On the morning of February 6, the waters of Yamen were stormy, and the Yuan army launched a general attack. Song Jun fought bloody battles until dusk and was finally defeated. Zhang Shijie, a teacher, defended the Queen Yang, leaving the Prime Minister Lu Xiufu and the young emperor hopeless, so he drove his wife into the sea with a sword and carried the nine-year-old young emperor Zhao Min to the sea to die. The harem and ministers of the Song Dynasty also threw themselves into the sea for martyrdom. On the 7th, "there were1000000 people floating out of the sea". Queen Yang heard that Zhao Min was dead and committed suicide by going to sea. Zhang Shijie buried Yu Haibin and died in the sea. Song Sui is dead.
Easy to wear clothes and die on earth.
—— Commemoration Day of "Shaving and Dressing": June 15th in the summer calendar, the first year of Hong Guang (1645).
In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army occupied Jinling, and the Hong Guang regime was in Nanming. On the fifth day of June, Dourgen said to the commander-in-chief of the front line in the south of the Yangtze River and the prince of Henan, "All military, political, military and civilian personnel in all places will have their hair shaved, and those who do not obey will be dealt with by military law."
On June 15th, Dourgen told does, ordered the national haircut, "has always been a haircut system, not even a painting, gu to help themselves, the world decided to start this system immediately. Today, there is a Chinese and foreign family, the monarch is still the father and the people are still the children; Father and son are one, how can they be different? If you don't draw one, you will end up with two hearts. " "Since the announcement, the capital inside and outside the limit of ten days, zhili provinces from the Ministry to the day limit of ten days, had to shave. It is our people who follow it; He who hesitates, together with the enemy who disobeys his life, will commit a felony. If you avoid pity and argue skillfully, don't borrow it lightly. "
In July, it was ordered that "all clothes should be worn according to the system of the DPRK".
On the sixth day of February in Wuzi Year (March 2008 13), the 729th anniversary of Yashan naval battle; June 15 (July 17, 2008), the 363rd anniversary of shaving and changing clothes.
"Spring and Autumn Annals" means that when Yi Di enters China, then China. If China did this for Yi Di, then Yi Di would do the same.
"China" has always been China, China has always been the representative of progress and civilization, and China has never been divided by race or nationality. "Under the Battle of Yashan, no ruling group in China has the ability and willingness to take over Chinese civilization and carry it forward, so China Zhengshuo was broken." Over the cliff, there is no China ".
Due to modern education, few people know about Cliff Mountain.
Maybe the Japanese are right: before the Song Dynasty, China, after the Song Dynasty, zhina.
The massacre of the Mongolian army killed 80% of the Han people in the north, and the elite was exhausted. The Ming Dynasty only cheated the corpse, but unfortunately the spirit of the Han people was gone.
We have nothing to be proud of. We only wish to mourn the cliff mountain in our lifetime to comfort the crime of unfilial!
Cliff Mountain is a memorable place in China, and everyone in China should know it.
The arrival of Mongols killed half the people in China, while the other half cultivated, worked and provided luxury goods for them. Under the barrier of apartheid, they became the lowest people under the Mongol-Yuan Empire. Although the imperial ruling class has a low culture, they still despise and hate those who are more civilized than them. They always refused to be sinicized. During their 95-year rule, they basically did not accept China culture. Obviously, the official language of the upper echelons of the empire is not Chinese. They resumed the imperial examinations that China people are very good at in a short time. However, this complicated operation was still too complicated for the empire. The upper level of the empire was obviously afraid of accepting the prospect of a large number of Han Chinese entering the government, so this Chinese-style civil service selection system was later cancelled. In addition to providing food and other necessities necessary to maintain the normal operation of social life and providing taxes, the empire has always been skeptical and exclusive to a large number of China people. It seems that the Mongolian rulers of the Mongol Empire can't find other values of the Han people, and the resistance of China people who love freedom keeps breaking out, so the Mongols can't restrain their savage nature of killing people and slaughter China people regularly. At the seaside, Meng Yuan's army often throws teams of people into the sea to feed the fish. In inland areas, Meng Yuan set up checkpoints at various intersections to check the people. When he found that Zhao, Zhang, Wang and Li, four so-called Han Chinese, were dragged aside and killed. This calm politics was cancelled only for fear of provoking greater civil unrest. The bad record in this respect can be traced back to the establishment of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, when the Mongolian rulers put forward the countermeasures of killing all the Han people. It was only in China that Lu Yechu, a Khitan, euphemistically blocked this motion. Yelu Chucai can only use this reason: Kill all the people in China, who will farm for us? Who do we collect taxes from? Reminds me of the way robots treat humans in The Matrix, using humans as their batteries to provide energy for that robot society. The Mongols came to China empty-handed, using the people of China as batteries and living on the land of China. In the end, China was successfully restored, and the Mongols finally returned home empty-handed. It is also a wonderful irony that they entered Baoshan and found nothing. Just because the culture of Mongolian ruling class in nomadic slave society was too low, they established a worldwide empire. Under them, there are not only Mongolian empire, but also other countries such as Qincha khanate and Chagatai khanate. Their territory is beyond the scope of China, so Mongolians are not confined to China. They have a particularly close relationship with their grassland homes, and they return to the grassland regularly. It is impossible to cut off the umbilical cord with the grassland and transform it into China people, and their cruel killing attitude towards China people always keeps them in opposition to China people, so it is doomed that this parasitic empire cannot ride on China for a long time.
Lu Xiufu, Minister of Southern Song Dynasty, threw his 9-year-old emperor into the sea and died when the country was about to be destroyed by Mongolian Yuan. A poem can express our nostalgia for the sad ending of the Song Dynasty.
In order to revive the Song Dynasty, we have been fighting nonstop.
But now, there is nothing to be done about it.
"Your Majesty, you are an orthodox descendant of Dasong, and you should definitely make a decision not to insult your blood."
"I see, Xiufu, you never turned your back on me and served me from beginning to end. Thank you very much! "
The little emperor said quietly with a smile.
Facing the brave attitude of Shaodi, Lu Xiufu had to hold back his tears.
"Your majesty ..." Lu Xiufu picked up the younger brother and tied it tightly with a belt.
"Mongolian army, one day, the compatriots who inherit our legacy will definitely conquer you!"
In this way, Lu Xiufu committed suicide by jumping into the sea with the little emperor on his back, followed by many loyal ministers, it is said that there are as many as 100 thousand. This is the last battle of the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu Xiufu died in the Southern Song Dynasty ... With the end of the Zhao and Song Dynasties, China in the classical sense also perished, and China died at the hands of nomadic people for the first time. The origins of the two rivals in this war are extraordinary, and the demise of Zhao and Song Dynasties is not a traditional regime change in China's history, so this is their respective past lives.
Zhao Song's Past Life
If you pick up a picture of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival and ponder it carefully, you have to sigh that Zhao and Song Dynasties are indeed an era suitable for living, and the capital of song dynasty is of course a world with a clear sea of flowers. Even Hangzhou, where tourists are intoxicated by the warm wind, has attracted the eyes of robbers. In a minor, Liu Yong boasted that Hangzhou "is full of mountains and lakes, Sanqiu has cassia seeds and miles of lotus flowers", which made Yan Yanliang determined to be "the first peak in Wu Shan immediately".
"The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved for thousands of years, culminating in Tianshui once" ("Deng Guangming Textual Research on the Official History of the Song Dynasty"), which is what Chen Yinke said.
Needham: The Song Dynasty was the "golden age of natural science" in China.
Chen: "It is the highest achievement of Chinese culture and a guide for future cultural development. The revival of China's national culture is bound to embark on the road of "academic revival in the Song Dynasty" or "New Song Studies". "
NeiTojiro (1866- 1934, one of the founders of Japanese "Zhinaxue"): Song Dynasty is the beginning of a new era. Japanese Studies "The cultural nature of Tang and Song Dynasties is significantly different: Tang Dynasty is the end of the Middle Ages, while Song Dynasty is the beginning of modern times."
Xie Henai: The Song Dynasty was "the Renaissance in China"
Since this was the Renaissance, why did it end later? Why didn't we embark on the road of sustained rejuvenation and then move towards the road of emerging capitalism as happened in Europe? How was this modern beginning interrupted? Why didn't the so-called Yuan Dynasty, which inherited her skillful bow and horse, continue this revival? I have been thinking about what kind of China we would face if the Yuan Dynasty didn't only know how to slaughter the Han people cruelly and wanted to turn all the farmland in the world into pastures to rule China. History faded away before my eyes, as if I would never see his true face. A sigh.
The Song Dynasty was not only the most developed dynasty in traditional culture, economy and science and technology in China, but also the era when capitalism in China began to sprout. At that time, China accounted for more than half of the world's GDP. At that time, the economic strength, science and technology and civilization of the Song Dynasty were the first in the world. For China, the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance. China culture at this time is an active and open culture. The Han Dynasty was strong, the Tang Dynasty was strong and the Song Dynasty was prosperous. China culture reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. Song is the dynasty closest to modern management in China history, and the peak of China culture faded with the demise of Song. Mr. Chen Yinque, a master of Chinese studies, once said that Song's evaluation was: "The culture of the Chinese nation, which has evolved for thousands of years, is the peak of Zhao and Song Dynasties. After a gradual decline, it will eventually revive. "
Later, foreign invasions in the Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu Dynasty alternately brought great disasters and deep killings to the people of China. These are two dynasties that brutally conquered civilization. The Ming Dynasty in the middle is also famous for its conservative arrogance, ecstasy and decadence (for example, the Forbidden City, for example, Ming Taizu killed the founding hero, the ten clans in Fang Xiaoru, Ming Taizu, and Ming Sizong smashed Yuan Chonghuan, which was just surrounded by the capital). So in the eyes of the Japanese, China is no longer the source of Chinese civilization since the Song Dynasty. Many foreign historians also regard the collapse of the Song Dynasty as the end of China in the classical sense, that is, the so-called "beyond the cliff, there would be no China".
After the Song Dynasty, especially the Song and Ming Dynasties fell into Meng Yuan's hands and the late Jin Dynasty, after many foreign invasions and bloody killings, the masculine and enterprising national backbone of Chinese civilization was basically interrupted, the loyal and loyal ethnic groups were almost killed, and the best components of the ethnic groups were basically lost. Those who survive are enslaved people derived from the law of "bad money eliminates good money", so the post-Song society is always full of too many sleek and sophisticated life-saving philosophies. After experiencing Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, especially after the cultural self-castration since the Ming Dynasty, the remaining ancient civilization in China basically belongs to a kind of civilization that exudes decadent atmosphere. Although ancient, it is a kind of twilight wisdom that hurts the best ingredients. Although it has some advantages, it is deeply hindered by historical patterns.
Song Dynasty is such a dynasty that remembers Hanyuan, and it has an incomprehensible spiritual and cultural heritage with China people today. There was a Song Dynasty, full of too many mysterious and magical fates. Democratic constitutionalism in modern China has always been an unattainable dream under the tide of foreign autocratic violence and ideological rape. The Song Dynasty is almost a microcosm of the fate of the Han Dynasty and the nation.
Joseph Needham puzzle
Joseph Needham, a famous British biochemist, has made great achievements in the biochemical research of embryo development. Later, he became an authority with his outstanding contribution to the study of the history of science and technology in China, and formally put forward the famous Needham puzzle in his 15 volume History of Science and Technology in China: "If my friends in China are exactly the same as me intellectually, why are there such great men as Galileo, Tolly, Steven and Newton?" Why does modern science and scientific revolution only happen in Europe? ..... Why was China more advanced than Europe until the Middle Ages, but later let Europeans take the lead? How did this change happen? "
As we all know, China is a world-renowned ancient civilization, which once had a proud glory in science and technology. In addition to the four world-famous inventions, there are as many as 100 scientific inventions and discoveries that are ahead of the world. Robert Temple, an American scholar, wrote in his famous book "China, the Country of Invention": "If the Nobel Prize was established in ancient China, then the winners of all the prizes will undoubtedly belong to China people." Of course, this is impossible.
However, since the middle of17th century, China's science and technology, like a declining river, has fallen into a dilemma. According to relevant data, from the 6th century to the beginning of17th century, the proportion of China in the world's major scientific and technological achievements has been above 54%, but by19th century, it dropped sharply to only 0.4%. Why China and the West have plunged and soared in science and technology, which has opened such a big distance, is a puzzle that Needham has long found incredible and puzzling.
Back to the theme of this article: There is no China after Cliff Mountain, which is a controversial proposition. For more than 300 years, the Song Dynasty has always emphasized literature and suppressed martial arts, and was repeatedly humiliated by foreign enemies militarily, often called "weak Song". But on the whole, the Song Dynasty reached the peak of China feudal society in many aspects, such as economy, culture, science and technology, agriculture, industry and commerce, handicrafts and so on, and its achievements surpassed those of the Sui and Tang Dynasties before and the Ming and Qing Dynasties after. It is the only dynasty in China history that did not restrain industry and commerce and vigorously developed foreign trade. Despite the constant tribute, the annual revenue of the national treasury is still sufficient. There were only a few small-scale peasant uprisings at the end of the Song Dynasty, which should have its reasons. The Han civilization in the Song Dynasty was ahead of the world, full of humanistic spirit, advanced science and technology and rebellious spirit. After Mongolia swept Eurasia, it supported for decades. When Mongolian troops occupied northern China, their methods of genocide were extremely bad. Almost every city has a record of massacres. It is shocking that the Mongolian massacre caused a large population decrease in northern China. There are more than 45 million registered population in the north, but after the slaughter of cities in various places, it is less than 7 million, and this figure has been retained until the end of the Yuan Dynasty and even the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. It is not excluded that millions of people fled to the south, and people died of plague and hunger, so at least 80% were slaughtered. According to records, after the Song people arrived in the Central Plains, they found that the Central Plains was deserted for thousands of miles, with bones everywhere, and the wells were full of dead bodies, making the water undrinkable. When the Mongols captured Changsha, hundreds of Jinshi in Yuelu Academy all died heroically, but more than 300 years later, Emperor Chongzhen hanged Jingshan Park with only one eunuch around him, let alone a loyal minister like Lu Xiufu ... It can be said that the elite in China lost their hands. Since then, the Han civilization has never been revived, the development of civil society, new commercial economy and scientific and technological innovation are out of the question, and China has also lost its best development opportunity. Although the Han people succeeded in rejuvenating the country a hundred years later, the Ming dynasty was still greatly influenced by barbarians, turning back the clock, ignoring the value of life and restraining commercial trade. After being hit hard by northern riders, the Han people began to become conservative, and the ruling class was more cruel than the rulers of the Song Dynasty. In the following hundreds of years, most Han people were indifferent to foreign aggression.
China's civilization is independent, which can be said to be the largest primitive civilization except the western Christian civilization. Under the invasion and attack of nomadic people, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, after the war of Yashan, the whole perished in Mengyuan, and the accumulation of our civilization development was destroyed. It can be said that there is no China after Yashan.
I often wonder how unified and cruel the heritage of ancient China will be. Even in the relatively weak Southern Song Dynasty, 100,000 soldiers and civilians spontaneously jumped into the sea and committed suicide. When can I have such integrity again? The revival of Chinese civilization needs the efforts of modern people. The Battle of Cliff Mountain should be written into textbooks to inform future generations that China should have such integrity.