Regarding the relationship between harmony and harmony, Song people's notes are legendary: Ceng Gong passed by Xuzhou, and Sun Xin, then the prefect of Xuzhou, recommended him to visit him. Although Ceng Gong sent many gifts, he didn't say anything, which made Chen Shidao feel ashamed. Later, Sun Shen asked, Ceng Gong said, "I have read historical records for several years." Therefore, Chen Shidao studied for Ceng Gong all his life, and later said in the poem "Over Six Days": "There has always been fragrance, and I respect Zeng Nanfeng." (See Chen Que's "Continuing the Past") This kind of record is just the words of a novelist. In fact, the history books clearly record the detention of Zeng and Chen. In The History of Song Dynasty, Chen Shidao said in his biography that he visited Ceng Gong in writing when he was sixteen. Gong Jianzhi made it written in words, but people didn't know it. " Keep doing business. "During the Yuanfeng period (1078- 1085), Ceng Gong recommended Chen Shidao as a historian, but he was not allowed to reach the summit. Therefore, Chen Shidao has a profound understanding of Ceng Gong. Therefore, in 1083 (the sixth year of Yuanfeng), when he heard the news of Ceng Gong's death, he wrote this group of sincere mourning poems.
The first poem, on behalf of concubine, wrote the grief of the death of the Lord and expressed his loyalty to others. The second sentence is favored by the host. "Twelve floors" refers to a twelve-story high-rise building. In Bao Zhao's King Luo Jing of Chen Si, there is a sentence of "The Phoenix Building has twelve floors, and four households enter the window". This is to describe the grandeur and luxury of palace architecture. The phrase "three thousand for one suit" is taken from Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, which means that "there are other ladies in his palace, three thousand stunning beauties, and his love for three thousand is all concentrated on one body", but it is more refined into five words, so Ren Yuan, the most authoritative annotator of the poem, said this sentence is "concise". This just reflects the characteristics of Chen Shidao's poems, that is, he is good at exercising and punctuating the poems of his predecessors.
Since ancient times, the sentence has taken a sharp turn, and the protagonist laments that he can't serve his master to death. Read together with the last two sentences, it can be said that he is a young man and a depressed patient. "Dance is the main life" is the first sentence, and "Look at Nanyang Money" is the third sentence. In the Han Dynasty, the cemetery originally set up for his father in Nanyang was called "Nanyang Money", so later generations generally called it the cemetery. These two sentences capture typical events in very general language, which constitutes a sharp contrast: originally dancing to pray for the master's longevity, but in a blink of an eye, he went to the cemetery for burial. The images in the two sentences are rich and the rhythm is beating, which shows the conciseness of the poet's ink. Therefore, these two sentences "cover the first dance as a birthday gift, and now give Nanyang money, which is a person who wants to turn around without making false words" ("Huaigulu"). Liu Yuxi's "Daijing 'an Jiaren Complain" mourned the assassination of Prime Minister Wu, saying, "Xiao Laixing was crying outside the door, and Huatang was singing and dancing last night." It is also Syaraku's great compassion, life and death are impermanent, and the artistic conception is similar to these two sentences. However, Chen Shidao's words are more noble and concise.
Bai Juyi's poem "Swallow House" said: "I feel dizzy and my shirt is like smoke. I like it several times. I have been in an empty box for eleven years since I stopped dancing "Song of Nishang". " The two lines of "forbearance" in this poem are similar to Bai Juyi's poems, but they are not a pan-ode to the love between men and women, but they are meaningful. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the political situation changed, and the Yuan Party and the reformists took turns to take power. Therefore, most scholars keep the teacher-student relationship secret to avoid being implicated by the same party. Some people who follow the trend go with the flow and flatter the powerful. Chen Shidao's poems are a criticism of this trend. He asked: Do you have the heart to wear the clothes that my former master kicked me to win others' laughter?
The last four sentences are straightforward and full of sadness, pouring out. However, the dead are ignorant, and only the living pity them alone. The whole poem ends in the contrast between life and death, sadness and joy, knowledge and ignorance.
The second poem is an extension of the theme of the first poem, expressing the will to kill each other. Therefore, Fan Da-shi in all previous dynasties has such an evaluation: "You can't hold the pipa, and neither can heaven nor earth. What if you want to die? " The two poems come down in one continuous line and are the most harmonious. "
The sentence "Ye Luo" begins with a description of the scenery, but it has infinite meanings. The poet's intention has at least three layers: these two sentences come from the above "see Nanyang money", so writing the scenery of the cemetery, rising from the bottom, is one of them; He also wrote about the tragic situation of the cemetery. As a contrast, the fallen leaves and bright red flowers made Shan Ye more and more empty and lonely. Writing landscapes is quite vivid, which sets off a desolate and sad atmosphere, so Ren Yuan said: "Two songs have written the image of Yuan Qiu badly." Second; These two sentences are metaphorical when describing the scenery. The fallen leaves refer to the dead, and the red flowers refer to the heroes themselves. But the fallen leaves in blowing in the wind, the flowers are beautiful and empty. Pan Yue's mourning poem said: "Leaves are on the side, and dead leaves bring graves." This poem uses fallen leaves as a metaphor for human death. However, its significance is far less profound than Chen Shidao's poems. Therefore, Chen Mosheng praised these two sentences in "My Concubine's Misfortune": "Chen Houshan's' fallen leaves come back to the roots, and the mountains are full of flowers' intentionally compared with China without knowing it. This is really the poet's interest and comparison. " ("Huaigu Lu") Third.
The following eight sentences "donate to the world" flowed away and naturally came out. The poem says that my master died before he was old, so his kindness to me is endless. It is tolerable to want to die. How should we spend the endless life in the future? However, the vast world can't accommodate the weak body of the hero, so he issued the final voice: "If the deceased is like a husband, he must be killed." The tone is firm, like a clank oath. These eight sentences are clear-cut, fluent in meaning and purely from the heart. When you read them, you don't feel their shallowness, only their sincerity.
At this point, the intense emotion is immeasurable, and the whole poem should come to an abrupt end on the surface. However, the sentence of "Zong" ends in a sad tone: where there were songs and dances, only the rain at night and crickets whined, thus expressing the feeling that people are no longer in full swing, and changing the bold and unrestrained passion in the previous article, thus making poetry far-reaching and avoiding a glimpse. The word "song and dance" at the end of this poem corresponds to the beginning of the first poem "Twelfth Floor", which also shows the author's originality.
My Concubine's Misfortune has always been regarded as Chen Shidao's masterpiece, and The Poems of Houshan is named after it because it embodies the style of Chen Shidao's poetry. The beauty of Chen Shidao's poetry lies in its loftiness and its true feelings, which are refined through exercise. The words in this poem are very simple. On the surface, there are no allusions, no difficult words, just telling the truth, but in fact there are almost no words without sources. Ren Yuan commented: "Maybe the poem of Bitter Mountain can't be passed on, but it is forced to be dry and dull, and it has its own purpose to catch up with SAO Ya." It means that his poems should be carefully tasted, and it is not easy to understand the intention after reading them. This just shows that Chen Shidao's poems have the painstaking efforts of bleak management behind the plain.
Besides being plain and elegant, exquisiteness and concentration are also a remarkable feature of Chen Shidao's poems. In such a poem, the words "the leaves can't afford to fall, and the mountains are full of flowers" all express rich meanings in extremely concise words. As the predecessors commented, there is a characteristic of "winning more with less". Therefore, Liu's "General Introduction to Seclusion" said that the method of "long house and shrinking land" is hard to find, but it is well-founded.
However, the most prominent feature of this poem is that it uses metaphor and symbolism to write the teacher-student relationship with the love of men and women, which is unique. This technique can be traced back to Bi Xing in The Book of Songs and Beauty Vanilla in Chu Ci. This is not uncommon in classical poetry, because the love between men and women is the most susceptible. As Hao Jing, an Amin scholar, said, "Lust is not limited to men and women, but voice is sensitive to both men and women. Therefore, who inspires men and women, the sound of harmony, and the beginning of temperament are not all things for men and women. " (Preface to Lu Yiqian's Chronicle of Linz) Works that show the love between men and women and actually send the feelings of teachers and students to friends of monarch, minister and subjects have existed throughout the ages, but they are obviously related to Chen Shidao's poems, which can be inferred from Zhang Ji's poems. The poem says: "You know I have a husband, give me two pearls. I feel that your lingering feelings are tied to Luo Hong. My home is connected with the imperial garden, and my husband is on duty in the palace with a halberd. Although I know you are sincere to Lang Lang, I have vowed to share my life and death with my husband. I still have tears in my eyes, and I wish I could meet before I get married. " This poem was written by Zhang Ji in order to refuse Li Gu Gu's employment. Although it is different from what Chen Shidao said in this poem, there are many similarities in expression. Although some people hold different opinions about this in later generations, so that this poem is "compared to the end" (Chen Yan's Essence of Song Poetry), as one of the poems and as a way to express feelings, My Misfortune is still innovative and true.