1, Ming Yong
Directly quoting the original story of allusions, the poet's feelings are consistent with the allusions used.
Example: At the end of Cao Cao's Short Songs, "The mountain is not high, and the sea is not deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart.
"The Duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart." The original poem used Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou, to help him become a young king, saying that the Duke of Zhou "vomited three meals at a time, but he was afraid of losing people in the world." Cao Cao used this code word to express his sincerity in recruiting talents and treating talents in the world well.
2, dark use
Indirect quoting is to integrate allusions into poetry, which is implicit and meaningful and naturally unadorned. The style of writing is smooth and coherent, and when the words come out, you can understand poetry even if you don't know the allusions; It is more meaningful to know the source of allusions. So covert use is also called chemical use.
For example, Li Shangyin's "Sui Palace" is also a famous sentence with dark allusions: "The firefly has gone, and it has left the wind, frost and grass, and it is still in the twilight of weeping willows and crows".
These two poems satirize the extravagant and decadent imperial life of Emperor Yang Di. Emperor Yang Di once asked people to collect a large number of fireflies and let them out when they patrolled the mountain at night, so that the mountain was full of fluorescence. In order to have fun in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou), it was ordered to dig canals and plant willows all over.
Li Shangyin borrowed these two stories to show that the luxurious life will vanish, leaving a bleak scene, ironic and ingenious. When it comes to the use of allusions in poetry, predecessors have emphasized that "no brother" is the most important. Metaphor is a clever technique.
3. Reverse use
That is, the original allusions are used in reverse, that is, the meaning of allusions is opposite or relative to their original intentions. By means of suggestion, contrast and contrast, the meaning of allusions is extended, pun intended.
For example, there is a saying in Du Mu's Climbing the Mountain in Nine Days: "That's all since ancient times, why should Niu Shan stick to his clothes alone?".
On the surface, the poem says that you cried, but it is actually an allusion. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Jinggong arrived in Niu Shan, looked at the capital of the north and wept bitterly, sighing, "Why didn't I come here to die!" Du Mu is seldom happy. He climbed the mountain with his friends to express his feelings. He doesn't think he needs to cry alone like Qi Jinggong. He regrets the impermanence of life, which has always been the case. Who can survive?
This article is quite different from Qi Jinggong's tears when he went to Niu Shan. But the poet still did not jump out of the barriers of melancholy, sadness and depression, and comforted himself with the impermanence of life. His words seem broad-minded, but in fact they are depressed and sad.
4. Side use
It refers to the use of allusions from the side, that is, deliberately avoiding the positive and negative meanings of allusions, choosing the other side of allusions, taking advantage of the situation, insinuating and indicating the author's own intentions. Can play a key role and be concise.
Example: Song Mei Yao Chen's Tianjia: "Nanshan tastes beans, and the pods are broken and the wind and rain fall; Empty a pile of glutinous rice, nothing to fill the oil pan. "
The poem borrows from Cao Zhi's Seven Steps Poem: "Boil beans and burn them, and the beans cry in the kettle. This is the same root, and it is urgent not to speculate with each other. " Cao Zhi wrote "Seven Steps Poetry", which is about the bitterness of fighting in the same room, killing each other and rushing into it. May Yao Chen used it to describe the hardships of farmers' lives.