After the "An Shi Rebellion", Du Fu lived a vagrant life, suffering from the country's poverty, hunger and cold. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he arrived in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and was "one year old and four lines of service" (Fatong Guxian). He went from Luoyang to Huazhou in spring, from Huazhou to Qin Zhou in autumn, from Qin Zhou to Tonggu in early winter and from Tonggu to Shu at the end of the year. Du Fu traveled long distances with his family and family. On the way, he saw the horror of hunger and bones everywhere, and heard the news of endless war and unrest. He lived a life of "no freezing in the morning and no clothes in the bed at night" ("Empty Bag"), and sometimes even relied on picking chestnuts and digging wild taro to satisfy his hunger. When he arrived in Chengdu, he built a new house near Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs with the help of his friend Yanwu and others. He calls himself "Huanhuacaotang". Du Fu is very satisfied with this thatched cottage and intends to live here for a long time. "Buzhai grew up here and went to the countryside to work as a farmer on credit" (For Agriculture). The temporary stability of Chengdu's political situation and his transformation from a wanderer to a resident made Du Fu's mood gradually happy. "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets on the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The natural environment is quiet and beautiful; "The old man draws paper as chess, and the young son knocks the needle as a hook." ("Jiangcun") Family life is happy and happy; "When a boy servant comes to this city, he must pay back the wine in the bottle." How pleasant life is (getting up early). The poet lived here for more than a year, and the thatched cottage began to take shape, avoiding the political storm, but encountering the natural gale-
In August and autumn, the wind roars,
Roll up three layers of grass on my house.
Mao flew over the river and sprinkled on the river.
The tallest one has a long forest tip,
The next person floats to Shentang 'ao.
The wind speed is very fast, the wind is extremely strong, and the wind is extremely strong. "Autumn Whistling in August" first pointed out the typhoon season in August and explained the time of the incident. Then, after the suffix "crisp autumn" was named "wind howling", it was written that the wind suddenly changed and the wind suddenly blew. It was crisp in autumn, and there were no clouds in Wan Li. Suddenly, the wind roared like thunder and shook the earth. From the rapid change of this day, we can see that the wind speed is fast, and the momentum of "whistling" is enough to prove the prosperity of the wind. Then the poet showed the fierceness of the wind from four aspects: rolling up the "Sanhe grass" in front of the house, showing the strength of the Millennium, Mao Fei crossed the river, showing the journey.
Far; Hanging high at the top of the forest, showing the height of flight; You can see the swaying trend in the sunken pond depression. Because the scene is covered with "San Mao", it is possible to fly around. Writing the wind from the aspects of "many" of thatch rolling up and "far", "high" and "low" of thatch flying makes people feel sound, shape and strength. The bigger the writing, the worse the house.
The autumn wind broke the hut, which is the main event described in the poem and the basis for expressing feelings. Therefore, starting from the wind, closely following the relationship between the wind and Mao, Mao Fei will fly because of the strong wind, and Mao Fei will see the wind, which not only points out the meaning of the problem at once, but also sets the conditions for the following writing to fight with the children. Wind is invisible, it can only be expressed by wind. To concretize the wind, you can write that the tree is broken or the river is boiling, while the poet only collects the pen on the Mao, and the pen and ink are concentrated, and the language is economical. The wind broke the hut, and the poet was sad to see the shabby hut destroyed. How much he wants to collect the residual grass and renovate it. However, a group of children in the neighboring village took advantage of the wind to grab grass-
The children in Nancun bullied me,
Put up with being a thief across the street
Open your arms to bamboo,
Dry mouth, unable to breathe,
Come back and kill with a stick.
This dramatic scene vividly depicts the poet's anxiety. Seeing the grass everywhere, the children in Nancun scrambled to pick it up and set fire to it. It is useless for the poet to stop it loudly. After a flash, they hid in the bamboo forest. We see old and frail poets, in the whistling wind, rushing to catch those thatches that will die later, while reprimanding those children who pick up grass quickly. The grass flies fast, he moves slowly and the wind blows hard. His hoarse voice made the poet more anxious.
In this episode, the author intends to show his love for Mao as life, rather than slandering those children as thieves. Although there are derogatory words in the poem, such as "children bully me" and "being a thief because they can be righteous", the feelings in it all stem from "cherishing hair" rather than "hating children". The strong wind blows the thatch everywhere, and the poet wants to put it away, just like picking up charcoal after the fire; Besides, the wind is still blowing and the grass is still flying. How much can he get back? The contrast between the energetic and flexible child and his image of aging and fatigue highlights the poet's feelings for the hut. This paragraph is still written around "Mao", which is a natural extension of the plot after the wind broke the hut, and also paves the way for the house without Mao to leak in the night rain. The poet stumbled and couldn't catch up with the thatch and couldn't stop shouting for the children. When he came back to lean on his cane, he just sighed. He lamented that merciless providence destroyed his shelter, and that the ignorant child did not know his difficulties, so it was difficult for him to revive his family business. The ship was damaged by the headwind, the broken house was rained all night, and the poet greeted the new disaster with a sigh-
After a while, the wind changed the color of clouds and ink,
Autumn is bleak and dark.
This cloth has been cold for many years.
Joule lay down, his feet crackling.
There is no dry place in the bedside table.
The feet of the rain are like hemp.
Because of mourning and lack of sleep,
What's the point of getting wet at night?
The wind and rain are coming, so I can't sleep in the house. After the house broke down, it was difficult for the whole family to sleep peacefully. "Joule's bad sleep is a cracked foot" and "bad sleep" means that children can't sleep well, not the general "bad sleep state" Because "there is no dry place at the head of the bed, and the feet of the rain are like hemp", the rain is overflowing on the bed and underground, and the autumn wind and autumn rain are chilly. Coupled with the fact that "the cloth is as cold as iron for many years", it is old, hard and cold. How can children stand it and fall asleep? They were kicking around there, and the old ones were cracked by the lining. Since the social unrest, the poet's national security has often burned his heart, and the hardships of people's livelihood have often tortured his chest, making him often insomnia. Now I am in the house, looking up at the sky; Lying in bed, surrounded by water, how can you sleep when you see that your child is difficult to sleep? When I feel sad, my thoughts are complicated, so I will naturally stay up all night.
The poet's typical details of Joule's "evil lies" are very representative in writing the tragic situation of the broken house and the rainy night. Ignorant children used to be sleepy. Of course, they don't care about the country and the people. Even if the wind breaks the hut, they don't know the hardships of life. But I can't sleep well now. I can imagine that adults must be there sighing and thinking a lot. After a long night, the poet pondered and worried, and finally it came down to one thing-
There are thousands of buildings in Ande,
This is a good shelter, and all the poor people in the world are happy.
The wind and rain are calm as a mountain.
Oh! When I suddenly saw this house,
I can freeze to death in Lu alone!
When the family is in the storm, the poet is not limited to the warmth and coldness of the family, nor to his own joys and sorrows, but shouts loudly to save the poor people in the world from the bitter wind and rain and the poor Confucianism from the hot water. This good wish for the future radiates brilliant humanitarian brilliance. As mentioned above, the poet went to Chengdu after a long period of chaos, and naturally cherished the stable environment for the rest of his life. It is not easy for a poet to build a thatched cottage, and he has deep feelings for a thatched cottage where he can live in peace. The typhoon attack uprooted the southern tree flowers in front of the hut. "The tiger turns the dragon against the hazel thorn" and "The thatched cottage is white and colorless" ("The South Tree is Pulled by Wind and Rain"). He was sorry that the hut was damaged by the autumn wind. In this situation, the poet destroyed his refuge instead of being trapped in personal misery and poverty. What he thought of was how open-minded and noble his mind was when the "poor people in the world" were motionless.
Under the historical conditions at that time, the poet witnessed the tragic reality that "the wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones freeze to death on the road" ("From Beijing to Fengxian, singing in 500 words"), and suffered from the war and was ready to taste the pain of migration. He cares about the country and the people, and how much he wants to change the status quo; "With a strong man guarding the Tianhe River, you don't need to wash the armour for a long time" (washing the horse), "With the grange, you will stop fighting, and there will be no money in the whole world" (daydreaming), "How can you cast armour as a farm tool and plow an inch of bison" (a trip to Silkworm Valley). He hopes to be free from punishment and taxes, but he can't find a really good way to make all the poor people in the world smile. Du Fu couldn't find a prescription to cure the society, but only wanted to transform the society. His thought of "freezing my house to death is enough" is very valuable, which is undoubtedly progressive for feudal literati and should be affirmed. This kind of humanitarianism is also a fine tradition of literary creation in China feudal society since Qu Yuan.
This poem consists of two parts: narration and lyricism. The theme of this poem lies in a lyric article at the end of the article. In kurei, passion roared like a mountain and thoughts flashed like neon. However, the poet started from the narrative, expressed his feelings because of things, and his feelings were naturally revealed. He was pregnant and gave birth.
When narrating, the path is smooth and cohesive, and from narration to lyricism, it is antonym and reverse cohesion. Narrative is written in the order of wind coming, house breaking, rain coming and house leaking, and in the order of afternoon, evening, night and night. With the passage of time, the changes of wind and rain have written enough about the tragic destruction of huts by autumn wind. A bitter wind swept the thatched cottage, two bitter children grabbed the grass, three bitter houses leaked rain, and four bitter children couldn't sleep all night. On the basis of suffering, I began to associate with it, thinking about how the poor people in the world can not suffer. Think of the poverty of the world from your own cold; From the ruins of one's own house, I think of a mansion that is motionless in the wind and rain, and from the sadness of a family, I think of the joy of the poor in the world. This kind of writing, which is in contact with nature and has a strong contrast, has written new ideas and broadened the realm. It makes people feel that the poet is living in a broken house and tossing on a mattress, but wandering around the world with a barren mind.
"Cottage Blown by Autumn Wind" is full of emotion, giving full play to the advantages of the natural and beautiful style of the song. For Du Fu, who is good at arranging rules, it is naturally a rare masterpiece. This is because the content determines the form, which shows the storm, the house leakage and the continuous rain. If we diligently strive for the neatness of confrontation and care about the delicacy of melody, it will constrain our emotional catharsis. Moreover, after Du Fu entered Shu, his poetic style also changed, and social life prompted the poet's world outlook and artistic view to change. In Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng pointed out that "only Du Gong's poems were heard in a thousand years", and "Du Gong's poets are concerned about Du Fu's poems and his body, but those who know nature and compose his poems are really smart" (Tang Yin Gui Qian (Volume 25)), that is to say, such a life has such poems. This clear language, if blurted out, has no lead color, no wriggle state, no pretentious voice, and the outline of line drawing is vivid and touching; In addition, there are seven basic words in the uneven sentence, including two short words, nine long words and eleven long words. There is a pause in the slow voice, which helps to express the ups and downs of feelings and enhance the appeal of poetry.
The humanitarian mind of "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" has always been praised by people, so this poem was once praised as an excellent chapter full of people's nature. However, in the book Li Bai and Du Fu, Lao Guo thinks that Du Fu "stands on the position of the landlord class and the ruling class, but serves the landlord class and the ruling class", which is far from popular. So, how to understand the popularity of this poem, let's talk about our views now.
Lao Guo believes that the measure of the popularity of ancient works mainly depends on whether the author stands in the people's position and shows people's feelings. In this poem by Du Fu, "the children of poor families are called thieves, but the children of their own families are' charming children';" The poem is clearly about poor scholars, and it is intended for those literati who have no name but no money. How can it be extended to' people' or' people'? "We think this analysis of poetry is unrealistic, and this view is hard to hold.
Let's talk about "he called the poor child a thief". The autumn wind broke the hut and the thatch was scattered all over the floor. A group of children in the neighboring village took advantage of the wind to grab grass. The poet wrote: "The children in Nancun bullied me, old and weak, and could not bear to be thieves. Embrace your hair into the bamboo openly, your lips are on fire, and your mouth is dry. Come back and lean on the staff and sigh. " Although the description of "grabbing grass in the wind" and "being a thief" is used, although the words are derogatory, the feelings inside all come from "cherishing grass" rather than "hating children" It is intended to show the poet's love for Mao as life, rather than slandering those children as "thieves". After a long period of fund-raising, the poorly managed poet's thatched cottage was very sad once it was destroyed by the typhoon. The strong wind blows the grass everywhere in the hut, and the poet wants to collect it, just like picking up charcoal after the fire; Besides, the wind is still blowing and the grass is still flying. How much can he get back? The vigorous and flexible child who "openly hugs Mao into the sea of bamboo" is in sharp contrast with the image of "dry mouth", which highlights the poet's hut feelings. Therefore, the poet's "sighing when he comes back" is not simply lamenting that the world is getting worse and the customs are impure, but lamenting that merciless providence has destroyed his shelter, that his ignorant children do not understand his difficulties, and that it is difficult for him to revive his family business. The description of this part of the poem is a natural extension of the plot after the wind broke the hut, and it also paves the way for the house to leak and rain all night without grass, and finally presupposes the contrast condition for the desire of "An De Xia Guang Wan". When we interpret a poem, we must never take the literal as an explanation. Liu Xie said: "A husband who writes essays is emotional and resigns, while a viewer puts on essays and contacts with them, seeking the source along the waves, although it is quiet and obvious." (Wen Xin Diao Long). Yin Zhi) "I can stand being a thief in front of me" can't be easily interpreted as "I have the heart to be a robber in front of me" (translated by Lao Guo) "Tolerance" means "unexpected ability" and "being a thief" just means "robbery". This is different from the meaning of "thief" and "thief" in poems such as "The thief's intention is unpredictable, and he will eventually return to the army to disperse the camp" (Xin 'anli) and "The thief screams wildly and drinks in the bones" (Zhang companion, the south building stays at the banquet). As for calling your children "charming children", it is also to show the suffering after the house is broken. The beloved child doesn't want to sleep, because "the cloth is as cold as iron for many years", the old wadding is hard and cold, and "there is no dry place in the bedside table". It is more difficult to sleep after the rain, and the quilt is cracked. Originally, I hoped Joule would go to bed early, but she couldn't sleep well. Isn't this worse? Therefore, don't just judge the inner feelings of poetry from the literal words of "thief" and "spoiled child". Of course, poets are different from their own children, because the relationship between them has gains and losses in specific circumstances. Naturally, he is not equally emotional, and he will not love the children in the neighboring village more than his own. We shouldn't be so demanding of feudal scholars.
Let's start with the "poor man" he wants to "shelter". Lao Guo first defined Du Fu's consciousness of landlord class, so he also identified the poor as "scholars without fame or wealth". In fact, "the poor" also refers to the poor. Biography of Heather in Liuxiang: "Yan Hui said that the poor are not inferior. Xiang said, "If you can't kill, you can save the poor. "The cold soil here refers to the poor. Besides, even if a poor scholar refers to a scholar who has not achieved fame and fortune, how can he not be classified as a "person" and a "person"? In feudal society, farmers were not the only people who called them people. " The concept of people has different contents in different countries and different historical periods of each country. "