A literary genre in which drama and novel are juxtaposed; Including political essays, historical essays, biographies, travel notes, letters, diaries, essays, sketches, tables, prefaces and other essays. It is a model of language, art and literature with high aesthetic value. In the long-term spread process, it has watered the literary gardens of all ages, watered the literati of all previous dynasties, and still benefits people today.
Classification:
(1) Narrative Prose
(2) Lyric prose
(3) Writing landscape prose
(4) Philosophical prose
Main features:
The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.
Deep artistic conception
Beautiful and concise language, rich in literary talent.
Appreciation skills:
1. Reading Prose from the Perspective of Literature
2. Grasp the clues when reading prose.
3. Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression.
4. Pay attention to expand association and understand the charm of the article.
5. Taste the language of prose
6. Understand emotional writing skills
First of all, we should clarify the concept of prose writing, that is, the only content and object of prose is the author's emotional experience. With the internal structure of prose-emotional experience, as long as the core of external structure is clear, a good prose can be written. The core of external structure is detail. Prose, like novels, is based on the description and narration of details, but the arrangement and combination of details are different. It can be said that the combination details of the novel are "holding pearls with plates" and the prose is "threading pearls with threads". The "disk" of the novel is a cross-section of a society, and there are conflicts. People of all classes and powers are either hidden or obvious, but the details can only be organically developed in such a "disk". The "line" of prose is more or less an emotional experience, which is within reach and allows your feelings to flow freely-subject to the performance of emotional experience. From this, we say that prose (should be called artistic prose) is the freest style, loose as water and flexible in technique.
As long as you understand these, write your true self, personal oral experience and detailed description, and you will master the essentials of prose writing. You don't have to be too cautious to study common sense such as literary style (such as literary eye) and artistic conception, and other theoretical knowledge of style and basic theory of writing will be mentioned.
Prose is mainly divided into narrative prose and lyric prose (still according to the traditional unclear statement).
Here are two sample essays for beginners and highly educated candidates to choose from.
What is prose Part II: What are the characteristics of prose?
The characteristics of prose:
Prose is a common literary genre. Because of its wide range of materials, swaying posture and rich artistic expressions, it is like a colorful landscape painting, which makes people intoxicated and loved. So how do we write prose? Writing prose should firmly grasp its five characteristics:
First, the time span is large.
Prose is not limited by time and can cover ancient times, the future and today. For example, Qin Mu's prose "Land" is full of vitality from today's land, which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, fled in panic, holding soil in his hand, thanking the land for being a gift from God. Another example is Yang Shuo's essay "Litchi Honey". When I was a child, I was stung by a bee peak in a tree. Now I visit a bee farm. The time span is very long, but it closely revolves around the theme that the author wants to express, without making people feel the slightest scattered. Lenovo is extremely rich, free and easy in writing and infectious.
When writing prose, we can expand the time span, enrich some related events, insert multiple sets of shots and increase the content and color of prose according to this feature of prose, so as to make the article colorful and knowledgeable.
Second, the spatial transformation is wide.
Prose is not limited by time or space, and it can be contained in the vastness of the country and space universe. For example, Lu Xun's reminiscence prose "Mr. Fujino" spans from China to Japan, from Tokyo to Sendai, from Sendai to Beijing, and then to Xiamen. The spatial span is large, and the number of spatial transformations is dizzying, but it is clear and rich in details. Put complex people and things in every space, some are colored at will, some are painted with ink, patchwork and colorful. Pay attention to this feature when writing prose, and you won't make the mistake of being thin and poor.
Third, there are many incidents involved.
Writing prose is mostly inseparable from events, especially narrative prose, which is the "hardware" of prose. Many good articles have a central event and some other events related to it. For example, Yuan Ying wrote in his essay "Bamboo in Jinggangshan" that the bamboo in Jinggangshan was used as a weapon to kill the enemy, as a bamboo tube for porridge, and as a pole for the Red Army to carry the China Revolution from Jinggangshan to Yan 'an and Beijing. After the founding of New China, bamboo has been used in socialist construction ... There are so many incidents that people are overwhelmed.
Fourth, the expression is lively.
Prose often uses narrative, explanation, lyricism, discussion, description and other expressions. Mao Dun's famous poem Praise of Poplar uses a variety of expressions. For example, at the beginning of the article, he described and described the appearance of the loess plateau seen by the car driving on the loess plateau, and pointed out the symbolic significance of poplar by lyric and discussion. The application of these methods effectively expresses the theme and makes the article magnificent and amazing. When writing prose, we should pay special attention to the comprehensive use of various expressions to make the article full of waves.
V. Cleverly connecting the full text
The selection of prose materials can be described as "a mess" by chapters. Even if the scattered ideas are broad and the packaging capacity is large, the prose will closely focus on the author's intention and will not be "deviant". Qin Mu said that the most important thing in writing prose is "ideological red line". It is to use a striking and profound idea to write through a lot of seemingly scattered materials. If these events are compared to "pearls", they can really be called "red thread piercing pearls".
First, the definition of prose
Modern prose refers to a literary genre that is juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, and has two understandings: broad and narrow.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style mainly based on narration or lyric, with extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
Second, the classification of prose.
Prose has three functions: narration, discussion and lyricism. Accordingly, prose can be divided into narrative prose, lyric prose and argumentative prose.
1. Narrative prose
Prose that mainly narrates people, events and scenes is called narrative prose.
Narrative prose is complete in narrative, vivid in characters, and the author's feelings are devoted to the description of the scenery. This kind of prose is similar to short stories, but there are obvious differences. As far as narrative is concerned, the events described in prose do not require complete plots, let alone twists and turns, and the requirements for narrative in novels are much higher than those in prose; In addition, prose needs to be full of emotion when it is narrated, and the emotion of the novel is mainly reflected by the characters, and the author does not need to express it clearly. As far as the author is concerned, the novel needs to strive to create typical characters, which are all fictional by the author. On the other hand, the characters in prose are cut and processed on the basis of real people and things, paying attention to the freehand description of characters.
According to the different emphases of this kind of prose, it can be divided into note prose and writer prose.
Notes-based prose takes the development of events as a clue and emphasizes the narrative nature of events. It can be a story with a beginning and an end, such as "Peanut" by Xu Dishan, or it can be several fragments, such as "From Baicaoyuan to Santan Yinyue" by Lu Xun. The author's sincere feelings are poured into the narrative, which is the most remarkable difference from the novel narrative.
People-oriented prose, the whole article is people-centered. It often grasps the character characteristics of the characters, makes a rough outline, and emphasizes the basic temperament, personality and mental outlook of the characters, such as Mr. Fujino in Lu Xun's works. Whether the characters are real or not is the difference between them and novels.
In addition, there is a kind of prose, which focuses on the description of scenery. This kind of prose describes the scenery of a place, except some local customs, mainly tourist prose. Its content is very extensive, with mountains and rivers, local conditions and customs.
Love, places of interest and historical sites all belong to the category of travel. The main characteristics of travel prose are: the scenery described in the work must be completely true, and exaggeration and fiction are not allowed; But it is not based on similar records, but the author melts feelings into things and realizes the blending of scenes.
4. Lyric prose
Prose mainly used to express the author's subjective feelings is called lyric prose.
Emotion is the common feature of all prose, but compared with other prose, lyric prose is more emotional, imaginative and poetic.
Lyric prose mainly uses the methods of symbol, metaphor and personification to convey the author's feelings through external image description, so borrowing scenery to express emotion and expressing ambition are the most commonly used methods in this kind of prose. The method of expressing one's mind directly can appear in the article, but it is rare to see someone using this method throughout.
In symbolic prose, the author melts emotions into concrete things with symbolic meaning, and expresses subjective emotions with the help of pictographic association or implied association. For example, most of Yang Shuo's essays, poplars' contradictory praise and so on.
Lyric prose by borrowing scenery embodies feelings in the scenery, endows the scenery with life, writes the scenery clearly and writes feelings secretly, so as to achieve the blending of the scene and the scene. Such as Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond and Liu's Sunrise.
3. Argumentative essay
Prose that mainly expresses opinions is called discussion prose.
Like lyric prose, it pays attention to the expression of emotion, but the difference is that discussion prose is more important than reason, and lyric prose is more important than emotion.
It is different from the general argumentative essay, based on facts and logic, and mainly based on literary images. This is a literary argumentative essay.
There are vivid images and strict logic; It is necessary to move people with emotion and convince them with reason; Blend form, emotion and reason in one furnace, and integrate political theory and literature and art. Lu Xun's essays and Tao Zhu's Style of Pine Trees are both typical essays.
Third, the characteristics of prose
1. Strong documentary nature
Prose has a strong documentary nature. However, there are still great differences in the understanding of documentary, and there are three representative views.
First, advocate absolute truth: "Describing real people and stories is the primary feature of prose. Prose writers rely on travel visits, investigate and study rich materials, and carefully examine the course of events, the truth of characters and the real scene of the venue before they start writing. The characteristics of prose must not rely on fiction. The main difference between it and novels and dramas is here. " (Preface to Selected Works of Zhou Libo, Selected Works (1959- 1962) People's Literature Publishing House 1963)
The second is to advocate "big reality and small emptiness": "Prose writing does not absolutely exclude any fiction in material selection. That is to say, under the condition of keeping the subject matter generally true (please note that the concept here is different from the arts and sciences? The truth? Meaning, so it's called? The documentary nature of the subject matter? ), the fiction of some details, even the fiction of a minor character, is not only habitual, permissible, but sometimes even necessary in creative practice. ..... the point is? Big reality and small emptiness? . "(Essays on Korean Writing Theory, published by Beijing Normal University Press)
Third, practical writing should be strictly realistic; Fiction is allowed in the prose for appreciation: "When talking about prose creation, we can't help but talk about fiction. Novel is a widely used method in literary and artistic creation, which plays an important role in summarizing social life, shaping typical images and highlighting the theme of works. Prose creation does not blindly exclude this method. The reason why the genre of prose with realistic characteristics does not exclude fiction is because people have written prose for practicality and appreciation since ancient times. Practical prose can only be strictly realistic, and fiction is not allowed; Prose for appreciation, realism is not so strict, allowing fictional elements to exist. " (Guan Xian's prose realism theory)
Of these three opinions, we think the second one is desirable. First of all, the theory of "big reality and small emptiness" reflects the objective reality of prose creation in practice. Take Bing Xin's Little Orange Lantern as an example. According to essayist Han, "Not long ago, when I visited Comrade Bing Xin, I got her advice and learned that the contact between the children and the author in the article, including the girl's father's surname, was conclusive and true." "I just made a little fiction in some minor places." In the article "Random Talk on the Writing Process of Little Orange Lantern", Bing Xin made a supplementary explanation to the article "Some minor points are a little fictional", that is, the minor character "My friend" is fictional. Theoretically, the theory of "big reality and small emptiness" is also logical. Prose is a literary work, and fiction is a common technique in literary works, so prose can't have nothing to do with fiction, but this fiction can't destroy the documentary principle of prose, so it can only be "big reality and small emptiness".
Although the details of prose can be fictional, the emotion in prose is absolutely true, which should also be an important aspect of the authenticity of prose.
4. Extensive materials.
Prose has a wide range of materials, and almost all the world can't write it, so Yu Dafu said: "Prose is easy and covers a wide range. There is nothing to talk about. " () Lu Xun said that the theme of prose should be freely chosen, such as still life, insects and fish, even a flower and a leaf can be used. ) (To Luo Qingzhen and Lu Xun's Letters P24 1), People's Literature Publishing House 1959 edition) Zhou Libo said: "Taking the details of international and domestic events, social families, lifting the sky waves, a small matter, my own history, a little feeling, a pinch of sadness and joy, a kind of meditation. The sadness of the past and the joy of the present can be moved to paper and contributed to readers. " Tam said that prose, as a style, has many advantages. A stone can be a poem. A wave of water can be freehand. A petal can solve the problem. Really free. "("my view of prose ")
Because of this, some people say that this prose writer is "shocking and can be felt everywhere." Lu Xun read snow and expressed his feelings, forming the spirit of snow; Mao Dun saw the tall and straight poplars, which attracted praise for them. Ba Jin's heart is surging and his heart is singing because of Sunrise at Sea. Wu Boxiao recalled the rhyme of the spinning wheel and wrote the famous article "Remember a spinning wheel"; Yang Shuo's appreciation of gorgeous camellia aroused his creative impulse, leaving a well-known "Camellia Fu". In short, what an author sees, hears, knows and feels can be used as the material for writing prose. "(Han Ji" On Various Prose Materials ").
The content of prose involves all things in nature, all kinds of people, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, political events ... it can be said to be all-encompassing and ubiquitous. You can write domestic and international and social contradictions and struggles, economic construction, literary debates, ethics, literary essays, reading notes and diaries; It can be local customs, travel notes, essays, knowledge notes and literary anecdotes; It can talk about everything, or it can be lyrical and interesting. Zhi Tao can inspire people with thoughts, beautiful feelings and sentiments, broaden their horizons, enrich their knowledge and make them relaxed and happy, so he can be chosen as the subject of prose.
In the field of materials, novels, plays and poems are inferior to prose. The theme of the novel should have a complete story and vivid characters. The theme of drama should have exciting contradictions and conflicts. The theme of poetry should have deep feelings. Prose, on the other hand, has no such restrictions and can be used to write novels, plays and poems. Everyone can write prose, not novels, plays, poems or essays.
First of all, it can choose themes regardless of ancient and modern times, regardless of Chinese and foreign countries, regardless of size. Everything that can give people knowledge, beauty and edify people's sentiments can be trusted, can be written by hand and can be written into beautiful articles. Secondly, when writing prose, you can choose different time and space materials under the command of a theme, which is very free. Such as the land of Qin Mu.
We acknowledge and emphasize the extensiveness of prose materials, but it does not mean that everything can be written as prose. Indiscriminate digging into the basket is not feasible. Writing prose should choose to reveal "people"
We should choose materials with a sense of sublimity and solemnity, so as to embody "the aesthetic ideal and taste beyond the secular world".
3. Flexibility of form
What is Prose Part III: Classification of Prose
Classification of prose
Prose is a literary genre that combines beauty with beauty. Literature expresses life and conveys thoughts and feelings. Generally speaking, novels, poems and plays have strict requirements in structure, meter, cutting and dialogue. Prose can be more free. It seems that I just inadvertently expressed my experiences and feelings, and most of them were fragments of life. Its rheology and classification are as follows:
1. Ancient Prose
In ancient China, in order to distinguish it from rhyming and parallel prose, all prose articles, including classics, biographies and history books, which did not rhyme or rearrange even order, were called prose.
The development of China's ancient prose;
(1) Pre-Qin Prose
Including various schools of thought prose and historical prose. Hundred schools of thought's essays are mainly expositions, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi. Historical prose mainly focuses on historical themes, and all articles and books describing historical events and historical figures are historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Prose of Han Dynasty
Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty pushed biographical prose to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual prose forms such as books, notes, inscriptions, essays and prefaces began to appear. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, were praised by later generations as the four masters of Han Fu. In addition, there are Sima Xiangru, Meicheng, Chiayi and Huainan Mountain.
(3) Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties
Under the impetus of the ancient prose movement, prose writing became more and more complicated, and literary prose appeared, resulting in many excellent works such as landscape travel notes, fables, biographies and essays, and the famous "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" also emerged at this time.
(4) Prose in Ming Dynasty
At first, the "Seven Sons" mainly imitated ancient times. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was advocated that works "all flowed out from the chest", and Gui Youguang was famous.
(5) Prose in Qing Dynasty
The prose of Qing Dynasty, represented by Tongcheng School, pays attention to the embodiment of "righteousness". Yao Nai, a representative writer of Tongcheng School, summed up the style of ancient Chinese prose and classified it into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitation, calligraphy, preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous words, ode, ci fu and mourning.
2. Modern prose
The definition of modern prose refers to a literary genre that is juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, and has broad and narrow understandings.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style mainly based on narration or lyric, with extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
Modern prose is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, revealing its social significance, and can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have a complete story and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism.
The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by vividly depicting typical details such as life fragments, psychology, environment and atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people.
According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Narrative Prose: Prose focusing on writing characters' notes.
(2) Lyrical Prose: Prose mainly expressing the author's thoughts and feelings.
(3) Scenery Prose: Prose mainly describing scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text.
(4) Philosophical Prose: Philosophy is insight, spark of thought, condensation of thought and crystallization of wisdom. Teachers determine the teaching content from the following aspects:
First, the author's personalized speech expression and sentence composition. The language of prose is free and diverse. There are not only the most authentic and eloquent languages, but also the most beautiful languages that have been carefully tempered and pay attention to language. Therefore, prose language is very worthwhile and most suitable for students to ponder and learn. This is the thinking of Chinese and prose.
Secondly, what the author saw and heard and who he spoke to personally.
Prose expresses the author's feelings, not the objects involved in the text. Prose does have realistic reference objects and external speaking objects; However, prose is a literary work, a product of the author's personalized speech and a unique feeling in the author's eyes under special circumstances. The objective external object is not in the vision of prose reading. Everyone has his own "spring" in his heart. However, when reading the article "Spring", we need to feel the "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" in Zhu Ziqing's mind. The "spring" in the eyes of this typical scholar has its unique and unique childlike innocence and childlike interest.
Third, the author's thoughts, his unique emotional cognition.
Judging from the research results of prose theory, most scholars at present emphasize the artistic rationality of prose and the "emotion" and "rational interest" in prose. Prose emphasizes thoughts, but the thoughts and feelings in prose are full of perceptual thoughts, not pure rational thinking and argumentation. Prose teaching must attach importance to this distinctive feature of prose. In this regard, we invited Mr. Sheng from the Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University to make a detailed analysis of these two texts.
In short, no matter from the text or from the students, related contents like the above are indispensable in teaching.