and later crossed east to Japan, where she lived to her remaining years. "Suddenly I heard that there are fairy mountains on the sea" - since Xu Fu, people regard Penglai, Fangzhang, Yingzhou, and the place where the fusang sun rises as the paradise of gods. In Japan, there are many statues of Concubine Yang, tombs of Concubine Yang, and temple towers of Concubine Yang. In the minds of the Japanese people who were nurtured by the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Concubine Yang exudes the sacred aura of that culture, and the story of Concubine Yang is essentially a beautiful rainbow of cultural exchanges between China and Japan.
A cut plum blossom and a jade ring
The prosperity of the palace is so dazzling that I can still recall the past and sigh at the present. The dust and sand are billowing, horses are flying, and a flag is seen in the distance, and they are approaching to pursue them.
The defeated mountains and rivers complain about the colorful clothes, crying in two places, and desolate on all sides. A deep cry falls on the dead branches, the person has left sadly, and the soul has disappeared.
Related allusions
Diao Chan worships the moon
Zhaojun goes out of the country
The imperial concubine is drunk
Xishi Huansha
Shen Yuluoyan is shy of the moon
.Liu Yifei--the fairy type.
A fairy-like face with almost no faults, just like a mythical character, but she The biggest shortcoming is this. An overly perfect face makes people feel high and out of reach!
2. Zhang Hanyun-cute type.
I know many women look at it She is not pleasing to the eye, but beauties are usually not recognized by the same sex. The reason why Ms. Zhang has the support of so many male compatriots is inseparable from her girl-next-door appearance. There are many beauties in China, but they can make her There are very few people who find them cute. The aesthetic values ??between men and women are really strange.
3. Fan Bingbing. The coquettish type.
Another beauty who is not popular with the same sex. , but I think she is the kind of beauty who truly captivates the country, the kind of vixen who can confuse emperors and monarchs. In fact, she did not give people this feeling before, but the photos she took in the past few years, She looks more and more like a vixen, but her beauty cannot be denied. In Princess Ruby, Lin Xinru and Zhao Wei, who are both beauties, are a bit...I won't write it to avoid being criticized. ...
.Xu Jinglei. Pure type
In fact, I don’t think she is that beautiful now, but in college, a classmate thought she was the most temperamental girl. Her temperament was What? In fact, boys don’t know, but Xu Jinglei is very bookish and has the flavor of a college girl. However, she is older now and her youth is gone, but there seems to be no candidate in China who can replace her. Let’s count her as one.