The first word of a western name
There are roughly three situations:
(1) claim your name. Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems".
(2) for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou".
(3) people who are disgusted and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter".
Choose your words carefully
The ancients gave names when they were young and took characters when they were adults (male 20 years old, female 15 years old). There is a meaningful connection between words and names. Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders.
For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.
title
This number is also called another name and table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself. Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title.
Said posthumous title.
The title added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes is called posthumous title.
For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong. Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death".
Call a vegetarian name
Refers to calling by the empty stomach number or room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).
Weigh one's place of origin
For example, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren." The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu.
Regard the county as king
Although Han Yu was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), because the Han surname in Changli (now Yi County, Liaoning Province) was a prominent family in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", so the world called him Han Changli. For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County.
Call a formal name
For example, "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu, so he was called. In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his soldiers wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his soldiers to make a big light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.
Be knighted
In "Exercising Festivals to Show Fitness", "In modern times, it was crowned as a luxury", and the title of Kou Zhun was Lai Gong, and Lai Gong was the title of the province. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty. Liu Jingting biography: "Ningnan South, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan, Gongting in the shogunate". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.
Official land
Refers to the place name where officials are appointed. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place. Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection.
Concurrent name
For example, in You Shan, "Four people, Lu's father, Changle Wang's father, Yu's father and An Shangchun's father", the first two are called native place, name and word, and the last two write the relationship with the author first, then the name and word; "Five Tomb Monuments" "The wise men are Wu Gong, the Taishi Wen Qi Wengong and Meng Changyao Yegong", the first two are called official positions, characters and surnames, and the last one is called characters and surnames; Meihualing is called official posthumous title, also known as surname, official position and first name. "Sheng Zhi" is called "official position, native place and honorific title".
Modest title
(1) expresses modesty and is used to claim compensation.
Fool, modestly calling himself not smart. Despicable and modest, claiming to have little knowledge. We humbly call ourselves or our things bad. Humble, call yourself humble. Stealing means privately, privately, and it often means bold and abrupt when used. I humbly declare that I am not as tall as the other person. Servant, humbly calling himself the servant of the other party, uses it to mean serving the other party.
(2) The ancient emperors' words of self-modesty included loneliness (the king of a small country), widowhood (the person without virtue) and ingratitude (bad).
(3) The words of self-modesty of ancient officials are Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli.
(4) Scholars' words of self-modesty include: young, late in life, late in learning, etc. , indicating that they are new learners; If you are modest, unworthy and unworthy, it means that you have no talent, or your talent is mediocre.
(5) When addressing relatives and friends, the ancients often used modest words such as "home" and "shed". "Home" is a modest word used to address a person's elders or older relatives, such as my father, mother and brother. "Sheshe" is used to humble one's home or one's relative. The former is like my humble abode, while the latter is like my brother, sister and nephew.
(6) Other self-deprecating words are: because the elders were above when the ancients sat at the table, the younger generation or people with low status were humble; Small is the modesty of people with a certain status, indicating that they are ordinary and insignificant; Boys are the opinions of children's younger generations on their fathers and brothers; Old people use old people, old people, old people, old people like me, and so on. When they are modest; Women call themselves concubines; The old monk calls himself an old woman; Call your monarch a widowed monarch in other countries.
Honorable title/title
A respectful and polite attitude is also called "honorific".
(1) The honorific words for the emperor are Long Live, Holy, Sacred Driving, Son of Heaven, Your Majesty, etc. Driving, this refers to the emperor's car driving. The ancients thought that the emperor should ride a car to run around the world, so he called the emperor "driving". Ancient emperors thought that their political power was determined by heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient courtiers were afraid to go directly to see the emperor, so they told the people under the palace (the steps of the palace) to convey their meaning, so they used your majesty as the emperor.
(2) The honorific title for Crown Prince and Prince is Your Highness.
(3) The general is regarded as a subordinate.
(4) honorific words for people with certain status: address the envoys under festivals; People with certain social status, such as Sangong, County Chief, etc., are called Your Excellency, and now they are mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as Your Excellency the Ambassador.
(5) Respect for each other or their relatives is order, respect and virtue. Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address relatives of the other party, such as your father (the other party's father), your mother (the other party's mother), your location (the other party's wife), your brother (the other party's brother), your son (the other party's son) and your lover (the other party's daughter). Honorific terms are used to refer to people or things related to the other party, such as respecting the Shang (called the other party's parents), respecting the public, respecting the monarch, respecting the father (called the other party's father), respecting the Tang (called the other party's mother), respecting the Qin (called the other party's relatives), respecting the driver (called the other party), honorific terms (instructed by the other party) and honorific terms (called the other party's meaning). Xian, used to address peers or younger generations, such as Xian Jia (called the other party), Xian Lang (called the other party's son) and (called the other party's brother). Benevolence, meaning love, is widely used. For example, friends who are longer than themselves in their peers are applauded, and those with high status are called benevolent people.
(6) Call the old man a husband and father-in-law, such as "self-study and self-study, and you will meet your father-in-law" (The Analects of Confucius). After the Tang Dynasty, husbands and husbands specifically refer to wives and fathers, also known as Mount Tai, and wives and mothers refer to husbands and mothers or Tai Shui.
(7) adding "xian" before the title indicates death, which is used to address people with high status or older people. For example, the dead emperor is called the first emperor, the dead father is called the first test or father, the dead mother is called the first or the first *, and the dead talented and virtuous people are called sages. Adding "Tai" or "Da" before the title indicates another generation, such as calling the emperor's mother the queen mother, grandfather the great (great) father and grandmother the great (great) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were often called temple names, such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong, Song Taizu, Song Renzong, Yuan Shizu and Ming Taizu. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors were also called by titles, such as Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu Emperor, Zhu Youjian's Chongzhen Emperor, Michelle Ye's Kangxi Emperor and Li Hong's Qianlong Emperor. The honorifics for elders and peers include monarch, son, public, first step, master, gentleman, adult, etc.
(9) Your address to your minister is Qing or Ai Qing.
(10) Use "saints" to show respect for people with noble moral character and superior wisdom, such as Confucius as a saint and Mencius as a son. Later, "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.
* Weighing
Show contempt. For example, Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin: "Those who don't look back now stand up straight." "Mao Sui recommended himself": "Tian Lei, Xiao Shu Er." "The Hongmen Banquet": "Even if there are shortcomings!" Peacock flies southeast: "A boy is fearless, how dare he help a woman!" " "
There are four special titles:
(1) person's title.
The common ones are Buyi, Shoushou, Limin, Sheng Min, Suburb, Pear Tree, Cangsheng, Pear Garden and Mangzhong.
(2) professional name.
For some people who take skills as their profession, a word indicating occupation is often added before their names, so that people can know their professional identity at a glance. For example, in Sister Niu, "Ding" is a person's name and "Dong" is a chef, indicating occupation. Heshi in Shi Shuo and Biography of Jianggan Heroes all mean musicians and indicate their occupation. The "dream" in Liu Jingting's Biography refers to an artist named "dream". "You", also known as a performer or actor, was used in ancient times to refer to an artist who took music and dance as his profession, and later called a traditional opera actor.
(3) Appellations between different friends.
The friends you make when you are poor and in a low position are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who share weal and woe are called "embarrassed friends"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends with similar interests and deep friendship are called "friends who don't look back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "friendship of bamboo and horses"; Friends who associate as civilians are called "friends of cloth"; Friends of different generations and ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identity or appearance are called "forgetful friends"; A friend who doesn't change his deep friendship because of your price change is called "Che Li Jiao"; Friends who support each other morally are called "friends of gentlemen"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met before" ("friends who have never met before").
(4) the title of age.
The age of ancient people is sometimes not expressed by numbers, not by telling someone's age or age directly, but by an age-related title instead.
Stripes are children aged three or four to eight or nine (stripes, short hair hanging down from the heads of ancient children).
The total angle is a teenager between the ages of eight or nine and thirteen or fourteen (ancient children divided their hair into left and right halves and tied it in a knot at the top of their heads, which is shaped like two horns, so it is called "total angle").
Cardamom is thirteen or fourteen years old to fifteen or sixteen years old (Cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer, but not yet in midsummer, which means that people are still underage, so it is called "cardamom youth").
Hair was tied when a man was fifteen (when he was fifteen, a man would dissolve the original corner and tie it into a bundle).
The weak crown is a man of twenty years old (the ancient man was crowned at the age of twenty, indicating that he had reached adulthood, so he was called "weak crown" because he had not yet reached the prime of life).
Li is a thirty-year-old man.
Don't be confused, it's a 40-year-old man (don't be confused, "don't be confused, don't be confused."
Know life is a 50-year-old man (know life, meaning "knowing destiny").
This flower is sixty years old.
Gu Xi is seventy years old.
Mao and die mean eighty or ninety years old.
Period refers to one hundred years old.
In ancient times, all people of the same surname and opposite sex were called relatives. The specific title is as follows:
Father's father (king's father, grandfather). Grandmother, queen mother, father's mother. (great-grandfather, mother) the father and mother of an ancestor. Great grandfather's father and mother. (In the last five generations, from the standard, up to father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-grandfather).
Great-grandson's son.
Son of great-great-grandson.
Son of Lai Sun's great-great-grandson. (The lower V refers to starting from the standard and setting up grandchildren under the master. )
My father's brother.
Uncle's brother.
My mother (aunt) is my father's wife.
Aunt's uncle's wife.
Aunt's father's sister.
Uncle's husband.
From grandfather (uncle, uncle) to father's uncle.
Grandma's aunt.
From my grandfather (uncle) to my father's brother.
From grandma (aunt, aunt) to grandpa's wife.
Great-grandfather's uncle
Great-great-grandparents' uncle's wife.
Grandfather (grandfather) is the son of great-grandfather.
Grandfather's son.
Brother, father's son.
The wife of my sister-in-law
Brother-in-law's wife.
Brother's son.
From the daughter of a female (niece) brother.
From his brother's grandson.
Son of nephew's sister.
Personal sister's husband.
Son-in-law (son-in-law) A woman's husband.
Cousin's father's sister's child.
Grandfather (my mother's father).
Grandma's mother.
Great grandfather's father.
Great-great grandmother, grandfather's mother.
Uncle's mother's brother.
My aunt's wife.
From the mother (aunt, aunt) mother's sister.
Uncle's aunt's husband.
Middle class (aunt's) aunt's children.
Children of the mother's brothers and sisters (cousins, cousins).
My uncle's wife's father (father-in-law, Zhang Yue, Zhang, Taishan, Yue Weng).
Menstruation's wife's mother (mother-in-law, mother-in-law, Tai Shui).
Aunt's wife's sister.
Wife, nephew, son of wife's brother.
My uncle's father.
Menstruation's husband's mother.
My aunt and uncle are my husband's parents.
Uncle's brother.
Sister of sister-in-law's son-in-law
Daughter-in-law's brother-in-law
Sister in law.
Sister-in-law's ancient sister-in-law, sister-in-law.
Ya, brother-in-law (brother-in-law) and two son-in-law call each other.
On ancient and modern kinship terms
How do we address our relatives? When addressing relatives, we often hear or see the words "home, home, death, first, dog, small".
Home is used to address living relatives who are older than themselves or older, indicating humility and common. If you call your father my father strict family, your mother my mother kind family, your father-in-law your family, your grandfather your family, your brother's sister-in-law and so on.
Giving up is used to humble relatives who are inferior to themselves, such as brothers, sisters, nephews and relatives, not to mention children.
First, there are feelings of nostalgia and sadness, which are honorifics for the deceased elders, such as calling the deceased father, ancestor, Yan and Kao first, mother, mother, kindness, grandfather and ancestor first, and so on.
Death is a name for people who have died, such as dead sisters and dead children. A deceased husband, wife and close friend can also be called a deceased husband, wife or friend.
Dogs are used to calling themselves young and inexperienced children, such as sons and daughters.
Villains often call themselves modest, such as calling their children children and daughters.
Six relatives are six kinds of relatives. There have always been different opinions about six relatives, which are roughly as follows: one refers to father and son, brother, sister, nephew and uncle, and in-laws. The second theory refers to father and son, brother and husband and wife. Third, parents, brothers and wives. The four theories refer to parents, brothers, brothers with fathers, brothers with ancestors, brothers with great-grandfathers, and brothers of the same race. Five theories refer to father, mother, brother, brother, wife and son, which is a modern saying. In modern Chinese, six relatives also refer to relatives.
In ancient times, the ranking order of brothers was expressed by Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji, with Bo being the eldest, Zhong the second, Shu the third and Ji the smallest. My father's brother is called "Uncle", my father's second brother is called "Guan Zhong", Guan Zhong's brother is called "Uncle" and the youngest uncle is called "Ji Fu". Later, my father's brother was collectively called "uncle".
Wife appellation in ancient and modern times We now call a man's spouse a wife. From ancient times to the present, there are nearly forty titles for wives.
Xiao Jun Xi Jun was originally called the wife of a vassal, and later as a general term for wives.
The wife of the empress emperor.
Letter from Emperor Zitong to the Queen.
In ancient times, the wives of vassals were called Madame, and the wives of second-class officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties were called Madame. In modern times, it is used as a polite address for ordinary wives, but now it is mostly used in diplomatic occasions.
In the old society, Mrs. Jing was humble to others as Mrs. Jing Ren, Jing Fu, humble Jing, and so on. * Jing means poverty.
A general term for wives in ancient times.
Dregs describe a wife who is in trouble when she is poor.
My wife is used to addressing others as wives. The written language is also called wife. Address other people's wives as wives.
In the old society, the wives of businessmen were called "inner shopkeepers", and some were called "inner masters".
Wife In the old society, it was generally called the wife of an official, or the rich and powerful called her "madam", but now it has the meaning of honorific, such as "Your wife is here".
Wife refers to wife and children. In the early days, there were "wives" and "wives", also known as single wives. Some people often call them good wives and mothers in their letters to show their love.
A wife refers to one of the elderly couples, usually the woman.
In some places, women, wives and aunts call their wives women, or wives or aunts.
Tang Ke Some places in the south of the Yangtze River are commonly known as wives and concubines such as Tang Ke.
Wives are generally called wives in rural areas of Henan.
Wife, the common name of northern urban and rural areas, is mostly used in spoken language.
Old love is called old love because the wife is too vulgar and the lover is full of dirty words.
After the death of his second wife, she remarried.
The people in the house and the cook are both dialect names for their wives.
Some rural areas call their wives women or the mothers of their children.
Lovers call men and women.
Address of wife in mountainous areas of western Hubei.
Dude, partner, the common name for wife in modern cities.
In addition, in the old society, concubines were called "side nephews", "side rooms", "little stars", "Lady Jia" and "husband".
Ancient and modern husband and wife appellation
The appellations of husband and wife in ancient and modern times include hair extension, mandarin duck, husband and wife, spouse, partner, marriage, Qin Jin, a century-old friend and so on.
"Yuanyang" originally refers to brothers. In ancient China, Yuanyang was compared to a brother. Yuanyang was originally a bird with the same life, living in two places, so the ancients used it to describe the harmony and friendship between brothers. After using Yuanyang as a metaphor for husband and wife, it began in Lu in the Tang Dynasty.
In ancient China, people got married when they were young, which was called knot hair. Later, because the "knot" used for marriage refers to the original husband and wife.
"Husband" Q&A Husband did not refer to a woman's spouse in ancient times. When an ancient man was twenty years old, he was crowned as a husband. This is an ancient etiquette. Besides, in ancient times, an eight-foot-long burly man was called a husband. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the meaning of "husband" expanded, referring not only to adult men, but also to male children and even baby boys.
"Lady" is a nickname for her husband. Before the Yuan Dynasty, it was wrong to call her "Lady". Before the Song Dynasty, "Niangzi" specifically referred to unmarried girls, with the same meaning as today's girls.
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong loved Yang Guifei, and her position in the harem was unparalleled. She was called "Madam" in the palace. The lady here obviously doesn't mean a girl, but it can't be understood as a title for his wife.
In the Yuan Dynasty, married women were generally called "ladies" in society. In the Ming Dynasty, it was customary to call young women "Miss", which had a charming flavor.
With the popularity of calling a wife a "lady", most women are called a certain mother. For example, the midwife is called "Lao Niang", the witch is called "Shi Niang", the girl is called "Hua Niang", the ambiguous woman is called "husband and wife", and the woman is called "wife" in a contemptuous tone.
Father-in-law "father-in-law" is usually called father-in-law now. But in ancient times, "father-in-law" didn't just refer to father-in-law. There are four main sayings of "mother-in-law": first, "mother-in-law" is a respectful name for elders and predecessors; Second, "father-in-law" refers to parents or masters; Third, "father-in-law" is a woman's address to her husband; Fourth, the "father-in-law" represents the father-in-law.