As a prime minister, he not only took the lead in clean government and raised a banner, but also regarded clean government as an important political and legal construction, which had a great influence on all aspects of politics, economy, military and culture in Shu and Han dynasties. The construction of clean government in Zhuge Liang's period was first manifested in strictly controlling the scale of Miyagi and Hui Ling in Shu Han.
Zhuge Liang created a clean and honest political atmosphere in the upper class of Shu Han. Taking Zhuge Liang as an example, officials in the middle of Shu started a complete era of clean government by being thrifty and abstaining from extravagance.
Step 2 make laws
Zhuge Liang's legislation is open and law enforcement is fair, which is different from the contemporary feudal legal trend of thought. Zhuge Liang repeatedly warned and emphasized the importance of law in the process of governing the country. Not only that, Zhuge Liang further emphasized the serious consequences of not governing the country according to law.
Therefore, after Zhuge Liang entered Shu, he, together with Fazheng, Liu Ba, Li Yan and Li Ji, added or deleted the old laws of Qin and Han Dynasties, and * * * formulated the Shu Code. In addition, he personally drafted dozens of various commandments and laws, such as the Eight Cardinals, Seven Commandments, Six Fears and Five Fears.
3. Economy
Zhuge Liang took advantage of Hanzhong's economic conditions and took a series of effective measures during his stay in Hanzhong, developing production according to local conditions and persuading agriculture, and basically solved the military resources of the Northern Expedition on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu-Han army was losing ground, and Wei Jun also "took a lot of books and grain" in Shu camp. This just shows the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and military reclamation.
Water conservancy projects such as "He Shan Dam" built by Zhuge Liang are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area.
The above facts show that the practical utility and continuous improvement and utilization of ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in Hanzhong basin are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy and developing production when he advised agriculture in Hanzhong.
5. Thought of running the army
Zhuge Liang runs the army well. Zhuge Liang is good at running the army and has the following characteristics:
First of all, run the army with wisdom. Zhuge Liang's use of Meiji Army has both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, Zhuge Liang showed the Meiji Army as follows: First, he put forward clear moral requirements.
Second, take the letter as the foundation. Zhuge Liang believed in running the army. In other words, "faith" means doing what you say, and you will get something from what you do, and you will do what you say. A dishonest man breaks his word. If he doesn't know how to keep his promise, the battle will surely fail. If there are laws that cannot be enforced, even millions of people will be useless.
On the other hand, if soldiers are inspired by faith, there will be no soldiers who don't work hard. Therefore, Zhuge Liang emphasized that running the army should be based on faith.
6. Cao Wei Northern Expedition
From the spring of 228 to the winter of 234, Zhuge Liang sent troops to Hanzhong five times to fight Cao Wei in order to help the Han Dynasty unify the Central Plains.
In the spring of the 6th year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang made his first Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang established a suspicious army in Gu Jie and led an army to attack Qishan. Zhang He broke Ma Su in the street pavilion, and Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong.
In the winter of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang made the second northern expedition. After going through the customs, they surrounded Chencang and attacked for more than 20 days, and the Shu army withdrew its grain and grass.
In the seventh year of lite (229), Zhuge Liang made the third Northern Expedition, and Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to capture Wudu and Yin Ping. Wei led Guo Huai to rescue, Zhuge Liang personally led the army to Jianwei, Guo Huai retreated, and successfully got the second county.
In the ninth year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang made the fourth northern expedition, and the Shu army surrounded Qishan, and Sima Yi and Zhang He led the troops to rescue him. Li Yan failed to transport grain, and the grain of Shu army was withdrawn. Zhang He chased the Shu army to the wooden door and was shot by the Shu army.
In the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang made the fifth northern expedition, and Zhuge Liang showed his martial arts in Wuzhangyuan. For failing to capture the northern plain, it was deadlocked with Wei Jun 100 days. In autumn, Zhuge Liang died and the Shu army returned to Hanzhong, thus ending Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition.
7. Military inventions
As a military strategist, Zhuge Liang has also been highly recognized by military strategists of past dynasties. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi met Zhuge Liang's camp and praised him as a "genius in the world".
Zhuge Liang also wrote many military works, such as "Southern Expedition", "Northern Expedition" and "Northern Expedition", which made certain contributions to the military circles in China. Zhuge Liang also showed dexterity in technological inventions, such as improving the crossbow. Zhuge Liang also interpreted the art of war and made an eight-array map, which is still highly respected by Li Jing, the general of the Tang Dynasty.
8. Literature
Former Teacher's Watch is a watch written by Zhuge Liang, Prime Minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in China's Three Kingdoms Period.
It was the fifth year of Jianxing (227 years). Shu Han has recovered from the blow of Liu Bei's death, and Sun Wu is around him, determined to travel south and be honest and upright. Zhuge Liang thinks he has the ability to explore the Central Plains in the north and realize Liu Bei's restoration to the Han Dynasty.
The inscription expresses the author's loyalty to prudence and diligence, his responsibility to attack Wei and prosper Han, and his diligence to remonstrate the late emperor's wishes. It is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese with sincere feelings and fluent writing.
"Hou Xue Biao" is a seal given to the late ruler of Shu before Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the second time in November of the sixth year of Jianxing (228). In order to distinguish it from the list before the first Northern Expedition in the fifth year of Jianxing, later generations named it "List of Later Learning".
This table was first seen in The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Chuan, and Pei Songzhi quoted it from Hanshu, Jin Shu, Chunqiu. Xi said, "There is nothing in this table. Zhang Yan memorized it.". [80] So, since the Qing Dynasty, there has been a debate about the authenticity of this watch, which is still a mystery.
The Book of Commandments is a letter written by Zhuge Liang to his 8-year-old son, Zhuge Zhan, before he died, and it has become a masterpiece of self-cultivation for later students. [8 1]? It can be regarded as Zhuge Liang's summary of his life.
Zhuge Liang is also a noble and knowledgeable father, and his inculcation and infinite expectations for his son are all in his words. Through these words full of wisdom, rationality, conciseness and preciseness, the affection of fathers all over the world for their beloved son is expressed so deeply. There are many "admonitions" preserved by later generations.
In addition to the above works, Zhuge Liang has other works, such as Cao Lu Dui, the book of commanding my nephew, Gangwon (also known as Shuxin) and Sixteen Basic Strategies. Zhuge Liang's works were compiled into Zhuge Jiliang, also known as Zhuge Shiji.
9. Calligraphy
Zhuge Liang lived in an era when China's calligraphy art was maturing. Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy and trained hard when he was young. He can write all kinds of fonts and is good at seal script, eight-part essay and cursive script.
Zhuge Liang often practices calligraphy in government affairs and military activities. According to Changde County Records, "Wolong Mo Chi is located in Wolong Temple, 30 miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty washed ink in this temple because of its name. " After Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang lived in Changde. The war was very tense and frequent, but he didn't forget to practice his handwriting.
10, painting
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote in the Book of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Zhuge Wuhou and his son are both good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the collection and sale of paintings at that time in his book On Painting. He said: "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the nobility and inferiority, and the Han and Wei dynasties are ancient, so Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing and Zhuge Liang are also." ?
Zhang Yanyuan described the painting prices of some modern painters at that time, such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi: "A screen is worth 20,000 yuan, and a threshold is worth 15,000 yuan." "A screen is worth ten thousand yuan." He also said that the works of painters in the Han and Wei dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "treasures of the country" and "treasures of the future" in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yanyuan's account shows Zhuge Liang's historical position and artistic achievements in China's art history.
As can be seen from the above records, Zhuge Liang really has an extraordinary talent for painting. His paintings are based on real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in central and southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as dragons), with magnificent composition and vast scenes.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhuge Liang