[Jane Guzhai Chinese Test Paper Blog] Collection Recommendation
I. Types and usage of punctuation marks
(1) points
1. End of sentence
Including periods, question marks and exclamation marks, indicating a big pause after a sentence is finished.
(1) period (. )
A period is used at the end of a statement to indicate a pause after the statement ends. For example:
People all over the country, especially teenagers, should seriously study and understand the history of the motherland, especially the history since modern times.
Please close the door.
We must go back today.
Class is over.
No matter the length of the sentence, as long as the structure is complete and the meaning is independent, a period should be used after the sentence. An imperative sentence with a soothing tone (such as Example ②), an emphasized declarative sentence (such as Example ③) and sometimes a sentence without a subject (such as Example ④) also use a period when expressing the declarative mood.
2 question mark (? )
The question mark is used at the end of the sentence to indicate the interrogative tone. For example:
Why did you come back so late today?
Who is he? Where are you from?
When using question marks, you should pay attention to the following points:
(1) rhetorical question A rhetorical question is undoubtedly a question. The former only asks and doesn't answer, and the clear meaning to be expressed is included in the question; The latter asks himself and answers himself in order to attract readers' attention, but both of them are interrogative sentences, so they all use question marks at the end of the sentence. For example:
When the war was fierce, didn't we walk around the fields looking for weeds?
Who created the human world? It's us working people.
Although the multiple-choice question contains two or more options, it is still a complete sentence, which expresses the complete meaning, so only one question mark is used in the sentence, and the items in the sentence are separated by commas; But sometimes in order to emphasize the independence of each option, you can also add a question mark after each item. For example:
Did she become a beggar when she went out from her fourth uncle's house, or did she go to Grandma Wei's house first and then become a beggar?
Are you going to invigilate tomorrow, or shall I?
Stand in front of them and lead them? Or stand behind them and criticize them? Or stand on the opposite side of people and oppose it?
(3) Some imperative sentences expressing euphemistic mood can also end with question marks. For example:
Would you please move the stool a little?
Can you come here for a second?
(4) In some questions, the subject and predicate are inverted, so we should pay attention to putting the question mark at the end of the sentence. For example:
What's the matter with you?
Although some sentences contain interrogative words (who, what, how, etc. ), they are not really asking questions, but expressing a declarative tone, so a period should be applied. For example:
I don't know who he will meet at the station.
I'm fine, but I don't know what people think.
(3) exclamation point (! )
An exclamation point indicates a strong emotional pause at the end of a sentence.
(1) said pause at the end of the exclamatory sentence. For example:
Once you take root, you are not afraid of being trampled, but you get up again and again and bloom dandelion!
Sing and welcome the return of Hong Kong!
(2) The tone is very heavy, and exclamations are also used in imperative sentences. For example:
Sister Xianglin, forget it!
(3) The strong rhetorical question is followed by an exclamation point. For example:
There is nothing in the world that does not contain contradictions!
The exclamation point can be used for words with heavy tone, non-subject-predicate sentences and exclamation points with strong feelings. For example:
Long distance love!
Airplane!
Ouch! You're going the wrong way.
⑤ After address terms, response terms, onomatopoeia words, and at the end of slogans, if you have strong feelings, also use exclamation marks.
2. Points in sentences
Including commas, semicolons, pauses and colons, indicating pauses and structural relationships in sentences.
(1) comma (,)
Indicates a pause in the middle of a sentence.
In complex sentences, commas are often used within clauses or between clauses. For example:
The so-called memories can make people happy, but sometimes they can't help being lonely. What's the point of letting the spiritual line still hold the lonely time that has passed? But I can't forget it all. I can't forget this part at all, and it has become the source of screaming.
② When the subject of a sentence (compound words as the subject) is long, or the subject is short but needs to be emphasized, or there are modal particles behind the subject, a comma should be used after the subject. For example:
This huge blow and unspeakable grief almost knocked Wu Jichang down.
He is our head teacher, Miss Liu.
You, really disappointing.
(3) The sentence predicate is a subject-predicate phrase, and the subject sometimes pauses, so a comma is used. For example:
Lu Xun has long opposed this foreign stereotyped writing.
(4) When the sentence object is long, use a comma in front of it. For example:
I remember when she was a little girl who was not sensible.
⑤ Use commas at the beginning of the sentence and after the adverbial. For example:
In a blink of an eye, four piles of firewood on the top of the mountain are ready!
⑥ Used between inverted sentence components. For example:
Come out, you! (verb inversion)
Around the lotus pond, there are many trees and lush. (attributive postposition)
Our motherland is advancing at a high speed on the road to victory. (adverbial postposition)
⑦ Used between coordinate phrases. For example:
Tongmuling, Huang Yangjie, Zhushachong, Bamian Mountain and Shuangmashi are the five outposts of Jinggangshan.
Pencils, erasers, electronic calculators, compasses, and plastic triangular rulers of all sizes occupy half a table. (There is a big pause because some juxtaposed components are longer.)
Rice, wheat, cotton, chemical fertilizer, oil and coal are all materials purchased and sold by the state. (Because there are different levels between items, commas are used to distinguish different parallel levels, and pauses are used to indicate the juxtaposition of various components in the same level. )
⑧ Used after related words. For example:
He hasn't worked hard, but compared with before, he has made considerable progress.
Pet-name ruby some special components in the sentence, generally use commas to separate them from other components. For example:
Our monitor Lao Li went to Beijing to receive the prize yesterday. (appositive)
What kind of class, more precisely, what kind of class position, what kind of ideal. (parenthesis)
(2) semicolon.
① indicates the pause between coordinate clauses in a complex sentence. For example:
This style of work, if self-discipline, will harm yourself; If you teach others, you will harm others; If we use it to guide the revolution, it will endanger the revolution.
(2) Sometimes semicolons are used in multiple complex sentences with non-coordinate relations. For example:
Citizens aged 18 in China have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law. (turning relationship)
If you change this sentence into a comma, it will be difficult to distinguish between the two meanings. If you change it to a full stop, it will cut off the meaning of coherence, so use a semicolon. For example:
Someone told me a long time ago, "sir, let's write a little;" Liu Hezhen loved reading her husband's articles before his death. " (Used in causal sentences to express two meanings)
Some points that should be paid attention to when using semicolons:
(1) single sentence parallelism, imposing manner, generally use commas, not semicolons. For example:
Treat comrades as warm as spring, work as hot as summer, individuals as autumn wind sweeps away leaves, and enemies as cruel as winter.
(2) coordinate relative sentences, short clauses with commas instead of semicolons. For example:
Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.
Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University, and Li Ping was admitted to technical secondary school.
(3) Pause (,)
Pause means the smallest pause in a sentence, which is often used between juxtaposed words or phrases, such as:
(The director) introduced Dong Kun's wild hides to us: foxes, boxes, Yao, dragonflies, wild cats ... there are many kinds.
If there are conjunctions such as "he", "he", "he", "or", there is no need to use pause. ("He" conjunctions are generally used between two-item coordinate words or between the last two items of multiple coordinate words. )
(2) If there are coordinate words in the coordinate words, use commas for large coordinate words and pause between small coordinate words. For example:
The explosion of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, and the launch and recovery of satellites mark that the development of science and technology in China has reached a new level.
(3) coordinate as predicate and complement, and use commas instead of pause between coordinate words. For example:
You should strive for perfection, literacy and production.
The story is true and touching.
(4) Some coordinate words don't pause or pause slightly, so there should be no ambiguity. At this time, there is no need to add a pause. For example:
It doesn't matter
(4) Colon (:)
(1) is used after the address at the beginning of letters and speeches to attract the attention of others; Used after "so-and-so", it means that the following words are quoted.
(2) Used after a general statement, indicating that the words before the colon should be listed item by item or caused later. For example:
There are several kinds of spinning postures: you can sit on a futon, you can sit on a low stool, and you can stand on a spinning wheel with a high cushion.
(3) Used at the end of the prompt to indicate that you have something to say, think about or analyze. For example:
I thought: Hope is nothing, nothing.
(4) before explaining explanatory words. For example:
..... Marx discovered the development law of human history, which is a simple fact that has been concealed by complex ideology: people must first eat, drink, live and wear, and then ...
⑤ Used in front of general phrases to sum up the above. For example:
Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry. Li Chong entered a secondary technical school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing; I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future. (The colon is used before the general discourse)
The prompt function of colon should be played to the end of sentence, that is to say, colon should be managed to the end of sentence, not just to the end of sentence. If you want to manage several words or a paragraph, you usually use ordinal numbers or quotation marks. For example:
..... Party discipline must be reiterated: (1) Individuals obey the collective; (2) the minority is subordinate to the majority; (3) subordinates obey their superiors; (4) The whole Party obeys the Central Committee.
He went on to say, "There has been a heavy rain here recently. Mom has gone to Beijing. Xiaohong went to high school. "
When using colons, you should pay attention to:
Use "xx said" before quotation marks, and use colons; Between quotations, separated by commas; Put a period after the quotation marks. For example:
He was very surprised and said, "Ah, it's you!"
"comrades!" The secretary of the district party Committee said: "All the 34 people on the registration form of party member in the whole district, except Comrade Lao Zhao and Comrade Huang Shuying, except the traitor Huang Youcai, are here."
"Unfortunately, the store is full." The proprietress said apologetically.
(2) Label
Tags mainly indicate the nature and function of sentences, including quotation marks, dashes, brackets, ellipsis, bullets, book titles, hyphens and special numbers.
(1) quotation marks ("")
(1) means direct reference, such as:
It immediately reminds people of Du Fu's poem: "When the mountain reaches the gate of punishment, Mrs. Guang was born in the village where she grew up."
(2) Highlight key points. For example:
Contract workers have no freedom to "do" or "not to do".
(3) Irony and negation. For example:
Do you want it to be "immortal"? Several "kind" bosses went to the market to pick some leaves and dipped them in salt. This is their rare delicacy.
④ Represents a specific title. For example:
Chai Lubang is anxious to boil the porridge in the cauldron.
⑤ Sometimes used to quote idioms, proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, etc. For example:
"Like the spring breeze in a bath", well, it makes people laugh at the exciting spring breeze!
When using quotation marks, you should pay attention to:
(1) If there are quotation marks inside, use double quotation marks outside and single quotation marks inside: if there are quotation marks inside single quotation marks, use double quotation marks, and so on. For example:
Then (an aunt) explained, "When harvesting beans and sweet potatoes, we should fill them with appropriate fertilizers. Rou Xiang you run. As the saying goes,' eight pounds of meat and seven pounds of oil'. "
(2) If the quotation becomes a sentence independently, the meaning is complete, and the period at the end of the sentence is put in quotation marks. For example:
I think of a poem by Jia Dao in the Tang Dynasty: "But through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing?" ."
(3) The quotation is incomplete or the quotation is part of one's own words. At this point, the point at the end of the sentence (except the question mark and exclamation point) is placed outside the back quotation mark. For example:
When writing an article, you should "see the strangeness in plain words, the danger in common words, the novelty in old words and the color in plain words".
(4) If there are several paragraphs in the quotation, the front quotation mark should be used at the beginning of each paragraph, and the back quotation mark should not be used until the end of the last paragraph.
If you only say what others say and don't quote it as it is, then you don't need quotation marks.
(2) Dash (-)
① indicates that the dash is followed by the explanation part. For example:
The boss or handyman, with piles of rosters in his hand, stands lazily at the gate-like a wooden fence at the ticket gate of a railway station.
(2) indicates the significance of proceeding. For example:
Every year, especially during floods and droughts, these well-connected workers in Japanese factories ...
(3) the transformation, jumping or turning point of meaning. For example:
"What a sweet job-did you hear the wind?" Zhao stood behind the seven catties and said to the seven catties' sister-in-law.
I didn't want to go, but my mother-in-law insisted that I visit him again-what's the point!
(4) indicates the prolongation of speech. For example:
We affectionately called in front of Tiananmen Square: Zhou-Zong-Li.
(5) indicates a big pause or interruption in speech. For example:
Lu: Relatives?
Zhou Puyuan: Well, we want to repair her grave.
6 is to sum up the above. For example:
Make trouble, fail, make trouble again, fail again and perish-this is the logic of imperialism and all reactionaries in the world in treating the people's cause, and they will never violate this logic.
⑦ Used before subtitles. For example:
Burning at the stake-in memory of Giordano Bruno
8 indicates listing and sharing matters. For example:
In the past five years, driven by the reform and opening up, China's national economy has developed continuously and the overall situation is very good.
-China's economic strength continued to increase significantly.
-the main proportion of the national economy has been further coordinated, and macroeconomic benefits have been improved.
-The living standards of urban and rural people have been further improved.
(3) Parentheses (())
Parentheses indicate comments in the text. The notes in brackets are broad and have no specific restrictions, so they generally don't need to be read. For example:
(1) The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.
He cultivated many fragrant flowers and fed and trained many small animals. Later, he took care of a tigress without tigress in the zoo and fed her a spoonful of milk every day. )
(3) Someone used hydrogen to reduce copper oxide to 5 grams of copper, and asked how many grams of hydrogen participated in the reaction, which was the standard form! What is the volume under the condition? (The density of hydrogen is 0.09g/L)
Only the comments in brackets should be next to the text.
Parentheses are some words in comments or supplementary explanations, which are called parentheses. If there are punctuation marks in the notes, the last punctuation mark (except question mark and exclamation mark) should be omitted (as in Example ①); Parentheses are used to annotate or supplement the whole sentence, which is called extra-sentence brackets. If there are punctuation marks in the notes, they can be kept still (for example | ②) or they can be kept still (for example ③).
Parentheses and dashes have explanatory functions, but they are used in different ways. When the explanatory text is important, it is a part of the text, which has a great influence on the article and must be read, dash is used; Otherwise, use parentheses.
(4) Omit (...)
(1) said reference or omission. For example:
It was at that extraordinary moment, in that memorable place, that I first heard the song: In February, the scenery is good and every household is busy with farm work. ……
A very loud and anxious voice came from the receiver: "Time is too late, please try to send it by air at once ... by plane!" " "
② indicates the omission of repeated words. For example:
Kong Yiji whispered, "Break, fall, fall ..." His expression seemed to be pleading with the shopkeeper, so don't mention it again.
(3) It means to omit listing similar things and ordinal numbers. For example:
(Director) Show us the skins of wild animals that Dong Kun and his team have beaten: foxes, raccoons, badgers, otters, wild cats ... there are many kinds.
(4) means silence or thinking. For example:
What is it? No! Aunt Mei's health can't stand the bumps on the road!
Ouyang Ping: ...
(5) refers to speaking intermittently.
For example:
Male ... pointing to the direction of due north, "Good, good comrades ... you ... you bring it here ..."
⑥ indicates the interruption of language. For example:
"I am not rich. I have to sell these before I go ... "
"Ah ah, you put the daotai, also said not rich? You have three concubines now; Going out is a big sedan chair, but you can't say that you have money. ..... fear, nothing can hide from me. "
⑦ means that the words are not finished, and the meaning is not finished. For example:
For so many years, his old man has no time to listen to my report. Premier, where can I report to you now? ……
But suddenly I got reliable news that thirteen people, including Rou Shi, were shot in Longhua garrison headquarters on the morning of February 7th, and he was shot ten times.
I see! ……
When using ellipsis, you should pay attention to:
The ellipsis means "etc" and "etc", and there is no need to use "etc" and "etc" after the ellipsis.
(2) ellipsis occupies the position of two words, a * * * six dots. If a large paragraph or a paragraph of text or a line of poetry is omitted, it can be represented by twelve points and can be done alone.
(5) Title ("")
Book titles represent the names of books, chapters, newspapers, plays, songs, etc. For example:
A. "Middle School Students" B. "China Daily" C. "The Sound of the Waves Still"
Attention should be paid to the use of book titles:
(1) When there is a title in the title, use a double title outside and a single title inside. For example:
Thoughts on reading Shi Zhongshan.
(2) When the title is used together with the title of the article, write the title of the book first, then the title of the article, add a space symbol in the middle, and then add the title. For example:
Gouzi advised to learn.
Second, the position of punctuation marks.
In addition to the correct use of punctuation marks, we should also pay attention to the writing position.
Period, question mark, exclamation point, semicolon, colon, comma, pause, these seven periods are all next to the text when writing, placed at the lower right of the text, occupying a cell.
Quotes, brackets, and book titles are all used before and after the text, occupying a box. The first half of these three labels can appear at the beginning of the line, but not at the end of the line; The second half can appear at the end of the line, not at the beginning.
Ellipsis and dash are written in the middle of the font, occupying two fonts. They can appear at the beginning of a line or at the end of a line, but they can't be used separately, that is, there can't be a situation where the previous line takes up a space and the next line takes up a space.
Spaces and hyphens are placed in the middle of separated or connected words, and a space is occupied in the middle of the space when writing. The connection number occupies half a word position when connecting the Chinese phonetic alphabet, but two words when the standard time of railway, highway and other transportation departments is running.
Bullets and proper nouns are placed at the bottom of the text, not just exclusive.
Overview of conventional methods
The examination of punctuation marks in college entrance examination is generally comprehensive and skillful. Synthesis refers to the flexible use of various punctuation marks and technical indicators in a certain language environment.
First, to solve the problem of flexible use of punctuation marks, it is necessary to make clear the length of pause.
For example, the usage of general statements and partial statements in colons is easily confused with the usage of explanations or comments in dashes. For example:
Punctuate the boxes of the following sentences:
Today's party has the following programs: dance, solo, duet, cross talk and acrobatics.
(2) The workers' congress has three agendas-reviewing the regulations on rewards and punishments, and electing the director of the workers' congress through three-year planning.
China's four great inventions-gunpowder, printing, compass and papermaking-have made great contributions to the development of world history.
(4) The ultimate goal of Hu Shi's academic activities is to be the enemy of China people-an accomplice of imperialism, feudal warlords and comprador bourgeoisie.
Answer: ① ② Use colons in sentences, ③ Use dashes in sentences.
In the above four examples, it seems that there are general and separate parts, but why do ① ② sentences use colons and ③ sentences use dashes? How to distinguish?
1. The relationship between general statements and specific statements is different. The sub-saying part is the itemized narration of the general saying part, and the part after the colon in Example ① ② is the itemized narration of the general saying part. If the individual part is a comment on the general part, a dash should be used. For example, "gunpowder, printing, compass and papermaking" in Example 3 are the four great inventions, while "imperialism, feudal army and comprador bourgeoisie" in Example 4 are the enemies of China people.
2. Where the comments are indicated by dashes, the comments can be deleted, and the content and form of the sentence are still complete. The third sentence can be said: "China's four great inventions have made great contributions to the development of world history", and the fourth sentence can be said: "The ultimate goal of Hu Shi's academic activities is to be an accomplice of the enemies of China people". However, sentences that use colons to indicate general statements and individual statements cannot delete individual statements.
3. From the aspect of mood, when a colon is used to express a total sentence and a sub-sentence, there is a long pause in the middle; When a comment is expressed by a dash, there is no pause or a short pause.
Second, the judgment of punctuation marks should be combined with context and semantics.
For example:
(5) "Sister Xianglin, let it go! I'll play it. " Four aunts hurriedly said.
6 "Let go, Sister Xianglin!" Four aunts hurriedly said loudly.
The two sentences have similar meanings, one is a routine sentence and the other is a variant sentence, but the punctuation marks are the same. Why? Because this is a simple sentence, "Sister Xianglin, leave it alone!" There is only a pause between the subject and the predicate. In the sixth sentence, the predicate is advanced, but the exclamation point is still placed after the single sentence.
⑦ We clearly see that the broad masses of people in Shanghai have made great contributions to the people of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in this flood fighting.
8 Scientific research shows that human beings evolved from apes.
Between the same verb and the object, one uses a comma and the other uses a colon. Why? The condition of using commas is that the object is a subject-predicate phrase longer than |, and it will be difficult to read without commas. The condition of using a colon is to emphasize the importance of the object, so it is placed in a more prominent position.
Another example is the semicolon, which is used between clauses of multiple complex sentences | indicating partial positive relations. Its main purpose is to avoid ambiguity. For example:
Pet-name ruby bridge brick is dark brown, indicating that it has a long history; But they are all intact, which makes people lament the firmness and beauty of ancient projects.
Attending he thinks this is the peak of prosperity, and then desolation; So enjoy it for a while.
Example 9 is a transitional complex sentence, and example 9 is a causal complex sentence, both of which use semicolons. If you use commas, it is easy to confuse the meaning before and after. If you use a period, it will cut off the meaning before and after. If you use semicolons, the relationship between them will be clear.
Third, the college entrance examination examines the characteristics of punctuation marks
The first is practicality. The propositional materials examine the use of common punctuation marks in real life, such as commas, pauses, quotation marks, semicolons, titles, dashes, brackets, periods, question marks, etc.
The second is to pay attention to the skills of higher requirements. The content of the selected materials changes from short to long, and the complexity of the content is the concrete embodiment of the skill. For example, the first sentence of 1997 exam punctuation is very long. "This economic cooperation zone has a large amount of scientific and technological information, a solid industrial base, a huge market for means of subsistence and means of production, and abundant resources such as animals and plants, minerals, seafood and tourism." It is correct to use commas, because the coordinate phrases are very long, and pauses are used for juxtaposition in sub-items.
Of course, sometimes the situation is difficult to grasp. For example, there is a sentence in the exam question of 1997: "When the sun is completely covered by the moon, compared with the looming" Haier-Popper "comet, the covered sun shines with clear mercury, and Venus and Jupiter are also in the sky." The mistake in this question is that quotation marks are used improperly and are unnecessary. If it is emphasized, it should be labeled as "comet hale-bopp". Such a sentence can be solved by analogy.
I hope I can help you. If so, please agree to adopt it. Thank you.