A song on the Tower of Youzhou, which shocked the ages, made us feel the vastness of heaven and earth, the haste and infinity of years, the fragility and loneliness of individuals, and at the same time, we had a premonition of the coming of an unprecedented moderns in the history of poetry. Du Fu praised him: "Talents are elegant, but philosophers are different." Han Yu praised him: "The country is full of articles, and I am proud of it." Highly affirmed his achievements in the development of Tang poetry.
Chen Ziang was an advocate of the poetry innovation movement in the Tang Dynasty. In poetry, he advocated "good luck" and "Feng Gu". The so-called "style" refers to the essential characteristics of artistic beauty created by literary works. Ji Xing needs rich and profound expression. The proposal of "style" and "auspicious star" not only swept away the formalism in the early Tang poetry style, but also pointed out the direction for the healthy development of Tang poetry, which was undoubtedly of pioneering significance at that time. Chen Ziang was the first poet who consciously advocated the character of Han and Wei Dynasties in the amateur study of the Six Dynasties, and at the same time truly combined theory with practice.
He said in the famous Preface to Bamboo Cultivation by Dong Zuoshi: "The article has been broken for 500 years! Han Wei's character, Jin Song Mo Chuan, but literature has a sign. Servants will never be happy to give poems in their spare time. Every time he sighs for eternity, he thinks that the ancients are often afraid of falling down and don't do it gracefully. He is also upset ... If he doesn't plan the right voice, he can make Jian 'an authors smile at each other. "
The preface exhausts Chen Ziang's literary theory and puts forward two criteria of poetry creation: popularity and integrity. The so-called "auspicious star" is to express the poet's concern for the country and the people by praising current events. Character, on the other hand, expresses clear thoughts and feelings through simple and powerful language, forming a hearty and powerful style. The literary concepts of "Ji Xing" and "Feng Gu" exist in his poetry creation. His representative works "Feeling 38 Poems" and "Qiu Ji's Visit to the Ancient Tibetan Sites of Lu Jushi" are based on his views and reflections on a series of fundamental issues such as politics, morality and fate, and have strong self-awareness and enterprising spirit.
Chen Ziang is a key figure in the development of Tang poetry. First of all, he advocated changing the formalistic poetic style from the Six Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, opposed the gorgeous and exquisite poetic style in the early Tang Dynasty, opened up the simple and vigorous poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and led poetry to the road of simplicity and real life. It had a positive impact on the healthy development of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Extension:
When Chen Ziang was a teenager, he was generous to Ren Xia. In the first year of Kaihua (684), he was promoted to a scholar. The above book on politics was valued by Empress Wu Zetian and awarded Lin Tai Zhengzi. Later, he rose to the right to pick up the remains and dared to say and do it. He was imprisoned for opposing Wuhou's "anti-Party". Joined the army twice and was far-sighted in border defense affairs. In the first year of the solar calendar (698), my father died soon after returning to his hometown because his father was dismissed. During Chen Ziang's mourning, Wu Sansi, the powerful minister, ordered the persecution of Luo Zhi, the county magistrate of Shehong, and finally died in prison.
There are more than *** 100 poems in Chen Ziang, and their poems are magnificent, profound and vigorous. Among them, the most representative ones are Youzhou Tower, Night Banquet in the North Building of Dengzezhou, 38 Poems of Love, and 7 Poems Collected by Lu Jushi. 1960, Zhonghua Book Company published Notes of Chen Ziang Collection.
Juvenile determination
In 659, the fourth year of Tang Gaozong, Chen Ziang was born into a wealthy civilian landlord family in Shehong, Zizhou. From an early age, he developed the personality of Ren Xia, the son of a noble family. Seventeen or eighteen, fashion doesn't understand books. Later, because fencing hurt people, I abandoned martial arts and joined the arts. I really decided to reject my old friends, study hard, read widely and dig deep into classic history. In a few years, I learned a hundred things. At the same time, he cares about state affairs and demands political achievements.
In the first year of hanging furnace (679), Chen Ziang left the Three Gorges and went north to Chang 'an, the capital city, to study in imperial academy, the highest institution at that time, and took the imperial examination in the second year. After falling behind, I went back to my hometown of Jin Huashan to study. "Over the years, hundreds of history, I haven't seen. You are good at literature, elegant and like each other, a sub-cloud character ",which laid a solid foundation for his later innovation in literature." "In the first year of Yongchun (682), Chen Ziang, who was successful in his studies, went to Beijing to take the exam again, which is still unknown.
Step into official career
In the first year of Tang Ruizong civilization (684), Chen Ziang was the first scholar, and Lin Tai was the official of orthography. Later, he was promoted to the right, and he dared to say and do it. When Wu Zetian was in power, she was clean and cruel, killing innocent people. He is not afraid of persecution and has written many times to advise him. Wu Zetian plans to dig Shu Mountain and attack Qiang people through Yazhou Road. He also wrote against it and advocated sharing interest with the people. His remarks are relatively straightforward, often not adopted, and he was once jailed because of the involvement of "anti-Party" in framing Wu Zetian.
Hanging arch for two years (686), he arrived at Juyanhai and Zhangye River in the northwest with Zhi Zhi's army of Zuobuqiao.
In 696, the first year of Wu Zetian's long live, Li, a Khitan, was loyal and Sun Wanrong rebelled. Later, together with Jian 'an's army, he conquered Khitan. Joining the army twice made him have a deeper understanding of the frontier situation and the lives of local people.
Be hanged
In the first year of the solar calendar (698), Chen Ziang returned to his hometown because his father was old and died soon. During the mourning period, Wu Sansi, the powerful minister, ordered a public prosecution against Duan Jian in Shehong County.
In the first year of IX (700), Chen Ziang was unjustly killed in prison (Shen Yazhi's Book of Zheng Shizhen in Jiujiang), aged only 4 1 year.
Main influence
poetic sentiment
Chen Ziang advocated the theory of poetry innovation. Following the four masters, Chen Ziang stood up against the rule of Qi Liang's poetic style with a more determined attitude, and showed a distinct spirit of creation and innovation in theory and practice. Chen Ziang's thought is very complicated. He is good at crossing Ren Xia, but the Confucian spirit of statecraft is still the dominant aspect of his thoughts. Many of his political comments are sketchy, showing insight into national security and enthusiasm for caring about people's sufferings. For example, in the recitation of "Peace in Shangchuan", he was worried about the invasion of Qiang people, expressed deep sympathy for the unemployed people who fled in Sichuan, and angrily accused the people of being greedy, invading fishing and depriving them of their sins. His lectures and political comments were quoted four or five times in Zi Tong Zhi Jian. His political enthusiasm is the driving force of his poetry innovation.
Chen Ziang once put forward an active proposition of poetry innovation in Preface to Raising Bamboo. In the history of the development of Tang poetry, Chen Ziang's prose is like a declaration, which marks the innovation and transformation of Tang poetry style. Previously, Liu Xie and Zhong Rong opposed the poetic style of formalism in the Southern Dynasties and once held high the tradition of "comparison" and "character"; Wang Bo opposed the style of court poetry before and after The Dragon, and accused them of being "spineless and lifeless". Chen Ziang inherited their thoughts, pointedly pointed out that the poetic style of Qi Liang worshipped by the court poets in the early Tang Dynasty was "colorful but not vulgar", and pointed out that the glorious traditions of "elegance and vulgarity" and "Han Wei style" were pioneer examples of creation, which realized the real innovation of poetry content under the banner of advocating retro. "Ji Xing" and "Feng Gu" are the primary issues related to the life of poetry. The essence of "good luck" is to require poetry to carry forward the tradition of criticizing reality and has a distinct political tendency. The essence of "style" requires poetry to have noble and rich thoughts and feelings and rich and substantial realistic content. Judging from the situation at that time, only by realizing the real innovation of content can poetry undertake the mission of the times. At the same time, due to the active efforts of poets such as "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", new styles of Tang poetry have emerged, and people are increasingly dissatisfied with the style of court poetry after Qi and Liang Dynasties, and the time for poetry innovation is more mature. Chen Ziang's innovative proposition at this time has not only theoretical significance, but also practical significance; It not only attacked the stale poetic style, but also opened the way for the new poets and poetic styles that were budding and growing at that time.
Chen Ziang further developed the vigorous poetic style pursued by the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", and completely got rid of the delicate habits in Qi Liang's poems, which had a far-reaching influence on Zhang Jiuling, Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Chen Ziang's poetry creation vividly and powerfully embodies his innovative ideas, and Thirty-eight Love Poems is the main work that embodies this innovative spirit. It is a group of poems compiled by some works of Chen Ziang in different periods, and it is an image record of the poet's life experience and thoughts and feelings. Its content is extensive and rich, and its ideological contradictions are complex. It contains the author's philosophical thinking about the universe, his life perception of going in and out of history, his critical consciousness of facing reality, and his grief and indignation that his ambition is hard to pay. First of all, it is worth noting that those frontier poems with a strong sense of reality, such as his work Chaoyun County during the Northern Expedition, expressed deep indignation at the incompetence of the generals and the continuous infringement of the border people by the Hu people; In the article "The North Wind Blows the Sea Trees" written during his expedition to Youzhou, he also expressed deep sympathy for the suppression of patriotic enthusiasm of frontier fortress soldiers. An article in "The Old Clouds in the Year of Ding Hai" reveals more clearly the militaristic action of Wuhou attacking Tubo through Shushan. These poems broke through the traditional frontier poems' pan-archaic atmosphere, and also satirized the disadvantages of Wuhou's internal affairs. In his poem "A saint does not cultivate himself", he accused Wuhou of carving Buddha statues and building Buddhist temples, wasting manpower and material resources. In the poem "It is hard for a noble man to be proud", he even bravely satirized the style of trusting and killing his subordinates. These realistic poems show that his political ambition is closely related to his poetic innovation thought. His poems about his life experience are also very touching, such as the poem "Spring and Summer of Lan Ruosheng". The deep depression that the beautiful ideal can't be realized is expressed through the artistic conception of "Songs of the South". However, in different times and circumstances, his frustration turned into anger and generosity. Like "Ben is your son". There are also some people in Thirty-eight Poems who lament the impermanence of life, praise the seclusion and seek immortality, and give play to the works of the old Buddha Hyunri. For example, there are strong negative thoughts about the old Buddha, such as "the city people are full of wisdom" and "the mysterious sky is quiet and silent".
Youzhou Tower and Seven Poems Collected by Qiu Ji Lu Jushi were written when Wang You-yi was sent to Qidan. Lu Zang used the biography of Chen Ziang to say: Zi Ang was sickly, grateful and loyal, and always wanted to fight for the country. Since officials are diligent and they are involved in military plans, they feel sorry for not seeing the danger. Another day, he made a suggestion, which was very incisive. Jian 'an refused, so he was appointed as an army sergeant. Zi Ang knows the difference because he silences the following, but he is also a secretary. He wrote several poems because he climbed the Jibei Building and felt the promised land and Zhao Yan in the past. But he cried and sang, "where were those lost times before me?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, tears fall! " When people know everything. In a generous and sad style, Youzhou Tower expresses the anguish and sorrow of frustrated official career and the pain of disillusionment of political ideals for a long time. In deep affection, it embodies the desire to make contributions to the country, with an expanded realm, tragic tone and deep feelings. It highly summarizes the typical feelings of honest intellectuals suffering from loneliness in feudal society. In the old society, this kind of sadness was often shared by many people trapped in unreasonable situations, which caused countless readers to sing for thousands of years.
In "Seven Poems for Qiu Ji's Visit to Ancient China to Give to Lu Jushi for Tibetan Use", Chen Ziang praised the corporal and the prince, and thanked the historical figures who met him and made contributions. "Preface to Qiu Ji's Ancient Tour" says: "Ding You is old, and I want to go to the north. From Jiyumen, the old capital of Yan Guan, its city has disappeared. But I still sighed heartily, recalling the happy life in the past and Zou Ziqun's German tour. Because Deng Qiu wrote seven poems to express his ambition. " As can be seen from the poem, he is not as keen on wealth as ordinary vulgar bureaucrats. He hopes that people will respect and trust talented people like him, and he yearns for an enlightened politics of recruiting and liberating talented people.
Chen Ziang highly praised "Jian 'an Author" and "The Voice of Zhengshi", and his poems were deeply influenced by Jian 'an and Zhengshi poets. Tang Jiaoran's poetic style said: "The feeling of being proud of your son stems from Ruan Gong's admiration." Poems such as "Lan Ruosheng's Spring and Summer" and "Noble people can't be proud", as well as those who lament the impermanence of life, are indeed similar to Ruan Ji. In addition, such as "Youzhou Tower", there are similarities in artistic conception with Ruan's poems such as "Drive the word to the capital" and "Sitting alone in an empty hall". Frontier poems, such as Ding Hai Sui Du, Ben Gui Zi, The North Wind Blows the Sea Tree, Cangding Lingxi, etc., are close to the current events written by Jian 'an poems. In his poems, realism and romanticism coexist. Some of those realistic works are generous and painful, and some political theories are sharp. Those works that tend to express ideals, some romantic and graceful, some passionate, are different manifestations of romanticism. Generally speaking, his poetic style is not completely unified.
There are not many Chen Ziang's regular poems, but Looking at Chu in Jingmen is also a famous work in the early Tang Dynasty. The poet wrote the magnificent mountains and rivers in Bachu when he first went to Sichuan in a fluent style. Style is different from other poets.
All Chen Ziang's poems have no aesthetic feeling. He is a poet who made great achievements in the theory and practice of poetry innovation in the early Tang Dynasty. Poets such as Du Fu and Han Yu highly affirmed his achievements in the development of Tang poetry, which also reflected the public opinion of poets in Tang Dynasty. As for his thirty-eight poems, he directly inspired Zhang Jiuling's twelve poems and Li Bai's fifty-nine ancient poems. As we all know, Li Bai inherited the theory of retro as innovation, and further completed the historical task of innovation in Tang poetry.