Du Fu
The bow should be the hardest, and the archer should shoot the longest. Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders. There is a limit to killing people, and all countries have national boundaries. As long as we can stop the enemy's invasion, is it possible to fight and kill more people?
Notes on the title or background of a book.
Before the frontier fortress, the song of the frontier fortress, the title of Han Yuefu, with the theme of describing the fighting life of the frontier fortress. Du Fu wrote two groups of poems, "Before the Dyke" and "After the Dyke". There are nine songs in Front, and this is the sixth song. It's about the last years of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. It exposed Geshuhan's unjust war of conquering Tubo, and made a bitter satire on Tang Xuanzong's frontier expansion and militarism.
interpret
The whole poem consists of eight sentences and is divided into four parts.
"The bow is strong and the arrow is long." When you draw a bow, you should draw a strong bow, and when you use an arrow, you should use an arrow with a long range. War should be fought with sophisticated weapons. 〕
The first couplet focuses on the gist of leading troops to practice martial arts.
"Holding a bow" and "using an arrow" are both general terms for leading troops to practice martial arts and descriptions of specific images. The words "hold" and "use" imply the general plan of using troops and the purpose of training. The verbs "Wan" and "Yong" vividly describe the image of foot soldiers and their specific and distinctive actions. At the same time, it also depicts a powerful image of foot soldiers as a whole. "Arrow" and "bow" are closely connected to form a whole, and "pull" and "use" take care of each other, achieving the unity of practicing martial arts and using soldiers, which profoundly shows that "weapon" is an important factor in winning or losing a war. "Strong" and "long" describe the sophistication of weapons. The combination of "strength" and "strength" can give full play to the power of cutting-edge weapons. "Dang" means both emphasis and affirmation. When the word "dang" is used together, it has a strong meaning of emphasis and affirmation, and writes the role of "strong bow" and "long arrow" in the war. The word "when" contains profound philosophy, endless and intriguing. Two "Wan" characters and two "Yong" characters, the first "Wan" and "Yong" are general and universal; The second "pull" and "use" are concrete and deepened. The poet emphasizes and praises "strong bow" and "long arrow", but does not advocate weapon determinism. Poets write "bows" and "arrows" directly, but they actually write people indirectly. "Strong bow" and "long arrow" need Qiang Bing's strong will. A "strong" and a "long" reflect the tenacity and high morale of foot soldiers, pointing out that "people" is the decisive factor and the first condition to win a war. The first combined transport used three overlapping words: "Wan", "Dang" and "Yong", which implied elegance in popularity and was quite reasonable in popularity. The use of overlapping makes this poem more touching.
"The shooter shoots the horse first, and the thief catches the king first." If you want to shoot the enemy, you have to shoot the enemy's horse first, so that it is easy to catch the horse when it falls to the ground. To subdue the enemy, we must first capture the enemy leader alive, and the whole army will be wiped out. The war is a shoo-in. 〕
Zhuan Xu emphasized the important principles of strategy and tactics through the word "first" in order to defeat the enemy.
"Soldiers are treacherous", and fighting with soldiers is treacherous. Zhuan Xu profoundly wrote the tactics of "shooting people first, then shooting horses". At the same time, it also shows that the war should be insightful, grasp the main contradictions and the main aspects of contradictions, wait for the shooting and achieve complete victory. "Shooting" is the continuation of "taking" and "using" in the first league, and it is the concentrated embodiment of training troops with strength. "Shooting" depicts an instantaneous action. The word "shoot" is very vivid and intuitive, giving people a lot of associations, showing the majestic image of a soldier. The relationship between "thief" and "king" is general and individual, universal and special. "Thief" refers to all evil people, and "king" refers to all evil leaders. Wang is the brain and heart of a thief. Cut off his brain and pick up his heart, and the "thief" will be eliminated. If most or all thieves are eliminated and the "king" still exists, the curse will not be lifted or not, and the hidden dangers will eventually become great harm. But if the supreme leader of the "thief" is removed, the thief army will disintegrate and break up on its own. The word "first" in the sentence implies many elements of "winning the king": the capture of fighter planes, the quality of soldiers, excellent equipment, the winning strategy with Qiang Bing, and the resourcefulness of commanders, all of which are important conditions for achieving "first". The first "first" wrote the steps of fighting against the enemy and expounded the dialectical relationship between "man" and "horse"; The second "first" is a deeper development, which clarifies the dialectical relationship between "thief" and "king". The word "first" closely follows the word "when" in the first couplet, and points out the key to defeating the enemy.
The first four sentences are repeated, and the language is popular and fluent. Like proverbs, it tells the fundamental problems of a series of battles, such as man and weapons, training essentials, general plan of using troops, and combat steps. Easy-to-understand language and unpretentious poems contain profound philosophy, which is very interesting and touching.
"There is a limit to killing people, and the country has its own borders." You should also be temperate in killing people, and don't kill innocent people indiscriminately. Every country always has its own traditional territory and borders, so don't be insatiable. 〕
Necklace is the core of the whole poem. Big countries, powerful countries, small countries and weak countries can't help but use force at will, expand their territory and crusade at will.
"Limited killing" is a summary of the poet's political vicissitudes in his life. From a historical perspective, the poet saw that the militarists wantonly expanded their borders and killed wildly, which brought profound disasters to the Tang Empire and its neighboring countries. However, the "enlightened" is not the case. They conform to the historical trend and the wishes of the people. If they don't kill, the family will be peaceful, and the family will be peaceful. "Limited" is not killing, but moderation. When the frontier is trampled, sacred sovereignty is violated, national dignity is insulted, people suffer, killing the enemy is justified and justice is in hand, we should take decisive measures and resolutely fight back. However, "limited" is relative after all and is determined by specific circumstances. The word "one" in the sentence is very meaningful. "Righteousness" is a moral requirement, a manifestation of justice and a call for goodness; Yi is also a criticism of fighters, a lashing of those who wantonly expand their territory and kill innocent people, and a bitter satire of those who are insatiable. "Limited killing" is the poet's aspiration and anti-war propaganda advocating peace.
At the end of Tianbao, the Tang Dynasty expanded its territory unscrupulously. In the eighth year of Tianbao, Ge Shuhan slaughtered the Tubo Shibao City in the Western Regions, planted national hatred, gave birth to the poet's anti-war thoughts, aroused the poet's surging anti-war sentiment, turned it into a dagger-like poem and threw it at the highest authorities in the Tang Dynasty. All countries have their own borders. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty bullied the weak, ignored the national economy and people's livelihood, and the war of expanding the border continued year after year, seizing grain for the country and the people. "Own" is very logical: it means "consolidating the foundation and strengthening the country", and it means mutual respect and non-aggression. "own territory", each has its own traditional territory and its own territorial boundary. The meaning of "self" means that you can't reach out to outland, stir up trouble, ignite war and expand territory. Obviously, "self" contains truth and morality, implies respect and sincerity, and embodies trust and friendship. "Every country has its own border" is a denial of unreasonable border expansion, a criticism of arbitrary crusade and a criticism of bullying. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty frantically expanded the frontier and conquered the territory, which led to the decline of the country and the tragic situation of the people living and working in peace and contentment. For the war of frontier expansion, especially the war of Geshuhan's conquest of Tubo, the poet once wrote painfully: "The frontier court is bleeding into sea water, and the heart of Emperor Wu is still beating for the war." The boiling blood actually made the poet disregard his own safety and resolutely raise the anti-war banner!
"If you can invade the mausoleum, you will kill more." As long as we can stop the enemy's invasion, where can we kill people? 〕
Tailing and backchat are very important, which shows the poet's humanitarian spirit.
The meaning of "building energy" is extremely extensive, which echoes the conclusion sentence. There are various ways and means to stop aggression: military, political, diplomatic and economic, all of which are possible. "How to kill more people" gives "dog can" concrete meaning. As long as aggression can be stopped, the best policy is not to use force, but to use force as a last resort. Heavily guarding the border to prevent nosy people from provoking troubles and holding Qiang Bing hostage to "capture the king" is basically to "consolidate the country and make peace"; "Capturing the king" and forgiving people is the wind of a generous big country. Being is the strongest emotion. How to Kill More is an angry condemnation of the unjust war and a bloody accusation against How to Kill More. It is true that without sophisticated weapons and powerful soldiers, it is difficult to resist foreign aggression, but bullying the weak and fearing the hard and "killing more" are fast and are authentic militarism. "Bei" stabbed the dark political and corrupt body of the Tang Dynasty like a sword. "If you can control the invasion of the mausoleum, how can you kill more?" It is the deepening of the necktie, leaving readers endless exploration space.
Poets are great, and poets' thoughts are even greater. The royal family of Xuanzong, relying on big countries, pursued hegemony and expanded its territory, which caused a tragic situation. The poet resolutely used poetry as a weapon to forcefully denounce the militarists. However, when the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the poet was the pioneer, advocate and supporter of the main battle in order to safeguard the reunification of the motherland, which shows the greatness of Du Fu's poetry and Du Fu's greatness.
summary
This poem expresses the author's views on the general plan of training troops to defeat the enemy, and angrily condemns the militaristic policy of the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to expand the territory and the crime of arbitrarily expanding the border and killing innocent people.
The first four sentences of the poem are mostly metaphors, just like the battle songs sung by soldiers, which are catchy, charming, plain and verve. Emphasize that weapons should be excellent and pay attention to strategy and tactics in fighting. After the victory of the war, don't kill innocent people indiscriminately and expand the borders and territories endlessly. The purpose of war is to stop aggression, not to kill more people. Neck couplet is the main theme of poetry, and it is also the embodiment of the poet's political views and war views. This poem is all spoken and easy to understand.