Question type: achieving two camps
In recent years, the overall proposition, semi-proposition, topic, material and topic selection of the senior high school entrance examination composition have advanced and retreated, and have risen and fallen, which reflects the different proposition orientations of the proposers. Next, let's take a look at the changes in the composition questions of the senior high school entrance examination in various parts of the country in the past four years.
List of composition questions in 2006-2009 senior high school entrance examination
Question types: 200611,2007 126, 20091/9, 2009 15.
Full proposition composition 8. 1%9 channel 19%24 channel 26.9%32 channel 40%46 channel.
Semi-propositional composition11.7%13+07.5% 22+08.5% 22+04.8%17.
The topic is composed of 28.9% channel 32 12.7% 1610/%12 10.4% 12.
Material composition 8.1%9,5.6% 7,10.1%12,3.5% 4.
43.2%48, 45.2%57, 34.4%4 1, 3 1.3%36.
As can be seen from the above table, in 2008 and 2009, the number of test areas for full-proposition and multiple-choice composition questions exceeded 60% for two consecutive years, and the two types of questions approached or exceeded 30% each time. This shows that in the composition proposition of the senior high school entrance examination, the overall proposition and the selected composition are both strong questions. It should be pointed out that in 2005-2007, the selected essays accounted for more than 43% of the whole examination area (45% in 2005). 2%), falling for two consecutive years, until 2009, it gave up the first place that has been stable for four years and retired to the second place. All-proposition composition has been popular all the way since 2007, and reached the top in one fell swoop in 2009, becoming the first. Perhaps some people don't understand why the curriculum standard puts forward "encouraging students to write their own questions and writing less propositional compositions", while our propositioners choose the form of full-truth propositions. In fact, the number of open-ended questions, including multiple-choice questions, is greatly reduced because proposers pay more attention to the unified marking standards, improve the reliability of the examination, minimize the stagnation caused by too many questions, and reduce the lack of unified marking standards caused by too many questions. When this guiding ideology becomes the mainstream, we can foresee that the full-proposition composition will definitely continue to "lead" the senior high school entrance examination in the next few years, the proportion of multiple-choice questions will be further reduced, and the multiple-choice questions will be constantly adjusted.
If the whole proposition and topic composition are in the strong camp, then the semi-proposition, topic and material composition are in the weak camp. Among them, the topic and material composition have been and will be at the bottom for a long time. Semi-propositional composition has the advantages of combining leniency with severity, moderate controllability and so on, and has been favored by college entrance examination composition proposers since 2009. Therefore, the author thinks that its trend will get better and better. We can also look at these kinds of test questions from another angle: in 2009, there were 72 optional topics in all 36 selected composition test questions, including 22 full-proposition compositions, 24 semi-proposition compositions, 14 composition, and 12 expected composition. This shows that semi-propositional composition is highly valued by proposers.
It should be pointed out that there is a new trend of regional convergence in the topic selection in 2009. Specifically, in the same province with prefecture-level cities as the examination area, most of the composition questions selected in each examination area are the same. According to the information on hand, among Jiangsu 13 cities, 12 cities are single-topic, and only Huai 'an city is a continuation of previous years' topic compositions, among which 10 has 76 full-topic compositions. 9%; Zhejiang 10 volume, all of which are multiple choice questions, including 9 full propositions, up to 90%; Guangdong four volumes, all of which are single-choice questions, including three full propositions, up to 75%; In the eight volumes of Sichuan, there are five selected articles, up to 62 articles. 5%; Wait a minute. This phenomenon shows that the provincial authorities have made some overall plans and norms for the guiding ideology and principles of proposition while delegating the right to proposition. Therefore, teachers and students in some places should also pay attention to this phenomenon in this year's review preparation.
First, the propositional form changes steadily. That is to say, in 20 10, the composition test questions of senior high school entrance examination in all provinces and cities in China will generally take propositional composition as the most important form. Considering that the semi-propositional composition questions are flexible and free to accumulate, it gives the candidates some free space on the basis of certain restrictions, which is conducive to examining the candidates' practical ability to master composition and the form of material composition questions. Because it combines the examination of reading ability with the examination of writing ability, it is the form of composition examination that can best examine the comprehensive quality of candidates' Chinese. Therefore, the number of these two forms of composition questions is expected to rebound in the national senior high school entrance examination in 20 10. Topic composition and topic composition test questions may further reduce their proportion in the composition test questions of senior high school entrance examinations in various provinces and cities across the country, but there are bound to be some persistent proposers who will continue to use these two propositional forms to write composition test questions for their provinces and cities. From this point of view, compared with 2009, the composition questions of the 20 10 senior high school entrance examination in all provinces and cities in China have definitely changed slightly, at best, the number of composition questions in various forms has changed slightly.
Second, the scope of the proposition is getting wider and wider. Judging from the composition test questions of senior high school entrance examinations in various provinces and cities in recent years, the number of test questions close to the real life of candidates is the largest every year. These essay questions for the senior high school entrance examination pay attention to the examinee's true feelings, life experiences, healthy growth, learning and development, moral cultivation, value orientation, humanistic thoughts or unique feelings ... The essay questions are rich in content, reflecting the spiritual concept of the new curriculum and opening up a broad world for the examinee's writing. It also provides powerful help for candidates to know the world, society, life and self, so that candidates can express creatively on their original level of understanding and writing, which is helpful for candidates to write compositions that can represent their highest level of writing. In addition, we can't help but see that in recent years, the content of the composition of the senior high school entrance examination in various provinces and cities across the country has obviously expanded from simple campus life and family life to broader social life, which is the inevitable result of the deepening of the composition of the senior high school entrance examination. For example, in Guiyang, Guizhou, the composition test for the 2009 senior high school entrance examination is a semi-propositional composition of In an Intoxicated World. For such a composition test, candidates can only write our composition in a novel, profound and thorough way if they look to a broader social life. Therefore, we say that the content of the composition proposition in the 20 10 senior high school entrance examination will become more and more extensive. In preparing for the exam, we should not only continue to pay attention to the basic life of candidates, but also pay special attention to all aspects of social life that candidates usually do not easily involve, such as environmental protection, harmonious atmosphere, culture and sports, legal ethics, military disputes, high-tech technology and so on. Only in this way, when faced with a wider range of composition questions in the senior high school entrance examination, candidates can "know ourselves and know each other, and win every battle."
Third, the degree of openness has narrowed. In recent years, the composition questions of senior high school entrance examination in various provinces and cities all over the country have put too much emphasis on giving candidates a relaxed writing space, which has caused many problems, the most prominent of which is unprincipled plagiarism and plagiarism in candidates' writing. It seems far-fetched for reviewers to judge different types of compositions with the same standard. Therefore, the narrowing of the degree of openness should naturally become a major trend in the composition examination questions of senior high school entrance examinations in various provinces and cities in China in 20 10. In fact, this trend has been very prominent in the composition test questions of the senior high school entrance examination in various provinces and cities in 2009. In addition to more than half of the provinces and cities using the most closed and traditional form of propositional composition test questions, there are many provinces and cities that restrict the composition of the senior high school entrance examination from other aspects. For example, in 2009, the composition test for the senior high school entrance examination in Guangdong Province was a semi-propositional composition "Me and _ _ _ _ _ _", and it was clearly stipulated in the requirements that candidates could only write their compositions in the form of "narrative". There is also the composition test for the senior high school entrance examination in Huanggang City, Hubei Province in 2009. Although it is an optional composition test, the two alternative composition tests are limited in style. The first semi-propositional composition test of "I didn't expect this" is limited to narrative writing, and the second material composition of "The Most Important Words in Life" is limited to argumentative writing. For example, in 2009, most provinces and cities in China clearly stipulated that candidates could not write compositions in the form of poetic dramas, including some provinces and cities that once allowed candidates to write compositions in the form of poetic dramas. For example, in 2009, the sentence "Don't take literary works as the standard of measurement" was deleted from the "Scoring Notes" of the composition for the senior high school entrance examination in Shaanxi Province, indicating that from 2009, the composition for the senior high school entrance examination in Shaanxi Province can also take "literary works" as the standard of judging the quality of the composition, which is also a manifestation of the narrowing of the openness of the composition questions for the senior high school entrance examination. In a certain sense, the reduction of openness is the initiative of the proposer to highlight the key points in the composition preparation for the senior high school entrance examination, and it is also convenient for the examiners to judge the candidates' compositions more fairly, fairly, objectively and scientifically.
Fourth, the examination ideas tend to be comprehensive. Composition is an exam that can best reflect the comprehensive quality of candidates' Chinese, mainly because candidates should comprehensively use a variety of Chinese knowledge and abilities in the process of composition. From this point of view, the process of examiners judging candidates' compositions is actually the process of judging candidates' comprehensive Chinese quality, so the score of an essay can't be the embodiment of candidates' knowledge or ability in a certain aspect, but the embodiment of their comprehensive Chinese quality. However, judging from the composition questions of senior high school entrance examinations in various provinces and cities in recent years, the overall idea of examining candidates' comprehensive knowledge and ability of Chinese in the composition questions of senior high school entrance examinations has been excessively diversified in some provinces and cities. For example, in 2008, the total score of composition questions in Shanghai senior high school entrance examination was 64, of which 4 points were specially used to examine candidates' Chinese writing ability. For another example, in 2007, the total score of composition questions in the senior high school entrance examination in Shaanxi Province (curriculum reform area) was 50 points, of which 5 points were specially arranged to examine candidates' evaluation of their composition ability. However, judging from the composition test questions of the senior high school entrance examination in 2009, most provinces and cities, including Shanghai and Shaanxi Province, have changed the "diversified" performance of the examination ideas of the composition test questions of the senior high school entrance examination, and instead judged the candidates' compositions from the overall thinking of the comprehensive quality of Chinese, that is to say, there is generally no score that specifically examines the candidates' Chinese knowledge or ability. Therefore, we dare to say that in the composition questions of 20 10 national senior high school entrance examination, it is certainly difficult for you to see the performance of the examinee's single language knowledge or ability attached to the composition questions. Judging the writing level of candidates based on the overall thinking of Chinese comprehensive quality conforms to the essential characteristics of writing, and is also the embodiment of the increasingly scientific and standardized composition questions in the senior high school entrance examination.
Content: Focus on five hot spots.
Throughout the 2009 senior high school entrance examination composition questions, in terms of content orientation, the following hot spots will be more obvious:
(1) Time hotspot: based on "today". When we say "today", we mean not only today, but also now and now. In terms of specific performance, first, the title refers to "today", such as "It's nice today" (Nanjing title) and "Sleepless Tonight" (Urumqi title), focusing on today and looking at the present; Second, standing today and recalling the past, such as "It's another year's wind" (Jinan topic), "Affectionate nostalgia" (Dalian topic 1), "From that moment on" (Wenzhou topic), "Impression" (Ningxia topic 2) and "Feeling festivals" (Guilin and Baise), all require candidates to look back and describe their true feelings; Third, look forward to the future from today's perspective, such as "If you don't make up lessons in the third grade" (Jilin question 1), "What you want most after the senior high school entrance examination" (Nanchong question 2) and "Not finished yet" (Beijing question). We need to write about the future life, but we must have the projection and continuation of today's life.
(2) Location hotspot: facing the side. For example, "I like to see the new face of my hometown" (Dazhou's topic 1), "The scenery here is good" (Meishan's topic 1), "Indulge in the world" (Guiyang's topic 1), "Walking on the path" (Jingzhou's topic 1), and about the local area. They encouraged. This kind of topic has strong humanistic characteristics.
(3) Hot spots of people: mainly "me". The word "I" appears in a large number of full-propositional and semi-propositional compositions. For example, "In an instant, I found myself" (Shenzhen topic), "The beauty I found" (Maoming topic), "In my world, everything is beautiful" (Shaanxi topic), "At that moment, I stepped onto a new step" (Lanzhou topic), "We walked together" (Nantong topic) and "That time, I was with him. Some require candidates to write "I" from the perspective of "I", while others require candidates to write "he (it)" and write about society from the perspective of "I". The general feature is to pay attention to students' daily life, said. The "I"-centered test questions will certainly exist in a large number of composition test questions in the 20 10 senior high school entrance examination.
(4) Event hotspot: focusing on experience. Unlike the major events such as fighting snowstorms, earthquake relief and welcoming the Olympic Games before the entrance examination in 2008, most of the events before the entrance examination in 2009, such as fighting the international financial crisis and the 90th anniversary of the May 4th Movement, did not directly enter students' lives. Perhaps it is precisely because of this reason, such as "After the earthquake …" and "Overcome yourself and be strong" that appeared in the senior high school entrance examination in 2008, this year is correspondingly less. In 2009, the composition questions of the senior high school entrance examination in various places either arranged the hot spots of the times in the introduction. For example, a story in the fight against influenza A (H 1N 1) in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province leads to the full-proposition composition "Knowing Responsibility"; Either it implies the hot spots of the times, such as "keeping warm" (Taizhou topic), "reaching out" (Weifang topic), "passing" (Changzhou topic), "not taking the ordinary road" (Jiaxing topic), "They are taller in the spring breeze" (Changsha topic 2) and so on. It can not only write the candidates' own life experiences, but also reflect the hot spots of the times from a big or small perspective. A large number of test questions point to candidates' life experiences, such as Happy Birthday (Zibo), Unforgettable Experience (Jining), Vacation (Zhangzhou), The Story of Our Junior High School Students (Sanming), Between Teachers and Students (Anhui), and so on. Candidates can think of many of their experiences and find a lot of materials at a glance. In short, the proposer tries his best to mobilize the life accumulation of candidates, let them find handy writing materials, and encourage them to "tell the truth, tell the truth, and don't tell lies, empty words or cliches".
(5) Emotional hotspot: healthy and upward. The senior high school entrance examination is an important experience in life, and its composition proposition not only examines the writing ability of graduates, but also guides the improvement of candidates' thoughts and personality, which is a great pursuit of proposers. Therefore, as far as the thoughts and emotions to be expressed in the content of the essay are concerned, the proposer must be healthy and upward. For example, "Great!" (Shanxi topic), topic composition "Self-confidence" (Jingmen topic) and other questions encourage candidates to face life confidently and optimistically and face others; "I am very lucky" (Jiangxi topic) conveys psychological feelings such as contentment and gratitude; "Team spirit" (Qingdao Question 2), "Extend your hand" (Weifang Question) and other topics, so that candidates know how to get along with others and win-win cooperation. "What do I still lack" (Foshan topic), encourage candidates to know themselves correctly, keep making progress and improve themselves; "Help me with advice when I am unkind" (Henan topic 1), topic composition "Get out of my little world" (Linyi topic), material composition "Just do your best" (Wuhan topic), and writing letters to encourage students to treat setbacks and pressures correctly (Tianjin topic). In order to grow and mature in the process of solving life problems.
The above five hot spots have all implemented the spirit of the document "Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Further Promoting and Perfecting the Reform of Senior High School Entrance Examination", "The proposition of academic examination should be strictly based on the subject curriculum standards, and the connection between examination questions and social reality and students' experience should be strengthened", and the spirit of curriculum standards "Writing teaching should be close to students' reality, make students easy to write and be willing to express, and guide students to pay attention to reality, love life and express their true feelings" has also been implemented. We can foresee that these hot spots will continue to be hot in the future senior high school entrance examination.
Prepare for the exam: adhere to comprehensive training
To prepare for the composition review of the senior high school entrance examination, we should read and ponder some excellent compositions from the aspects of self-growth, hot spots in life, moral cultivation, emotional experience, speculative sentiment and imaginative innovation. See what they have to learn and learn from, and at the same time reserve some famous sayings and aphorisms, news and current affairs and other related materials from these aspects; Preparing questions is to study their coping methods and train carefully according to the commonly used questions (at least two) in the local examination area. For example, when dealing with a full-proposition composition, we must carefully analyze the topic (including the introduction) and make clear the meaning of each morpheme and word that constitutes the topic, so as to accurately grasp the writing scope and content specified in the topic. When dealing with semi-propositional composition, we should carefully study the introduction and requirements in the topic, thoroughly understand the meaning of the given topic words, and fill in the grammatical phrases as the topic. When compiling questions, we should break the stereotype according to our own life experience and accumulation, and compile the questions that we are familiar with, the questions that we are most sure of, the questions that we feel the deepest, and the ones that are most likely to write new ideas. Only in this way can we give full play to our advantages and take the initiative. For the selected composition, you should determine the writing topic in a short time and win the initiative for your own exam. The principle of choice should be to choose the ripe ones over the raw ones, and the easy ones over the difficult ones. If you choose materials for your composition, the key is to understand the connotation of the materials (related topics and related contents), and then start writing on this topic. In terms of preparation methods, we should pay attention to the following training: first, carry out the whole training. According to the teacher's review plan, we can train one by one from several aspects of composition grading (such as examination, conception, conception, material selection, expression, revision, etc.). ), and each item must be implemented and achieved practical results. The second is to carry out local training. It is mainly about the key parts and personal disadvantages that affect the composition score of the senior high school entrance examination, such as the beginning and end. Might as well focus on training a few times. The third is to carry out innovative training. Writing should avoid being dull and monotonous, and we should strengthen the training of "precision", "depth", "liveliness" and "novelty" in order to achieve the effect of seeking common ground while reserving differences. The fourth is speed training. This is to avoid the regret that we can't finish the paper because of lack of time in the examination room. Usually, we should train ourselves to quickly examine questions, quickly conceive ideas, quickly write articles, and develop the habit of "fast".
In addition, in the process of taking the exam, if faced with a difficult composition topic, we should pay attention to the following questions in writing:
The first is to accurately understand the meaning of the problem. The accurate understanding of the meaning of the topic includes the understanding of materials, topics, tips and writing requirements. We should carefully scrutinize the materials, find out the contents of the materials and the implied intentions of the proponents, and establish our own views; Look, think and understand the meaning and scope of the topic; Understand the information revealed by the prompt. Doing so can effectively avoid digression.
The second is to be good at changing the topic. On the basis of accurately understanding the meaning of the topic, we should be good at transforming the requirements of topic setting into a category that is convenient for us to grasp. For example, the composition "Warmth" in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, we know that it is different from the title "Warmth". A word "take" indicates an action, which requires the actor to make some efforts actively. "Warmth" is the action of those who lack warmth. The metaphorical meaning of "warmth" can be care, understanding, love, education, affection, friendship and so on. In this way, the topic of "heating" can be transformed into topics such as "I pursue maternal love", "I send love to grandpa" and "encourage each other". In other words, finding words related to the requirements of the topic, comparing and discriminating them can help us resolve the difficulty of examining the topic caused by partial problems.
The third is to clarify the writing ideas. Before writing, it is necessary to form the habit of outlining, which can make overall arrangements for the levels, paragraphs and key points of the article. When writing, you can follow the outline step by step to ensure that the ideas of the article are smooth and clear.