Wang Changling's frontier poems are good at capturing typical scenes, with high generalization and rich expressive force. It not only reflects the main theme of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also describes the frontier fortress scenery and frontier fortress battlefield scenes in detail, and captures the delicate inner world of soldiers. The Tang Dynasty is an era in which talents of poetic art emerged in batches. The prosperity of national strength, economic prosperity, all-embracing ideas and the integration of Chinese and foreign cultures ... have created the broad mind, tolerance and enterprising spirit of the literati in the Tang Dynasty, which directly influenced the style and appearance of the literature in the Tang Dynasty. During this period, not only landscape and pastoral poets such as Wang Wei and Meng Haoran could vividly describe rural scenery on paper, but also poets such as Wang Changling, Gao Shi and Cen Can wrote magnificent frontier life. Wang Changling's frontier poems, in particular, have reached their peak in emotion, landscaping and freehand brushwork, and won the reputation of "Seven Wonders".
There are 18 1 poems in Wang Changling's existing collection of poems, of which quatrains account for nearly half and seven quatrains account for two-fifths. Based on Wang Changling's Poetry Talk, this paper extracts 2 1 poems reflecting the frontier life. Among them, there are 65,438+02 five-character poems (Difficult to Walk, Four Poems by Xia Sai, Song of Cezanne, Two Poems for Joining the Army, Answer by Master Dai Qifeng, Joining the Army and Hujiaqu) and 9 seven-character poems. Among them, except Answer the Doctor's Style, the rest are old Yuefu poems. It is a major feature of Wang Changling's frontier poems to express emotion through Yuefu's old poems.
Generally speaking, the content of Wang Changling's frontier poems is relatively rich. What is hidden behind the content is the poet's unique artistic expression, which mainly has the following artistic characteristics:
First, the artistic conception is broad.
Wang Changling's' Join the Army? Fourth: "Qinghai Yunchang Snow Mountain is dark, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan." In order to fully show the patriotic pride of soldiers, Wang Changling set the war background on the front line thousands of miles away from Qinghai Lake to Yumenguan, highlighting the length of the front line and the wide geographical area, which not only strengthened the patriotic theme, but also made the artistic conception of the poem extremely broad. And "two songs?" One: "The bright moon in Qin dynasty was closed in Han dynasty, and the Long March people did not return." Taking time and space as the background, from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a major theme was drawn: condemning the improper use of generals by the imperial court and the incompetence of border guards. "Only make the Dragon City fly, don't teach Huma to cross the shady mountain" reflects the people's desire to defend their country and resist aggression through Li Guang's allusions. Just four sentences and twenty-eight characters, summing up historical lessons and putting forward practical problems, has a broad artistic conception and a vibrant atmosphere. Second, it is highly summarized.
Although there are only two words in seven words and five words, it is more difficult to enrich the content and express feelings. Wang Changling, with his excellent generalization ability, in just four sentences, readers can infer what they have not written from what they have written, and infer everything from what they have written. Seven songs of the army? Fifth, the poet did not vividly describe the process of fierce fighting between the two sides and the thrilling battle scenes, but only grasped the scene of "Tuguhun being captured alive" and completed a refined summary of Taohe's victory. Readers can imagine the fierceness of the battle and the courage of the soldiers to kill the enemy, as well as the scene of cheering after the victory. Similarly, "two songs?" Secondly, the poet only tells us the speed of victory and the brave superman of the soldiers through two details: "the drums are still ringing" and "the blood is still wet"
Third, the perfect integration of emotion and scenery
Wang Guowei said that "all scenery words are love words",
The selection of typical images and the depiction of unique frontier environment make each poem of Wang Changling look like a unique landscape painting, and the deep layer of the picture entrusts the poet with deep burning emotions. This is well confirmed in his famous frontier fortress poem "Seven Joining the Army". This set of poems can be said to be by no means about writing a specific battle. The poet extracted the content of universal significance from the frontier wars of past dynasties, and then showed it truly through artistic images. This is why it can have enduring artistic charm. "
(2) In this group of poems, Wang Changling deliberately selected the things that can best represent the frontier customs, such as beacon fire city, baichi building, pipa, Guanshan, Qinghai, Gucheng, Yumenguan, Loulan, desert and Huping. After reading it, people have formed a vast frontier scene in their minds.
After this scene, some people reported homesickness (first, second); Some expressed deep sympathy for the soldiers (third); Those who are eager to win the war and have high morale (fourth, fifth and sixth); There is also a simple description of the battlefield scenery beyond the Great Wall (VII). In addition, he is also good at absorbing scenes full of frontier life characteristics, describing the inner pain of soldiers going out to war and conveying people's war-weariness mood. For example, Seven Songs of Joining the Army? Fourth: "The clouds in Qinghai are long and the snow-capped mountains are dark, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. The yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, and the loulan is not returned. " It can be said that the suffering of the expedition was written to the extreme. The soldiers stationed in the frontier fortress, in order to defend the country and defend the country, have been through many battles, even their golden helmets and golden armor have been pierced by the yellow sand all over the sky, but they still have not been able to return to their hometown. If you don't pay it back, you won't pay it back.
Liu Xie said: "It is natural for people to have seven emotions, to feel things, to feel things and to recite their ambitions." ("Wen Xin Diao Long? People's feelings are usually triggered by things. For example, "Military Seven Songs"? Third, "Guancheng picked leaves to build yellow early, and the ancient battlefield of Shazhiyun was built in the east of Japan. Please go back to the army to hide the dust and bones, and don't teach the soldiers to cry about the dragon shortage. " Outside the Great Wall in autumn, the lyric hero saw a desolate and miserable scene in the ancient battlefield: Guancheng was blocked, elm leaves were yellow, sand clouds were dusk, and white bones crisscrossed. He thought of the wars since ancient times and the soldiers buried beyond the Great Wall, so he was full of resentment against the rulers who did not cherish the soldiers and issued a complaint of grief and indignation. "Four songs? Secondly, in the frontier life picture composed of cold water, cold wind, flat sand, dark sun, white bones and messy tree crowns, the poet contains complex emotions and deep feelings, including admiration for history, criticism of reality and nostalgia and sympathy for recruiters. This artistic conception gives full play to the role of Italy's commander in chief, and achieves a feeling of blending scenes and details.
Fourth, rich expression techniques.
Throughout Wang Changling's 2 1 frontier poems, the diversity of expression techniques is a great carrier for him to embody the above ideas. Specifically, he is good at using exaggerated, rich and reasonable imagination to enrich the artistic conception of poetry, such as "Seven Lines Joining the Army?" Fourth, "the lonely city looks at Yumenguan"; Put yourself in a broad social and historical background from the perspective of the third person, and objectively describe the frontier scenery and the living conditions of the soldiers, such as "Seven Joining the Army?" First, "; At the same time, the use of a large number of allusions casts a mysterious veil on the revelation of the ideological content of poetry, which reflects the poet's attitude in a subtle way.
There are more than ten allusions in Wang Changling's frontier poems, "Join the army two times? First, "Although I cast a long pen, I didn't sit on the general tree" borrowed the allusion of Dingyuan Hou. " Dingyuan Pen "and" Houhan "? "Biography of Ban Chao" said: "The (super) poor often support their officials with books. After working hard for a long time, he dropped out of school and sighed,' A gentleman has no other ambition, but in order to win the title, he should still make contributions to Fu Jiezi and Zhang Qian and make them stay for a long time.' (3) After that, Ding Yuanhou was appointed to help the Western Regions. ""Been General Tree "? Biography of Feng Yi: Liu Xiubu instructed Feng Yi to "be modest, don't shrink back ... stop everywhere, and people will sit side by side and discuss merits and demerits. Unusually, they are alone under the screen, and the army calls them' General Tree'. (4) The above two sentences mean that although he abandoned literature to join the army, he has not yet made meritorious service; "Answer the story" Who Can Play the Long Clam "by Daifu Peak, using the allusion of Meng Changjun's favorite pupil Feng Xuan playing the cymbals to illustrate the inner feelings of soldiers who have lived for a long time without a fixed place and have no regrets; The general in "The General Attacks Huns" refers to "Li Ling" and "Historical Records". "Biography of General Li": "In the autumn of the second year of the Tian Han Dynasty (99 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Ling to send 5,000 infantry to fight against the Huns. Khan surrounded the Xiongnu with 80,000 soldiers, fought hard for several days, and the arrows were exhausted, so he surrendered to the Xiongnu. " This sentence refers to what happened in the Han Dynasty. "Hu Jianqu" has "three plays at dawn in a tall building, and the Hu people hide their tears and return". "The Newspeak? Elegance ":"Liu Kun is the secretariat of Bingzhou, and his riding is heavy. Kun Xi borrowed the moon to climb the stairs to clear the noise, and the thief smelled it mournfully; Beat Hu Jia in the middle of the night, thieves cry, and people cherish the soil; Blow it at night and the thief will run away. " Through this allusion, this poem reveals the desire to win the war and go home as soon as possible; "Two songs? First, "Flying Dragon" borrows allusions from Wei Qing and Li Guang to illustrate Wang Changling's desire for excellent generals. Hanshu? "The Biography of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing" (⑥), in the sixth year of Yuanguang (BC 129), Wei Qing was a general, riding a chariot, attacking the Huns, leaving the valley and going to Longcheng, beheading hundreds of people. Historical records? "Biography of General Li": "(Li) lived in Beiping, and the Huns heard of it, and the number was' General Han Fei'"; Stuff four songs? Fourth, borrow the heroic deeds of Huo Qubing's six attacks on Xiongnu before and after, and refer to the generals who made meritorious service in frontier fortress. The song "Cezanne Song" and "Five Divisions and Hundred Performances" are from "Han Shu? Biography of Xiongnu records: "In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (the first 72 years), five generals, including Tian Guangming, were sent from Xihe, Zhangye, Yunzhong, Jiuquan and Wuyuan to attack Xiongnu. "7. Wait. In fact, the extensive use of allusions serves the theme of poetry, and Wang Changling's "unintentional" nostalgia is really subtle.
Generally speaking, Wang Changling was the first person who had a long experience in joining the army in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and wrote a lot of frontier poems. His frontier poems of 265,438+0 greatly surpassed the previous frontier poems for their profundity, complexity and artistic connotation, which laid a solid foundation for frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and set a very high example. It is well-deserved to call him the leader of frontier poems.