54. The meaning of rhyme:
Rhyme, also called associative rhyme and leaf rhyme, means that the last word of each sentence or alternate name sentence in a poem should belong to the same rhyme part ( The ancients grouped words with the same rhyme into one part, called the rhyme part), which is an important feature of poetry.
55. Requirements for rhyming in modern poetry:
The rhyming requirements of modern poetry have the following requirements:
a. Only rhyme in flat tones, and rhyme to the end, midway No rhyme changes allowed.
b. The position of the rhyming words is fixed at the end of the couplet, that is, the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines of the verse, and the second and fourth lines of the quatrain. The first sentence may or may not rhyme. Under normal circumstances, the first sentence of the five-rhythm does not rhyme, while the first sentence of the seven-rhythm mostly uses rhyme. If the first sentence does not rhyme, the ending characters of this sentence are generally in oblique tones. The ending characters of the third, fifth, and seventh sentences that do not rhyme must all use oblique tones.
c. Words that must rhyme with the same rhyme part cannot rhyme. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow words with adjacent rhymes to make the rhyme words for the first sentence, which is called "borrowing rhyme".
The rhyming pattern of words is more complex than that of poetry, and there are many variations. It can be roughly divided into the following eleven categories.
(1) One verse with one rhyme: The rhyme method is the same as that of modern poetry, with one rhyme to the end. This is the majority of the poems. For example, "The Proud Fisherman":
"The scenery is strange in the autumn, and the Hengyang geese leave without paying attention. Sounds are heard from all sides. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke sets and the sun sets, solitary city closed.
With a glass of wine, the Yan family has no plan to return. The Qiang pipes are covered with frost. The general is white-haired and his husband is in tears." (Fan Zhongyan)
(2) A poem with many rhymes. Of: Such as "Bodhisattva Barbarian":
"The plain forest is woven with smoke in the desert, and the cold mountain area is sad and blue. When the sky is dark, there are people upstairs who are worried. The jade steps stand empty, and the birds are returning home in a hurry. Where is it? Is it the return journey? The longer the pavilion is, the shorter the pavilion is." (Li Bai)
Using two oblique rhymes and two flat rhymes is also common in poetry. The poem with the most rhymes is "It's Hard to Leave":
"It's hard to say farewell to a BMW with a carved saddle and a thick curtain. That beautiful spring scene will send you thousands of miles away. Half of the pearls are falling green. , Dew Huacha. Red candles, green silk curls, can seduce tears.
The good night is short, the fragrance is green, the soul is fascinated, the sandalwood eyebrows are half closed and depressed, the heart is swallowed first, and the desire is lost. It’s hard to describe the mood. The grass is flowing, the road is winding, the spring breeze is strong, the cherry blossoms and willows are raining sadly. "(Xue Zhaoyun)" "Mei" and "Li" are in the same rhyme; "Zhu" and "Qu" are in the same rhyme, "promote" and "lv" are in the same rhyme; "mi", "low", "xi", " "Qie" is one rhyme; "bie", "pharyngeal", and "shuo" are one rhyme; "li" and "ji" are one rhyme, and there are seven rhymes, which are complex and interactive, the most complex and rare.
(3) One rhyme is the main one, with other rhymes occasionally: such as "Happy Meeting":
"Speechless, I went up to the west building alone, the moon was like a hook. The lonely phoenix tree The deep courtyard locks Qingqiu. The cutting is continuous, and the reason is still chaotic. It is not the ordinary feeling in the heart." (Li Yu)
This word is based on the rhymes of "lou", "hoo" and "autumn". The main five rhymes are "sorrow", "tou", and the two rhymes of "break" and "chaos" are the guest. Another example is "Ding Feng Bo": "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves through the forest, why not whistling and walking slowly. The bamboo stick and mango shoes are lighter than the horse, who is afraid? A misty rainstorm is left for life. The steep spring breeze blows the drunkenness, it is slightly cold, the mountain top is sloping Looking back at the bleak place, there is no wind or rain or sunshine." (Su Shi)
This word uses the plain rhymes of "sheng", "xing", "sheng" and "sheng". The five rhymes of "ying" and "qing" are the main ones, with the two oblique rhymes of "horse" and "afraid", the two oblique rhymes of "xing" and "cold", and the two oblique rhymes of "chu" and "lai" as guests.
(4) The same rhyme part rhymes with plain rhymes and oblique rhymes: the same rhyme part rhymes with flat oblique rhymes, such as "东" in conjunction with "东" and "send". "Zhi" is associated with "Zhi" and "Zhi", and "Ma" is associated with "Ma" and "祃". The most common tunes called "Three Tones of the Same Part" include "Xijiang Yue", "Shaobian", "Chanchao Luanfeng" and other tunes. For example, "Moon over the Xijiang River":
"The shallow waves illuminate the fields, and the sky is hidden in the sky. The mud is here to relieve the arrogance of the jade, and I want to get drunk and sleep on the grass. It's a pity that the wind and moon are in the stream; don't teach me to crush Qiong Yao. Solution The saddle is pillowed on the green poplar bridge, and Du Yu calls out the spring dawn." (Su Shi)
"Xiao", "Jiao", "Yao" and "Qiao" have the same rhyme as "Grass" and "Xiao". The oblique rhymes are all in the eighth part.
This type of word tones in which flat and oblique rhymes are in harmony are mostly those in which flat rhymes are in harmony with upper and lower rhymes, while those in which flat rhymes are in harmony with entering rhymes are rare. This is because the rhyme rhymes in Song poetry are often used exclusively and are not commonly used with other rhymes.
(5) Several rhymes are intertwined: such as "The Hairpin-headed Phoenix":
"Red hands, yellow wine, the city is full of spring scenery and willows on the palace walls. The east wind is evil, Wrong! Wrong! Wrong! The spring is as thin as ever, the peach blossoms are wet, and the brocade book is still there. "Mo! Mo! Mo!" (Lu You)
This word is the word "hand", "wine", and "willow" in the second piece. In harmony, the "evil", "bo", "suo" and "wrong" in the upper piece are in harmony with the "luo", "ge", "tuo" and "mo" in the lower piece.
(6) Overlapping rhymes: such as "Long Acacia":
"Bian water flow, Si water flow, flowing to the ancient ferry of Guazhou, Wushan is a little sad. Thoughts are long, hate is long, hate It's time to return home before resting. The moon is bright and people are leaning against the building.
"(Bai Juyi) Double the word "liu" and the word "you" twice.
(7) Rhyme in the sentence:
There are many examples of Song poems rhyming in the sentence. For example, Liu Yong The sixth and seventh sentences of the first and second parts of "Magnolia Slow": "I saw new wild geese passing by in the clouds, and the Naijia people said goodbye to each other", "I stared at the place on the way home, but the setting sun and evening mist filled the plains"; "The first and second parts of the poem conclude with Mao Pang's "There are no more words and we look at each other in vain", "The soul is broken and the tide goes back"; Wang Yuanliang's "The tears are like wisps gathering on the eyebrows", "The heart-broken poem Jiangnan Sentence" and so on.
There are two or three characters in the sentence that rhyme, such as Su Shi's "Drunkard Man Cao": "Whoever plays the sound is so clear and round, the sound is silent on the empty mountain." "Wu Wenying's "Three Shu Mei" has changed: "Spring dreams in the world must be interrupted, but it is strange that dreams can be short-lived in those days": and "High Balcony": "The lonely mountain has infinite spring cold".
(8 ) Four tones Tongxie:
The above examples are all in common with each other, but only those in which the upper and lower reaches the upper reaches of the alliance. In addition, there are also examples of the upper and lower reaches of the association. Wang Guowei's "Ren Jian Ci Hua" said: " Jiaxuan's poem "Congratulations to the Bridegroom": "Willows darken Lingbo Road, sending spring home, violent storms and rain, and a fresh green." ’ Another line from “Ding Feng Bo”: “From now on, the wine is full of wine and the moonlight is bright, and the ears are hot. The words "green" and "hot" are both used for "up" and "down", and Han Yu's "Congratulations to the Bridegroom·Ode to Narcissus" uses "yu" and "qu" to annotate "" and "女", and "Bu Suanzi" uses "night". ', 'Xie', 'Xie', 'Jie', and 'Yue' are the ancestors of the four tones of the Northern Song. "The four tones in the poem rhyme together, which are already found in Dunhuang songs. There is a song called "Yu Ge Zi" ("The Wedding Room is Deep") in "Yun Yao Ji", the whole capital is in up and down rhyme, and only the third line has the word "lonely" There is also a poem called "Happy Autumn" ("Fragrant Forest and Jade Dew"), all of which are rhymed with the entry tone, except for the word "Tu" in the last sentence, which can be said to be the earliest examples of four-tone rhymes in poetry. However, the most common four-tone rhymes in poetry are those written by the Jin and Yuan people.
(9) The flat and oblique rhymes are mutually modified:
(A) Ping rhyme and Ru rhyme.
The two rhymes of Ping and Ru are interoperable, so they can be modified each other. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Ci Lun" said: "The so-called "Sheng Sheng Man" and "Flowers in the Rain" in modern times both rhyme with Ping and rhyme. Pushing sound. "Jade House Spring" has a flat sound, a pressing sound, a going sound, and a pressing sound. "These are those from plain rhyme to plain rhyme. In addition, there are also those from plain rhyme to plain rhyme. For example, "Manjianghong" originally rhymed into rhyme, but Jiang Kui changed it to plain rhyme. His preface to "Manjianghong" said: ""Manjianghong" is an old call. Oblique rhyme, mostly discordant. For example, in the last sentence, there are three words "Wuxin fluttering" (Zhou Bangyan's "Man Jiang Hong"): "The most painful thing is when butterflies fly all over the garden, Wu Xin flutters"), the singer integrates the word "心" into the falling tone to create a harmonious rhythm. Give it a plain rhyme, and the last sentence says "hearing peihuan", which is the symphony. ”
(B) Ping rhyme and Shang and Qi rhymes
Change Ping rhyme to Shang and Qi rhyme. For example, Mao Xizhen of the Five Dynasties had Ping rhyme "He Manzi", and Mao Pang of the Northern Song Dynasty changed it. For example, Xin Qiji's "Drunken Peace", Zhao Yanduan's "Shasaizi", Yang Wujiu's "The Full Moon", Chao Buzhi's "Youth Travel", Song Qi and Du Anshi's "Langtaosha", Cao Cao Xun's "Jinzhan Uttering Lotus", Chen Yunping's "Zijintang", etc. all changed the flat rhyme of the original tune to the upper rhyme, and the lower rhyme was changed to the flat rhyme, such as. Chen Yunping's "Yong Yu Le" notes: "In the old days, the rhyme was in the upper tone, but now it has been moved into the flat tone. "Jiangdu Chun" also notes: "The old rhyme was the upper rhyme, but now it has been changed to the flat rhyme." "In addition, Wu Wenying has the flat rhyme "Ru Meng Ling" and the flat rhyme "Borrowing the Yellow Flower"; Chen Yunping has the flat rhyme "Zhu Yingtai is near"; Chao Buzhi has the flat rhyme "Yuchi Cup"; Zhao Yanduan has the flat rhyme "Wucai". "Jie Tongxin", these words were originally rhymed with up and down rhymes.
(C) The rhymes were changed to up and down rhymes.
In Song Dynasty, the rhymes were changed into up and down rhymes. There are very few of them. For example, "Frost Sky Dawn Corner" was written by this association, but Xin Qiji, Ge Changgeng, and Zhao Shixia filled in the "Shang" and "Qu", and Peng Yuanxun changed its name to "Jie Peihuan". Xie Shang, Lai. However, these are previous mistakes and are not the rule.
(10) The flat and oblique rhymes cannot be accommodated:
A. Restricted use. The lyrics with flat rhyme include: "Sixteen Character Order", "Nan Gezi", "Yu Gezi", "Recalling Jiangnan", "Tao Lianzi", "Langtaosha", "Jiangnan Spring", "Recalling Wangsun", "Jiangchengzi", "Sauve Acacia", "Drunken Taiping", "Jade Butterfly", "Huanxi Sand", "A Cloud in Wushan", "Picking Mulberries", "Ruan Lang Returns", "Chaozhongcuo", "Yan'er" "Mei", "Full Moon", "Green Willows", "Taichang Yin", "Youth Tour", "Linjiang Fairy", "Partridge Sky", "Xiaozhong Mountain", "One Cut Plum", "Tang Duo" "Order", "Broken Formation", "Xing Xiangzi", "Feng Ba Song", "Eight Six Sons", "Man Ting Fang", "Drinking Fire Order", "Golden Man Holding the Dew Plate", "Shui Tiao Ge Tou" ", "Recalling the Flute on the Phoenix Stage", "Spring in the Han Palace", "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou", "Yangzhou Slowness", "High Balcony", "Spring Slowness in Jintang", "Shuchun Tower", "Reminiscing the Past" "You", "Flying Magpies at Night", "Looking at the Tide", "Qinyuanchun", "Dolly", "Six States Songtou", etc.
B. Words with oblique rhymes are limited to: "Ru Meng Ling", "Gui Zi Yao", "Tian Xian Zi", "Sheng Cha Zi", "Drunk Flower Room", "Dian Zhu Lip" ", "Frost Sky Dawn Corner", "Spring Resentment", "Businessman", "Visiting the Golden Gate", "Good Things Come Soon", "Remembering the Youth", "Remembering Qin'e", "The Candle Shadow Shakes Red", "Drunk Flower Shadow" ", "Wang Jiangdong", "Magnolia", "Magpie Bridge Immortal", "Wandering in the Palace at Night", "Traveling on the Shasha", "The Hairpin-headed Phoenix", "Die Lianhua", "The Proud Fisherman", "Su Mu" Cover", "Light Yellow Willow", "Branded Road", "Cool Acacia", "Jie Feng Ling", "Sapphire Case", "Thousand Years Old", "Li Ting Yan", "Pink Butterfly", "Yu Street" "Traveling", "Wish Yingtai is Near", "Sudden Mountain Stream", "Dongshan Song", "Cherish the Red Clothes", "Fa Qu Xian Xian Yin", "Man Jiang Hong", "Heavenly Fragrance", "Slow Sound", "Huang Ying'er", "The Sword is Near", "Drunk Penglai", "Secret Fragrance", "Long Pavilion with Complaint", "Two Swallows", "Yanshan Pavilion", "Nian Nujiao", "Raofo Pavilion", "Jiang" "Du Chun", "Fragrance of Guizhi", "Yin of Cui Lou", "The First Preface to the Colorful Clothes", "Yin of Water Dragon", "Slowness of Shizhou", "Ruihe Shan", "Feasting in Qingdu", "Qitian Le" , "Yulin Ling", "Mei Wu", "Yong Yu Le", "Er Lang Shen", "Worship the Stars and Moon Slowly", "Xihe", "Western Wu Song", "Looking into the Distance", "Sparse Shadows", "Fishing the Fish", "Congratulations to the Bridegroom", "Lanling King", "Six Ugly", "Midnight Music", "The Treasure Cauldron Appears", "Preface to the Cry of the Orioles", etc.
C. Some words can be rhymed with flat rhymes or oblique rhymes. However, if they are rhymed with oblique rhymes, they must be in rhyme, and up and down rhymes cannot be used. Such as "Frost Sky Dawn Corner", "Qingchun Palace", "Recalling Qin'e", "Celebrating the Festival", "Jiangcheng Yu", "Willow Shaoqing", "Looking at Plum Blossoms", "Slow Voice", "Looking at Flowers" , "Two Hearts", "Nan Gezi", etc.
(11) Variation of the associative rhyme
For example, Xin Qiji's "Shui Long Yin" "Use some words and then mention Laoquan", each rhyme uses the word "some", And the word above it rhymes. This is the style of "Chu Ci: Calling the Soul". Jiang Jie also wrote a poem in "Water Dragon Song", "Xiao Jia Xuan's Body Calls the Soul of Falling Plum Blossoms", the method of association is the same as that of Xin Ci. Another example is Huang Tingjian's poem "Ruan Lang Gui", "a tea poem imitating the single-plank bridge style of the Tang Dynasty". I don't know what "the single-plank bridge style of the Futang Dynasty" is. This poem has eight rhymes, four of which use the word "mountain". Jin and Yuan Haowen also wrote a poem in single-plank bridge style called "Ruan Lang Gui", with the same method as Huang Ci. Another poem by Huang Tingjian, "Ruihexian", is a metaphor for Ouyang Xiu's "The Drunkard's Pavilion". The whole rhyme and footwork uses the word "ye", which is a variation of the single-plank bridge style. After that, Fang Yue and Zhao Changqing both had a song "Ruiheshan" with the word "Ye" all in it; Shi Xiaoyou had a song with the word "You" all in the word "Nian Nujiao"; Jiang Jie had a song with the word "Sheng" all in it. "The Sound is Slow"; Xin Qiji has one song "Liu Shaoqing" with the word "difficult" all in it; Liu Kezhuang has six songs with the word "province" all in "Duo Diao Erlangshen". However, this type of words all start with the same word as the rhyme, which is actually equivalent to no rhyme.