Yuefu: Yuefu existed in the Qin Dynasty and was the official institution in charge of music.
Poems of Yuefu in Han Dynasty were called "Gu Yan" by Shen Yue in Nanliang, and they were divided into suburban temples, feasting, expressing people's lives and feelings.
The highest position of Yuefu in the Han Dynasty was the Jiaomiao Song Dynasty and Hanshu. Suburb Sacrifice Record: In the second year of the Chu-Han dispute, after Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and entered the customs, he said that there were five emperors waiting for me in the sky, so he added sacrifices and made a letter to worship the temple, and the suburban sacrifice song was born.
Song of the Temple in the Suburb consists of Song of Anshifang and Song of Sacrifice in the Suburb.
The core idea of Song Dynasty in An Shi Fang is to highlight filial piety. After Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he paid a visit to Liu Taigong on the fifth day. In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu, he was honored as the Emperor's Father, which shows that he set an example for filial piety. Of course, there is no lack of seeking the protection of ancestors in respecting the elderly and offering sacrifices to their ancestors, which is also the general psychology of ancient people offering sacrifices to their ancestors.
"Song of Sacrificing Suburbs" is obscure, "Historical Records? Le Shu said that it "an expert can't just know his words". The whole poem consists of 19 chapters, the first chapter is to welcome the divine comedy, and the last chapter is to send the divine comedy. The content and format of the middle chapters are also different, ranging from offering sacrifices to the gods of heaven, earth, sun and moon in spring, summer, autumn and winter to entertaining gods such as Gebaoding, Paper Workshop and Tianma. There are three words, four words and even miscellaneous words in form.
The folk Yuefu works in Han Dynasty are the most widely circulated and influential. Folk Yuefu poems, also known as Han Yuefu folk songs, generally include the following four aspects:
1, the pain of fighting.
From beginning to end, the Han Dynasty experienced the Chu-Han War, the Xiongnu War, the war between the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xinman and Chimei Army, the rebellion of Dong Zhuo and the warlord war at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han Yuefu's poems, such as Battle of the South of the City and Joining the Army in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, are very influential.
The Battle of the South of the City mourns the dead on the battlefield, showing the sadness and desolation of the dead. They "charge ahead and don't return at dusk", and "can't get corn" implies that they are not full. They are desperate to kill the enemy bravely, but they can't be buried after death and become food for crows. Compared with Qu Yuan's "national mourning", "the body is dead and the soul is ghost"
The "Battle of the South of the City" refers to the war waged by the deceased, while the "15th conscription" refers to the war waged by the survivors. An old man who survived by luck came all the way back to his hometown, only to find that his family had died of hunger and cold. He was lonely and sad, accusing the war of consuming the national finance and social economy and bringing endless suffering to the people.
2. The sufferings of the poor.
Han Yuefu takes the sufferings of the poor as the theme, and often takes the family as the object of expression, such as the journey of orphans, the journey of women's illness, the journey of the East Gate and so on.
A Journey to the Orphan tells the story that the protagonist's parents died, and he was bullied and squeezed by his brother and sister-in-law, and he was restless when he was running around. Life was worse than death, and he mocked the world when he was down and out.
The Journey of a Sick Woman tells a sad story about a sick woman who was abandoned at the end of her life. The pain of her husband losing his lover and the crying of a young child looking for her mother made people cry.
Journey to the East Gate tells the story of the poor people who are naked, hungry and angrily draw their swords to the east, which is a metaphor for the social phenomenon that officials force the people to rebel and expresses the author's grief and indignation.
3. Love and marriage.
Among the Han Yuefu, Peacock Flying Southeast is the most influential one in love, which tells the story of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi breaking up under the obstruction of their parents and finally killing each other in five words. This is a sad love song.
In addition, evil spirits, thinking, singing with white heads, drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave and singing loudly are unique.
4. Feel the impermanence of life and the desire for longevity.
In Yuefu, the earliest songs that show the impermanence of life are Autumn Dew and Haoli.
It is said that Liu Bang recruited Tian Heng to Beijing, but Tian Heng was ashamed to be an official in the imperial court. He committed suicide when he was thirty miles away from Chang 'an, and his master thought he was dead. So these two articles express his lament about the impermanence of life.
Poems about immortals in Yuefu: Longing for longevity because of worrying about life, expecting to be isolated from the world and enjoying happiness forever. This is a way for many people to adjust and guide their emotions spontaneously, which leads to Yuefu poems about immortals.
From the king down to the people, they all yearn for immortality, so folk Yuefu also embodies this point, such as long songs, Yan songs and Dong escape.
In addition to the above four categories, Han Yuefu, such as Sang, Meeting and Folding Willow, also widely expressed social life and life feelings.
The expressive skills of Yuefu poems;
In addition to the prosperity in the Book of Songs, Yuefu poems also express social life through narration, and their narrative plots and character descriptions are more detailed and dynamic than those in the Book of Songs.
1, skillfully use materials, see the big from the small, and know the surface from the point. For example, the protagonist in Journey to the East Gate saw the four walls of his family and disciples as soon as he entered the door, which led to fierce conflicts in his heart. "Thinking" selects the scene where the heroine burns a token of love.
2. In addition to the ingenious selection of materials, Yuefu poems are also unique in creating the environmental atmosphere. For example, in Peacock Flying Southeast, on the eve of Liu Lanzhi's remarriage, "cows and horses hissed", but "after death, lonely people died", and the celebration was full of sadness. There is also the description of the courtyard in "Chicken Crow", "Gold is the monarch door, jade is the porch", which renders the luxurious life of the characters in the poem.
Even add metaphors and analogies to the description of the scenery, such as "Dong Jiaorao", "Luoyang East Road, Taolisheng Road". Flowers are self-relative, and leaves are self-equivalent. The spring breeze starts from the northeast, and the flowers and leaves are very low. Peach blossom and plum blossom are metaphors for picking mulberry girls, who are "crisp in autumn and full of spring fragrance", but once they are over the age of 60, they will encounter the fate of "forgetting each other".
3. Narrative representation of characters: For example, in Shang Mo Sang, Luo Fu's beauty is expressed through various selfless behaviors of pedestrians. In Peacock Flying Southeast, the characters' words are used to express their inner world.
4. The language is popular, plain and simple, and the poetic language of daily life is conducive to arousing and spreading. Such as "pulling grass up the mountain"
Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty pay attention to reality in connotation, and narrate by intercepting life fragments, which is more story-telling, allowing readers to imagine social life and the fate of characters outside the fragments, which is thought-provoking and memorable.
Influenced by the four words in The Book of Songs, the format has developed new poetic styles such as five words and miscellaneous words.
His spirit of "feeling sad and changing, born of things" has been passed down to later generations, and the old poems of Yuefu have always been drafted by later poets. It has become the normal state of creation to express their feelings with Yuefu old poems. Cao Cao and his son, even Li Bai and others have corresponding works, such as "Out of Xiamen?" Although turtles live long, they will drink wine and so on.
Literati in Han Dynasty created a large number of poems, which often appeared as vassals of poems. Famous five-character poems in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Ban Jieyu's Mourning for the Past and Li Yannian's Beauty in the North.
According to legend, Ban Jieyu, jealous of Zhao's fall from grace, invited himself to live in the cold palace and wrote a poem called "Self-pity" and "Poem of Resentment". In the poem, the experience of Albizia fan is compared with its own fate, which is sad and tactfully lasting.
Singer Li Yannian introduced his sister to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty with Beauty in the North, which really touched Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and made him a favorite princess, namely Li Furen.
The main creators of five-character poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty are Ban Gu, Zhang Heng, Qin Jia and others.
This epic was written by Ban Gu in his later years. His slave collided with Luoyang Jing Ling and was imprisoned by him. Ban Gu's son is too rich to help. This poem is a self-inflicted work that he thinks Ti Ying saved his father.
Zhang Heng's "Simultaneous Songs" describes the mood of newly-married women, and it should be his works that describe couples.
Qin Jia went to Beijing on business and wanted to say goodbye to his wife Xu Shu, but she knew that her wife had returned to China due to illness. He was so sad that he wrote three poems about giving women. The first one was the most sincere:
Later, his wife, Xu Shu, responded with "Answering Qin Jiashi's poem" (when reading, just filter out the word "Xi" in the middle):
In addition, Zhao Yi's five-character poems, Qin Ke Poem and Lusheng Song, are accompanied by Poems of Sorrow and Illness, Poems of Wisdom by Li Yan and Poems of Kingfisher by Cai Yong.
There are some other literary poems, such as Sanyan, Siyan, Ada and Qiyan. (All fragments handed down from ancient times), the most noteworthy of which is the resounding Five Songs.
Poor and virtuous, Hongliang and his wife Meng Guang lived in seclusion in Baling Mountain. One day, they traveled eastward, passed by Luoyang, looked at the capital and wrote this song. The main content of this poem is narration, but it is a lyric of five words, which means endless meaning.
Nineteen Ancient Poems is a work in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The author is not a single person, but a frustrated literati in the middle and lower classes of society, and they are all five-character lyric poems. Changing the special lyric style from Sao style to poetry makes the style of poetry bear both narrative connotation and lyric connotation, which has a far-reaching impact on later generations.
Nineteen Ancient Poems describes the feelings of poor life of literati, involving wandering women and so on. The language is simple and meaningful, the overall tone is gloomy and sad, and there is no pursuit of fame and moral belief, which should reflect the general mentality of the declining literati in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
Liu Xie called "Nineteen Ancient Poems" "its composition is straight but not wild; I am attached to things and I am anxious. " Similarly, with Fu Bixing's method, express the true feelings directly, peacefully but not rudely; It is also a blend of scenes and unique charm, attracting people to sing.