Looking forward to the future, with the acceleration of China's western development, the development situation of Xinjiang's oil and gas industry will be more gratifying and more brilliant, which will surely promote the rapid development of Xinjiang's national economic construction.
(A) the exploration and development of oil and gas resources has a long way to go
1. Huge oil and gas exploration potential.
Although Xinjiang has carried out conventional oil and gas exploration for more than 50 years, the degree of exploration is still very low. The workload of 2D seismic exploration in Junggar Basin is only 6.5438+0.5 million kilometers, with an average area of less than 654.38+0 kilometers per square kilometer. The three-dimensional seismic exploration area is only 24,000 square kilometers, with an average of only 0. 15 square kilometers per square kilometer. More than 2,600 exploratory wells (including parameter wells and benchmark wells) have been drilled, with an average of 62 square kilometers. The workload of oil and gas exploration is mainly concentrated in the northwestern margin, eastern and central parts of the basin, and many areas are still in the stage of prospecting or exploration blank areas.
The exploration degree in Tarim Basin is also very low, with the cumulative length of 2D seismic exploration of 329,000 kilometers, with an average of only 0.6 kilometers per square kilometer. Three-dimensional seismic exploration area 1.7 million square kilometers, with an average of only 0.03 square kilometers per square kilometer. More than 690 exploratory wells (including parameter wells) have been drilled, with an average of 8 12 square kilometers. It shows that the degree of oil and gas exploration in Tarim basin is still very low, and the exploration workload is mainly concentrated in Tazhong, Tabei, Kuqa-Baicheng and Yecheng areas, and the workload invested in the desert area is still very small.
The oil and gas exploration in Turpan-Hami basin is also very low, with the cumulative length of 2D seismic exploration of 72,000 kilometers, with an average of only 1.3 kilometers per square kilometer. The total area of 3D seismic exploration is 5282 square kilometers, with an average of only 0. 1 square kilometer. * * * 435 wells (including parameter wells) have been drilled, with an average of 124 km2.
Small watersheds such as Santanghu, Yanqi, Yining and Chaiwobao. Due to the limitation of exploration power, only a small amount of exploration power is invested, and other small basins are exploration blank areas.
2. Oil and gas resources waiting to be discovered
According to experts' statistics, as of 2000, China's proven onshore oil reserves accounted for about 2 1% of the total resources, and the proven natural gas reserves accounted for 4.9% of the total natural gas reserves.
According to the evaluation of oil and gas resources in Xinjiang in recent years, the total oil and gas resources in Xinjiang is 36.5 billion tons, accounting for about 1/3 of the total oil and gas resources in China and 80% of the total oil and gas resources in northwest China. Among them, oil is 22.7 billion tons and natural gas 13.8 trillion cubic meters. The proven oil reserves in Xinjiang are 3.8 billion tons, accounting for 16.7% of the total oil resources, and the proven natural gas reserves are10.3 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 9.4% of the total natural gas resources. Compared with the basins with high degree of exploration in China, it is relatively low, and there are extremely rich oil and gas resources waiting for us to discover.
3. Meet the new breakthrough wave of oil and gas exploration and development.
① Oil and gas exploration in the overthrust fault zone and fault fold zone in front of Tianshan Mountain (north and south) and Kunlun Mountain has just started, and good results have been achieved, such as the discovery of Kela2, Dinar, Dabei and Tuziluoke gas fields in the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, with broad exploration prospects. (2) With the development of drilling technology, the exploration of deep oil and gas resources began. The Silent 1 well in the abdomen of Junggar Basin was successfully drilled to 7380m, and the estimated depth will reach 7600m, showing good oil and gas during drilling. ③ With the deepening of exploration, oil and gas reservoirs with lithology and stratigraphic types will be discovered continuously, and the exploration prospect is promising. (4) With the continuous improvement of crude oil thermal recovery technology and the continuous reduction of cost, the heavy oil that was originally considered to have no economic value for exploitation will quickly enter the oil and gas resources with broad development prospects, especially in the Hongshanzui-Karamay-Wuerhe area on the northwest edge of Junggar Basin. ⑤ The basins in Xinjiang are rich in coal resources, and the predicted total resources are 210.90 billion tons, accounting for 40% of the total coal resources in China. If the gas production per ton of coal is 2.5 cubic meters, the total coal-formed gas resources in Xinjiang can reach more than 5 trillion cubic meters, and the reserves are very considerable. ⑥ Abundant oil shale is also an important oil resource in Xinjiang. Abundant oil shale is buried in front of the southern and northern foothills of Tianshan Mountain. The oil in oil shale can be refined into shale oil by dry distillation process. If 4% shale oil can be extracted from each ton of oil shale, the amount of shale oil in Xinjiang is very considerable. Abundant oil shale is distributed in the range from Urumqi to Jimsar 100 km and in Kuqa area at the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain. ⑦ With the development of oil recovery technology, oil and gas reservoirs with low permeability and low oil saturation, which were previously considered to have no exploitation value, will be put into production, which will increase the recoverable reserves of oil and gas in Xinjiang, revitalize the old oil fields and prolong the development life of oil and gas fields.
(2) Xinjiang-National Petrochemical Base
Petroleum refining and petrochemical industry are important components of oil and gas industry in Xinjiang, which are carried out simultaneously with oil and gas exploration and development.
The earliest petrochemical industrial base in Xinjiang is Dushanzi Refinery, which was founded in 1936. At first, it used a simple kettle distillation device to extract crude oil gushed from Dushanzi Oilfield, mainly extracting steam, coal, firewood and residual oil, and the product was very single.
After 195 1 year, especially the discovery of Karamay oil field in June/955 and the completion of Karamay-Dushanzi oil pipeline in June/958, Dushanzi refinery has a reliable source of raw materials. After expansion and reconstruction, a modern fuel medium-sized refinery will be built at 1960. In addition to producing gasoline, coal and diesel, we also made full use of the advantages of Karamay low pour point crude oil to develop lubricant production, and successfully trial-produced a number of high-quality lubricants and special asphalt. By 2000, the annual processing capacity of crude oil will reach 6 million tons, and the number of petroleum products will exceed 160.
In the early 1980s, according to world data, the production capacity of ethylene was an important symbol to measure the industrial development level of a country. More than 70% of the chemical products in the world are produced by ethylene, which is closely related to our lives and has a wide range of uses in industry, agriculture, medicine and military affairs. Its high added value makes it develop rapidly. Thanks to the efforts of the People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and China Petroleum and Natural Gas Corporation, the state approved the construction of a chemical plant with an annual output of10.4000 tons of ethylene in Dushanzi, which was completed and put into operation in August of10.995, realizing the fundamental transformation from single oil refining to integration of oil refining and chemical industry.
According to the needs of western economic construction, the state will invest 27.2 billion yuan to make Dushanzi's refining capacity reach an annual output of crude oil100000 tons and ethylene120000 tons, which will be completed and put into operation in 2008. This is one of the largest petrochemical projects in China and an important part of energy cooperation between China and Kazakhstan.
Dushanzi is the most modern petrochemical base in Xinjiang.
Karamay Petrochemical Base, built on the deserted Gobi, is the second petrochemical base in Xinjiang, which came into being with the birth of Karamay Oilfield, the first large oil field in China. From 65438 to 0959, the original intention of the factory was to meet the needs of oilfield production, provide fuel for vehicles and drilling rigs transporting crude oil, and mainly produce three major oil products: gasoline, coal and diesel. In the 1960s, special lubricants and some military oils urgently needed by the country were successfully developed. What is even more gratifying and exciting is that the products produced by heavy oil, transformer oil, refrigerating machine oil, advanced rubber oil, BS bright oil and other hydrogenation processes in Karamay Oilfield are famous for their "three highs" (high quality, high popularity and high market share) and sell well at home and abroad, especially rubber oil fills the domestic gap. At present, Karamay Petrochemical Plant is moving towards the scientific development goal of "5 16 1 1", that is, it will be built with an annual output of 5 million tons of supporting processing capacity, 6.5438+million tons of high-grade highway asphalt and 600,000 tons of world-class naphthenic base lubricating oil, with an annual income of over 65.438+billion yuan and a profit of 6.544.
Urumqi Petrochemical Plant is the third largest base in Xinjiang after Dushanzi and Karamay Petrochemical Base, with an annual output of 3 million tons of crude oil and more than 40 kinds of petroleum products. -35 diesel oil and 1 aviation kerosene won the title of quality products. At the same time, a synthetic ammonia plant with an annual output of 300,000 tons will be built with natural gas from Tuha Oilfield and Beijiang Oilfield, and a urea fertilizer plant with an annual output of 520,000 tons will be built with refined residues as raw materials. These agricultural fertilizers can basically meet the current agricultural production needs in northern Xinjiang. At the same time, it also produces 20,000 tons of filament polyester and short fiber polyester.
Zepu Petrochemical Base is the largest petrochemical base in southern Xinjiang at present. According to the needs of industrial, agricultural and animal husbandry production in Hotan, Kashgar, Kizilsu and Ali, Tibet, a petrochemical base with an annual output of 500,000 tons of oil refining, 300,000 tons of synthetic ammonia and 500,000 tons of urea has been built. At the same time, gas pipelines have been installed in Hotan, Kashgar and Kizilsu (Artux) and other cities and towns to transport natural gas to the homes of urban and rural residents, so that they can enjoy green and clean new energy sources and alleviate the tight supply of coal and firewood for many years.
The petrochemical base of Tahe Oilfield was expanded on the basis of Yakela Refinery built in 1986. At present, it basically has an annual output of 6.5438+0.5 million tons of refining capacity, and an annual output of 6.5438+0.5 million tons of liquefied gas.
Xinjiang Oilfield, Tarim Oilfield, Tahe Oilfield and Tuha Oilfield are collectively known as the four major oilfields in Xinjiang. At present, oil and gas exploration and development are being stepped up in Junggar, Tarim, Tuha, Santanghu and Yanqi basins, expanding the scale of exploitation and increasing oil and gas production. At the same time, they will use the advantages of raw materials to develop plastic products, chemical fiber products, rubber products and fine chemicals, and build Xinjiang into an important petrochemical industrial cluster in China.
(C) Oil and gas pipeline-the oil and gas transmission artery of China.
1998 After the discovery of Kela 2 gas field in Tarim Oilfield, the "West-to-East Gas Transmission Project" was directly started. It starts from Tarim Lunnan in the west, passes through 9 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and finally reaches Shanghai. The gas pipeline with a total length of about 4000 kilometers supplied gas to the whole line of 65438+ on February 30, 2004. The initial annual gas supply is 654.38+000 billion cubic meters. With the discovery of Dina, Dabei and other gas fields, the natural gas export capacity of Tarim Oilfield has reached 654.38+0.5 billion cubic meters/year, exceeding the design output of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project.
The Second West-East Gas Pipeline started in 2008 and was completed on 20 10. It starts from Khorgos Port in Xinjiang in the west, passes through Xi and Nanchang, reaches Guangzhou in the south and Shanghai in the east. It passes through Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other 12 provinces and cities, with a total length of 4,859 kilometers and a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers. The planned annual gas transmission capacity is 30 billion cubic meters. The gas source comes from Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia, and it is connected to Khorgos, Xinjiang through the already started natural gas pipeline in Central Asia. With the deepening of oil and gas exploration in Junggar basin, it is believed that large oil and gas fields will be discovered. By then, Xinjiang's natural gas will join this west-to-east gas pipeline and make its own contribution to the economic construction of the motherland.
The first long-distance pipeline from Tarim Lunnan in the west to Lanzhou via Shanshan East was completed and put into use as early as the 1990s. The crude oil mined in Xinjiang continuously transports black "industrial blood" to the motherland through this pipeline, and continuously "adds oil" to the national economic construction of the motherland. At the same time, the oil pipeline in Xinjiang is connected with the national oil pipeline and becomes a part of the national oil pipeline network, which reduces the pressure and risk of transporting crude oil by train.
In 2006, the first phase of the China-Kazakhstan oil pipeline, which aims to transport 20 million tons of crude oil to Dushanzi through Alashankou every year, was completed and put into operation. Kazakhstan's crude oil was imported to Dushanzi Petrochemical Industrial Base through this pipeline. By June 5438+ 10, 2007, a total of 4 million tons of crude oil had been imported. The second phase of this oil pipeline will extend eastward to Lanzhou, which is currently under preparation and will start construction soon.
The product oil pipeline from Urumqi to Lanzhou (which will extend to Sichuan and Chongqing) was completed and put into operation in May 2007. All kinds of refined oil produced by Dushanzi Petrochemical Plant, Karamay Petrochemical Plant and Urumqi Petrochemical Plant are continuously transported to all parts of the motherland through this pipeline. It can not only save a lot of costs, but also reduce the pressure of railway and highway transportation.
According to statistics, the total mileage of oil and gas pipelines in Xinjiang has reached 8,300 kilometers. The completion of the "West-East Gas Pipeline", the Urumqi-Lanzhou refined oil pipeline, the Lunnan-Shanshan-Lanzhou crude oil pipeline and the Sino-Kazakhstan crude oil pipeline constitute an important part of China's onshore energy security channel.
It is worth noting that the state will build a national crude oil commercial reserve with a total capacity of more than 8 million cubic meters in Shanshan area of Xinjiang to cope with the shortage of crude oil caused by emergencies.
Since the beginning of the new century, the state has intensified its exploration and development efforts in Tarim, Junggar and Turpan-Hami basins in Xinjiang, and the reserves and output of oil and gas have been continuously improved. The heroic feeling of "I dedicate oil to the motherland" inspires oil workers of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. In the context of increasingly tight international energy supply, Xinjiang, as a major oil and gas energy province, is making every effort to "refuel" the economic blood of the motherland and become the most important energy base of the motherland.
Song of Karamay, which was all the rage in the 1960s, used "no water, no grass, even birds don't fly" to describe the desolation of primitive oil fields. Today, Karamay Petroleum City has undergone earth-shaking changes, and won the honorary titles of "National Model City for Environmental Protection" and "China Model Award for Human Settlements" and entered the ranks of "China Excellent Tourism City".
In the Tazhong operation area of Tarim oilfield in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert, more and more birds can be seen coming to settle down. Swallows unique to the south also nest in the tower. The world-famous Taklimakan desert highway greening project has been formally completed on both sides of the desert highway, with a total length of 436 kilometers, a width of 72 ~ 78 meters and a total area of 3 128 hectares. It grows along the desert highway, forming a green landscape that runs through the sea of death.
At present, various oil fields in Xinjiang attach great importance to environmental protection construction in exploration and development, and the ecological construction of oil and gas fields is full of vitality.
Figure 4- 1- 1 Records of American and Qiuci Oil in Northern History
Figure 4- 1-2 Distribution Map of Major Oilfields in Xinjiang
Exploring the Mysteries of Geology and Mineral Resources in Xinjiang
Figure 4-2- 1 Use of some petroleum and natural gas products
Figure 4-4- 1 Some organisms produce oil and natural gas.
Figure 4-4-2 Profile of Sediment Thickening in Sedimentary Basin
Figure 4-5- 1 Profile of Sedimentary Basin
Figure 4-5-2 Geologists are looking at the "gobbledygook without words"-stratigraphic profile.
Figure 4-5-3 Influence of Rock Particle Uniformity on Porosity
Figure 4-5-4 Schematic Diagram of Oil and Gas Migration Direction in Karamay Oilfield
Figure 4-5-5 Schematic Diagram of Heterogeneity Experiment of Oil, Gas and Water
Figure 4-5-6 Schematic Diagram of Formation Fold Profile
Figure 4-5-7 Schematic Diagram of Covering and Retracting
Figure 4-5-8 Schematic Diagram of Oil and Gas Reservoir Profile in Anticline Structure
Figure 4-5-9 Profile of Karamay Oilfield
Fig. 4-5- 10 Reservoir Profile after Strata Stacking
Fig. 4-5- 1 1 Profile of unconformity oil and gas reservoir with stratigraphic overlap
Fig. 4-5- 12 Profile Diagram of Lithologically Closed Oil and Gas Reservoir
Fig. 4-5- 13 Profile Diagram of Asphalt Closed Reservoir in Wan Hu Area of Karamay Oilfield
Figure 4-5- 14 Two oil and gas fields are composed of two oil and gas reservoirs respectively.
Figure 4-6- 1 Stereo Geological Map of Geological Survey
Figure 4-6-2 Structural Diagram of Oil Layer Top in Xinjiang ×× Oilfield
Figure 4-6-3 Recording curve of light spot seismograph
Figure 4-6-4 Underground Oil and Gas Reservoir Structural Profile of Beisanzhi Oilfield in Junggar Basin Obtained by Digital Seismic Exploration
Figure 4-6-5 Schematic Diagram of Reflection Method in Seismic Exploration
Figure 4-6-6 Schematic diagram of reflection method for marine (lake) seismic exploration
Figure 4-6-7 Schematic Diagram of Structural Gravity Exploration of Anticline Oil and Gas Reservoir
Figure 4-6-8 Schematic Diagram of Magnetic Exploration of Anticline Structure
Figure 4-6-9 Schematic Diagram of Aeromagnetic Exploration
Fig. 4-6- 10 schematic diagram of electrical sounding
Fig. 4-6- 1 1 schematic diagram of measuring bedrock undulation by earth current method
Figure 4-6- 12 Schematic Diagram of Exploration Well
Fig. 4-6- 13 schematic diagram of directional wells and cluster wells (directional wells on the left and cluster wells on the right)