Politically, Confucianism has been advocated since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and bureaucrats started with Confucian classics. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, he gradually formed a state of being an official for life. Cao Wei carried out the "nine-product system", which enabled aristocratic landlords to participate in political power by virtue of their family background, which was an important symbol of the formation of aristocratic system.
Economically, in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, land annexation was very serious, and gradually formed a powerful landlord force of bureaucrats, businessmen and landlords. The regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty was established with the support of the powerful landlords, so the powerful landlords enjoyed political and economic privileges in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They controlled the central and local governments politically, annexed land economically, managed manors, gradually became independent and became aristocratic families. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, gentry landlords began to form, which provided a class and economic foundation for the establishment of the gentry system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the gentry system fully developed and entered its heyday. During this period, the Tu people had political privileges, and the important positions of honest officials were monopolized by gentry. Economically, it owns granges, occupies a large number of land population, and often competes with the government for the labor force population; Culturally, genealogy inherits and occupies a monopoly position, but also advocates genealogy, advocates metaphysics, and is good at dragon calligraphy, painting and other arts; Society does not marry civilians, and so on. The gentry hold the power, but they are unwilling to set foot in practice and decay in indulgence and luxury.
From the late Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasty, the gentry system gradually declined. The root cause lies in the decay of the gentry themselves. Under the gentry system, the gentry, especially the senior gentry, can be an official by virtue of their family background and hold senior positions for generations. The special social environment made many gentry not enterprising, indulged in leisure and debauchery, and disdained government and military affairs. In addition, the gentry had a close relationship and poor physical quality. Therefore, after the war between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the former Qin Dynasty, some generals from civilian backgrounds stood out, showing high political and military talents, and their prestige and power rose rapidly. The second reason for the decline of the gentry system in this period was that it was hit by the peasant uprising; The third reason is that the gentry have been hit and weakened by contradictions within the ruling class. The interaction of the above three reasons greatly weakened the class and economic foundation of the cremation system.
In the southern dynasties, due to the decline of the clan itself. Lost political and military dominance; With the conflict and intensification of social class contradictions, peasant uprisings broke out one after another, and Han landlords took the opportunity to rise by military force. While suppressing the peasant uprising, they further took the initiative to control the localities, commanded the army, and proclaimed themselves emperor by force, breaking the situation that the landlords at the main entrance unified the whole country. At this time, although the clan landlords were in high positions, they had no real power and were bound to perish. Later, due to the chaos of the waiting time and the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the hierarchy of the gate valve was dying, and the landlord of cloth clothes jumped to the main position in politics. Sui and Tang Dynasties abolished the system of "Nine Grades Being Right" and implemented the imperial examination system. "The draft doesn't ask about family background, and marriage doesn't ask about reading." Finally, the aristocratic system, which originated in Wei and prevailed in Jin, finally died out in the political and legal system.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry system gradually died out. One of the reasons is that the imperial examination system was implemented in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which made the landlords with low family status participate in the political power through the examination and destroyed the political foundation of the aristocratic system. The implementation of the land equalization system and the rent adjustment system has enabled some farmers who have no land and little land to get some land, and also ensured farmers' production time. Its prohibition of unlimited land occupation and land sale at will inhibited land merger to some extent, protected yeoman farmers, and weakened the economic foundation of the cremation system to some extent. The second is the struggle for power and interests within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty. Third, the peasant war further destroyed the decadent cremation system. Since then, the gentry system, which lasted for six or seven hundred years, has finally disappeared on the historical stage.
Han Dynasty: First, Longxi plum
Li in Longxi is the most prominent of Li's surnames. Longxi, called Longyou in ancient times, generally refers to the eastern part of Gansu Province in the west of Longxi Mountain. Longxi County was established in the Qin and Han Dynasties and is one of Li's counties.
The earliest county magistrate in Longxi County in Qin Dynasty was that later generations respected him as the ancestor of Li in Longxi County. Li became a famous family in Longxi, which was jointly created by three generations: the second son Yao was the head of Nanjun County and was named Di Daohou; His grandson Li Xin was a general and was named Hou of Longxi. During the Han Dynasty, Li in Longxi produced two important figures: Li Guang, a flying general, and his younger brother. Li Liling's defeat was captured by Xiongnu, which made Li's reputation in Longxi County decline. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Li in Longxi rose in troubled times, and Li Gui, the king of Xiliang, was the first emperor of Li. By the Sui Dynasty, Lee in Longxi was already an aristocratic family in power in the ruling and opposition. Li Yuan in Longxi destroyed the Sui Dynasty and established the Tang Dynasty, taking Li as the country's surname. In the Tang Dynasty, Li in Longxi surpassed Li in Zhao County. Tang Taizong compiled Genealogy, which placed Li at the top of all the gentry's surnames, and even gave the hero the surname Li. Since then, the Li family in Longxi has developed from a family linked by blood to a huge family with multiple integration. In the Tang Dynasty, the surname spectrum contained "Li thirteen looks, headed by Longxi". When compiling Li Yuanliu in the Southern Song Dynasty, "whoever talks about Li is called Longxi". Later Li claimed to be Longxi, and he was attached.
Second, Zhao Jun Lee.
Zhao is the second largest branch of Li's surname, second only to it, and its reputation was higher than that before the Tang Dynasty. Zhao county is one of Li's counties. Zhao County is now in Zhao County, Hebei Province, and Wei Chu is the county in the later period. The ancestor of this Li family is Li Mu, the second son of Li Qian, a famous teacher in Qin Dynasty. He is the fourth brother of ancestor Li in Longxi. Li Mu was a famous military commander in chief during the Warring States Period. He is the prime minister of Zhao, sealed Wu Anjun, and lives in Zhao County. He is the ancestor of Li in Zhao County. Zhao occupies a prominent position in the Northern Qi Dynasty. There are many tribes. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 17 people as prime ministers, which was the second largest family in Longxi after Li.
Third, Hong Nongyang
Hongnong county in Han Dynasty was located in Lingbao, Henan Province, which governed Huayin and other places. In the early Qin and Han dynasties, the descendants of Yang were the most concentrated and had the greatest influence. There is still a saying that "the young people in the world are the people who promote agriculture". There are a large number of talented young people, the most famous of which is "Kansai Confucius Yang Qi Bo" who is famous for his "four knowledge". According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Yang Zhen was born in Huayin, Hongnong. Born in the 30th year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, in 54 AD, he was a great scholar at that time, young and eager to learn. At that time, he was called "Confucius Yang of Kansai". He lived in seclusion in Huzhou for decades and became an official at the age of 50. Later, he was promoted many times, and the official was high. Wang Mi, who was appointed as the magistrate of Donglai, passed through Changyi. He was recommended by Wang Mi, then the secretariat of Changyi. He heard that Yang Zhen passed through Changyi, so he went to visit him. When he left at night, he took out ten catties of gold and gave it to Yang Zhen. Yang Zhen said, "I know you. Why don't you know me?" Wang Mi persuaded: "It's dark, no one knows, you can take it." Yang Zhen replied: "God knows, God knows, I know, you know, how can you say that no one knows?" Wang Mi left in shame. Later, Yang Zhen was transferred to Zhuo Jun county magistrate. Because officials are honest and don't accept gifts, his descendants are poor. They often have to take the stairs instead of the car, and there is no meat to eat. Some of my former friends wanted to buy them some real estate, but Yang Zhen refused, saying, "Wouldn't it be nice to let my descendants be called descendants of innocent officials and pass this on to them?"
Yang Zhen's descendants are learned and incorruptible by their words and deeds. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said, "From the shock to the tiger, the fourth Taiwei, followed by virtue", so it was called "a famous family in Tokyo".
Yang Hongnong is proud of his "Four Knows", taking them as the hall name and his "Innocent Family heirloom" as the threshold, and his legacy still exists today. The 14th Sun Yangjian of Yang Zhen established a prosperous Sui Dynasty, which pushed Yang's position to the peak. Yang Ye, the founder of Yang Jiajiang in Northern Song Dynasty, is a descendant of Yang Feng, the fifth son of Yang Zhen. He was loyal to the country and fought against Liao and Wei, and his name went down in history, which can be described as the sunset glow of agriculture.
Tang Dynasty: Cui Shi in Buring, Li Zhaojun, Cui Shi in Qinghe, Fan Yanglu, Zheng Xingyang, Li in Longxi, Wang Taiyuan, Jing Zhaowei, Pei in Hedong, Liu in Hedong, Xue in Hedong, Yang Hongnong, Jing Zhaodu, Wang Langya and Xiao Lanling.