In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian had a great influence on poetry. Many poets followed and imitated Huang Tingjian, and gradually formed a poetic school centered on Huang Tingjian. When Lu Benzhong was in Song Huizong, he wrote the Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society, and respected Huang Tingjian as the ancestor of poetry school. The following are Chen Shidao, Pan Dalin, Xie Yi, Hong Chu, Rao Jie, monk Zuke, Xu Fu, Peng Hong, Lin Minxiu, Hongyan, Wang Ge, Li Ke, Han Ju, Li Peng, Chao Chongzhi, Jiang Duanben and Yang Fu. People think that these poets are in the same strain as Huang Tingjian. Not all poets are from Jiangxi. Hou Yu, Zeng Yi and Chen belong to Jiangxi Poetry School. Later, Hong Zeng, Zeng Si and others joined the Jiangxi Poetry School.
artistic style
Most of the members of the poetry school are Du Fu. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Fang Hui, Du Fu, Huang Tingjian, Chen were called the first three schools of Jiangxi poetry school. The poetry theory of Jiangxi Poetry School emphasizes "replacing bones with fetuses" and "turning iron into gold", that is, inheriting the words or meanings of predecessors; Advocating thin, hard and strange poetic style; The pursuit of every word has a source. In the creative practice, the school of poetry "takes the old as the new", and the poetry styles of important writers are different, which has become the most influential school of poetry in the Song Dynasty. Its influence spread throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, and its aftermath extended to modern Tongguang poets.
Representative figure
Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105)
As a pioneer of Jiangxi Poetry School, Huang Tingjian's poetry theory has a great influence. His poetry theory covers a wide range, including poetry ontology, creation theory, appreciation theory, poet theory and the realm and style of poetry. But mainly in the field of poetry creation theory. Huang Tingjian, his founder, advocated innovation and change, and should innovate and get married on the basis of extensively absorbing the literary heritage of predecessors. This thought also runs through the whole development and evolution history of Jiangxi poetry school.
The most famous ideas in Huang Tingjian's poetics are "taking the fetus as the bone" and "turning iron into gold". That is to say, in poetry creation, it is a method to inherit the predecessors' words or meanings with the purpose of "bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new". He advocates reading more predecessors' works, absorbing artistic nutrition from them, mastering writing skills such as refining words, making sentences and planning articles skillfully, and at the same time trying to break the shackles of skills and enter the realm of "cutting without being tired of rope", striving to surpass predecessors and become a family of its own. He highly praised Du Fu and regarded his later poems as a reference model for the aesthetic ideal of the Song Dynasty. His view of respecting Du Fu can best reflect the spirit of the times in Song Dynasty poetics. He advocates actively learning from the language art of previous generations' poems. He said: "It's the hardest to make your own words. Lao Du wrote a poem, but he returned his composition without a word. Gai's descendants read less, so Han and Du made up their own words. Therefore, people who can write articles, although they use the words of the ancients into calligraphy, such as a panacea, can really cultivate everything. " Even so, the experimental school in Jiangxi, represented by Huang Tingjian, was dissatisfied with the atmosphere of advocating late Tang poetry at that time. Plain and simple, clean and restrained, reflecting the mature realm of Huangshi. This shows that plain beauty is the overall pursuit of Song poetry, and Huang Tingjian's creative path also takes this as the ultimate goal.
Chen Shidao (1053- 1 102)
He is also an important poet under Su Shi and one of the six bachelors of Su Shi School. He is a normal character, and he has no words of his own. He was born in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). You shouldn't take part in the imperial examination because you are dissatisfied with the new study. At the age of 35, he was recommended by Su Shi and became a professor of Chinese studies. He regarded Su Shi as a teacher and went abroad to Hangzhou to see Su Shi off, regardless of the court's ban. However, Chen Shidao's poetic style of "writing sentences behind closed doors" is quite different from Su Shi's. Therefore, he wrote poetry without learning from Su Shi, and took Huang Tingjian, who also paid attention to scrutiny and exercise, as a teacher, claiming that "there are thousands of servants who are devoted to poetry, and few who are good at poetry are never tired of being a hundred years old." And when I met Huang Shi, I burned his manuscript and learned. "("Answer to Qin Shu ") Although his poems eventually became self-contained, they are related to Huang's poems, so he and Huang Tingjian are called" ". Chen Shiyun's words and expressions are very skillful, but they are all written literally and beautiful. This is a manifestation of the characteristics of Song poetry, which takes plain as beauty and is good at thinking and reasoning.
After the death of Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, the poetic atmosphere tends to solidify. Through the efforts of Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and others, the characteristics of Song poetry have been basically stereotyped. The strict creation of Huang and Chen provides rules and norms for young poets, and the harsh political situation makes the poet's mentality more introverted from outside to inside. Therefore, chanting the life in the study and scrutinizing the brushwork became the creative tendency of Jiangxi poetry school, which was also the tendency of the whole poetry circle at that time.
The sudden Jingkang incident broke the depressing atmosphere of poetry. The rising state of Jin in Northeast China destroyed Liao in the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125) and captured Bianjing the following year. In the second year of Song Qinzong Jingkang (1 127), the Northern Song Dynasty perished, the Southern Song Dynasty was established, and the north of Huaihe River became a golden territory. In just two years, great changes have taken place. The poet's quiet study life was completely broken by the iron horse Hu Jia of the Jin Bing, which shocked the whole poetry circle, and the Jiangxi poetry school, which represents the poetic atmosphere, has also undergone profound changes.
Nomads from the siege of bian city, Lu Benzhong in the city. He first recorded the event in poetry. The Guardians of the City describes the heroic resistance of the soldiers who fought against the Jin Dynasty, the alley after the rebellion depicts the tragic situation of the people suffering from war, and the Chronicle of the City accuses the enemy of burning, killing and looting. Nomads from after you come back, Lv Benzhong and wrote "after the mutiny" 29 poems to express their anger, one of them wrote:
At night, on the occasion of military service, soldiers gathered everywhere.
Tired after death, long life.
If you are worried, you will sleep less, and if you are robbed, you will be hungry.
Want to chase Fan Zaidai, the Alliance Uprising Division!
Depressed and tragic, he wrote the sympathy of patriotic literati.
Other Jiangxi poets who experienced the Jingkang incident also have similar works. For example, Han Ju's Poems by Mr. Lingyang contains many poems calling for resistance to gold. Even in the traditional themes of chanting things and history, we can sometimes see their thoughts of worrying about the country and the people and hurting the disadvantages of the times, such as Hongyan's rhyme Thunderstorm and Xu Fu's Ode to History:
Thunder wants to pull out three mountains, and the rain is like a hundred rivers. But I dreamed that a strange cold invaded the guests. What if it was a quiet smoke? In recent years, the countryside has been full of thorns. It's no big deal to deduct nine customs and write the emperor's mansion.
Chu and Han contend for scholars' worries, and where does the East go? Jun Zheng is unknown, and Xiang Bo Hu Yanken is surnamed Liu?
The last song expressed the nostalgia for the lost mountains and rivers. The latter poem satirizes the present, telling that when Xu Fu usurped the throne in Zhang Bangchang, he deliberately named his handmaid "the eldest daughter". This poem must contain the meaning of advocating national integrity. With the signing of the Song-Jin peace talks, Jiangxi poets gradually resumed their early creative themes, but their revival after the Jingkang Incident deserves attention.
In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangxi Poetry School also experienced profound changes in its artistic style. Huang Tingjian's poetic theory originally contains the spirit of seeking novelty and change, and several outstanding poetic theorists in Jiangxi Poetry School have understood and inherited this spirit. Zeng Jili pointed out in "Poems of Chuancun Village": "The back mountain talks about changing bones, the east lake talks about China, the east comes to talk about living, and Zicang talks about full participation. Although the entrance is different, it is actually a barrier, you must know, you must realize. Indeed, from Chen Shidao and Xu Fu to Lv Benzhong and Korean dramas, the members of Jiangxi Poetry School are not immutable in their poetics. Based on the basic spirit of Huang Tingjian's poetic theory, they initiated Lv Benzhong's theory of "living method".
Lv Benzhong (1084 ~ 1 145)
He is the most important poetry theorist in the later period of Jiangxi Poetry School. He wrote poems in his early years, taking Huang Tingjian as a model, and created new meanings. However, Huang Tingjian advocated sui generis, and Lu Benzhong understood this, so he tried to create his own new style. After entering the Southern Song Dynasty, the influence of Huang Tingjian's poetic style on Lu's poetry gradually weakened, and it was replaced by a light and mellow new poetic style, such as the Spring Festival Evening in the suburbs.
The willow building is half covered with green, and the sad spring scenery is in the sky. The curtain of depression is raining and the garden is full of flowers. The eaves shadow has flown to the news agency, and the water mark is not as sand as last year. There is no rut on the ground, and the sweeping road is inclined.
Elegant and graceful, it is quite different from Huang's poetry style. At the same time, Lv Benzhong put forward the theory of "living method" in theory: "Learning poetry should be a living method. The so-called living method, the rules are available, the change is unpredictable, and it does not violate the rules. " (See Liu Kezhuang's Complete Works of Mr. Houcun, Volume 95, Preface to Xia Ji) The so-called "living method" is to advocate getting rid of the existing method and gaining its own income, which has no specific style theory content. However, the prevailing poetic law at that time originated from Huang Tingjian's Jiangxi poetic method, which meant a new change within Jiangxi poetic school.
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, he was a figure who changed the atmosphere of poetry, while Chen, Zeng and Zeng were all poets with high creative achievements. Both Chen and Zeng have written some successful patriotic poems, such as Chen's Wounded Spring and A few years ago.
Chen, Zeng and Zeng are all closely related to Jiangxi Poetry School. Although his previous poetic style was different from Huang Tingjian's, he greatly admired Huang and Chen. He once said, "Zong Hua has a back hill, and the sentence is severe. Yu zhang is his teacher and the Ministry of Industry thinks he is his ancestor. " ("Er Chen Jian Li Yun") He also vaguely pretended to be a descendant of Jiangxi Poetry School: "Lao Du's poet is the ancestor, and Fu Weng is the syntactic Cao. As far as origin is concerned, he was sent to Jiangxi. " (Li Shangcuo's "Wang Wenren's quest for fast food, in the name of" nourishing the source "for poetry") People in the Southern Song Dynasty often regarded Zeng as a middleman in Jiangxi poetry school, and Liu Kezhuang thought that "compared with Zen, the ancestor of the valley, Lu and Zeng were also in the north and south." (Preface to Selected Poems of Chashan Chengzhai) Indeed, Lu Benzhong was once a key figure in the transformation of Jiangxi Poetry School, and other poets in the Southern Song Dynasty were influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School, mostly through them.
Chen's situation is more complicated. Chen admired Huang Tingjian, and was influenced by Huang and Chen's poetic style in his creation. However, his main style and theme orientation are far from Jiangxi Poetry School. Ge Zhongsheng said that in his later years, he "praised his outstanding work, and the gentry scrambled to speak out ... the so-called' new style'." (Preface to Chen Qufei's Poems) When the poetic style of Jiangxi School still enveloped the poetic world, it was called "new style", indicating that its poetic style had broken through the barriers of Huang and Chen. However, some people still regard Chen as Jiangxi Poetry School. Yan Yu said in Canglang Poetry Style that he was "a school in Jiangxi but slightly different", and Fang Hui even described him as a "case" of Jiangxi Poetry School at the end of the Song Dynasty. In fact, in the development of Jiangxi Poetry School, Chen's position was inferior to that of Lu Benzhong, but he was an outstanding poet who had the closest relationship with Jiangxi Poetry School in the early Southern Song Dynasty.
In a word, the rise of Jiangxi Poetry School is the most important literary phenomenon in the poetry circle in the 40-50 years after Su Shi and Huang Tingjian and before Lu You. The evolution of Jiangxi Poetry School itself also represents the transformation from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Although this evolution is stimulated by external factors such as Jingkang incident, the more important reason is the development law of poetry itself. Jiangxi Poetry School is an important link in the development of Song poetry. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was very significant. For example, Wang Zao and others at that time were not poets, but they were also deeply influenced by Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao in their creation. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the influence of Jiangxi Poetry School spread throughout the poetry circle. Famous poets such as Yang Wanli, Lu You and Jiang Kui were all influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School in art. The influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was heard after the Song Dynasty, and the other waves extended to modern Tongguang poets.