In the first year of Yi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (405), Tao Yuanming abandoned his official position and returned to the field, and wrote "Returning to the Ci". Tao Yuanming became an official at the age of 29 and has been an official for thirteen years. He has always hated officialdom and yearned for the countryside. At the age of 4 1 in the first year of Yixi, he made his last official career. After more than 80 days, he resigned and went home. I never came out to be an official again. According to Tao Qian Biography of Song Dynasty and Tao Yuanming Biography of Xiao Tong, Tao Yuanming retired out of dissatisfaction with decadent reality. At that time, the county tour visited Pengze, and officials asked him to greet him with a belt to show his respect. He said angrily, "I don't want to bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice!" " "On the same day, I hung up my crown and left my post. I gave the word" come home to Xi "to clarify my thoughts.
In the 18th year of Taiyuan, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty (393), Tao Yuanming offered wine to Zhou. In the first year, he was appointed as Peng. During these thirteen years, he became an official several times and retired several times. Yuan Ming had political ambitions, but the political society at that time was extremely dark. In the second year of Emperor Yuan Xing of Jin 'an (403), Huan Xuan, a warlord, usurped Jin and called himself Emperor Chu. In the third year of Yuanxing, another warlord, Emperor Wu of Song, set out to beg for Huan and entered Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Yixi, Emperor Wu of Song completely manipulated the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, it was only fifteen years since Huan Xuan usurped Jin. Along with these usurpations, there are countless massacres of dissidents and unjust wars. Yuan loves a free tomorrow, but at that time, the official atmosphere was extremely corrupt, flattering his superiors, arrogant and arrogant, running amok and sweeping the floor. An upright scholar had no place in the political society at that time, let alone realize his ideals and ambitions. After thirteen years of twists and turns, Yuanming finally realized this completely. The fundamental opposition between Yuan Ming's character and political society doomed his ultimate choice-seclusion.
2. The attached original text is as follows:
Come back, say something, and merge.
Wei and Jin dynasties Tao Yuanming
My family is poor and I am not self-sufficient in farming. Naive and full of room, no millet in the bottle, born and endowed, not seen its skills. Some relatives and friends even advised Yu to be an officer, but he was pregnant and asked for the Tao. There will be things in all directions. The princes take love as their virtue, and my uncle is poor, so I use it in a small town. At that time, the wind and rain were not calm, and he was afraid to go far. Pengze went home for a hundred miles, and the benefits of the commons were full of wine. So I asked for it. And after a few days, there is a feeling of returning to China as soon as possible. What is this? Nature is nature, not obtained through revision. Although hunger and cold cut, but it is against their own diseases. Everyone who tastes from personnel is selfish. So I was disappointed, generous and deeply ashamed of my lifelong ambition. I still look forward to a glimpse, when I put away my clothes and die overnight. Sung Hoon's sister died in Wuchang, and she was relieved of her post. Mid-autumn festival to winter, more than 80 days in the official. Because things are going well, Life is called "Back to Xi". B I'm four in November.
Back in Xi, will the countryside destroy Hu Bugui? Since the heart is the form of service, isn't it sad? Without remonstrating with the past, you can pursue what you know. Not far from being lost, I feel that today is not yesterday. The ship is far away and the wind is blowing. Asking for directions, ex-husband, hate dawn.
It looks forward to Yu Heng and runs with joy. Servants are welcome and children are waiting for the door. The three paths are barren, and the pine chrysanthemum still exists. Bring children into the room, there will be wine bottles. Lead the pot to think for yourself and make the court happy. Leaning against the south window to send lofty sentiments, judge your knees to be comfortable. Garden Day includes fun, although the door is fixed and often closed. Help the old man to rest, and correct his head if he goes far. Clouds come out of holes unintentionally, and birds don't know when to fly. The scenery is coming, lonely and lingering.
Come back, please rest assured that you will never travel again. The world is against me, what can I ask for? Please love words from relatives, play music and read books to eliminate worries. The farmer told Yu Yichun that he wanted to do something with Xichou. Or a towel cart, or a boat This is not only a gentle and elegant road to find ravines, but also a rugged road through hills. Wood is thriving and spring is blooming. When everything is fine, I feel that my journey of life is over.
I don't hold grudges anymore! How long does it take to get back into space? Do you want to stay? What does Hu Wei want? Wealth is not my wish, and the emperor's hometown cannot be expected. When you are pregnant, you can go alone or plant a stick. Deng and He Lin wrote poems together. Chatting until the end, Loew's fate is ridiculous!
Translation:
Foreword translation—
My family is poor, so I can't farm by myself. There are many children, there is no food in the rice jar, and everything needed to maintain life has not been solved. Most of my relatives and friends advised me to be an official, and I had the same idea in my heart, but I lacked access to officials. Just in time to catch up with the officials who sent envoys, the local officials took love as their virtue, and my uncle was appointed as the official of the small county because his family was poor (trying to help me). At that time, the society was in turmoil, and I dared not go to a distant place to be an official. Pengze county was a hundred miles away from home, and the grain harvested by the farm was enough to make wine, so he asked to go there. After a few days, I began to feel homesick. Why is this? Nature is allowed to be natural, which is reluctant; Although hunger and cold are urgent, it is against the original intention to be an official, and it hurts both physically and mentally. In the past, when I was an official, I always treated myself to dinner. So I am disappointed and deeply ashamed of my life wishes. Wait another year, then pack up and leave overnight. Soon, my sister who married the Cheng family died in Wuchang. She was anxious to be removed from her official position. I have worked for more than 80 days from the second month of autumn to winter. I resigned and got my wish, so I wrote an article entitled "Looking Back". At this time, it was November of the third year of B (the first year of Jin 'an Emperor Yi Xi).
Text translation—
Go home! The countryside is going to be deserted, why not go back? Since my mind is enslaved by my body, why am I so depressed and sad alone? Recognize that past mistakes are irreversible and know that there is still time to remedy them in the future. Going astray is probably not far away. I have realized that what I am doing now is right and what I did before is wrong. The boat floated gently on the water, and the breeze blew the clothes. Ask pedestrians the way ahead, but it's too slow in the morning.
Just seeing my humble home, I ran over with joy. The children greeted happily and waited in front of the door or in the yard. The path in the yard is going to be deserted, and pine trees and chrysanthemums are still growing there; I took the children into the house, and the wine bottle was full. I picked up the hip flask and poured it myself, looking at the court tree and showing a happy look; By the south window, I trust my pride and know that this small place is easy to reassure me. Walking in the garden every day (alone) becomes fun, and the door of the small garden is often closed; Walking on crutches, always looking up into the distance. White clouds naturally float out of the mountain peaks, and tired birds know to fly back to their nests; The sun is dim, and the sun is about to set. I can't bear to leave, and my hands are lonely and loose.
Go home! Let me cut off my friends from the outside world. Everything about them doesn't suit my interest. What do you want to pursue when you drive out? Chatting with friends and relatives makes me happy, and playing the piano and reading can make me forget the sorrow; The farmer told me that spring was coming, and he was going to farm in the west. Sometimes driving a tarpaulin car, sometimes rowing a boat, not only to explore deep valleys, but also to walk through rugged hills. Trees are thriving and springs are flowing slowly. I envy everything in the prosperous season and sigh that life is coming to an end.
Forget it! How long can the body rest between heaven and earth? Why not follow one's inclinations and let nature live and die? Why are you unhappy? Where else do you want to go? Wealth is not what I want, and there is no hope of ascending to heaven. Cherish the beautiful scenery, I will enjoy it alone, or weed with crutches; Climbing up the eastern hillside, I screamed at the edge of Qingxi and recited poems; Let's follow the changes of nature and reach the end of life. What is there to doubt about the fate of peace of mind?
Appreciate:
In the first year of Jin 'an (405), Tao Yuanming abandoned his official position and returned to the field, and wrote "Returning to the Ci". This lyric poem is not only a sign of the turning point of Yuan Ming's life, but also the peak of his recluse consciousness in the history of China literature. ? The full text describes the author's situation on his way home and after his arrival, and envisages his future seclusion, thus expressing the author's dislike of officialdom and longing for rural life at that time. On the other hand, it also reveals the poet's negative thought of "being happy to know life".
In Yuan and Ming Dynasties, he offered wine to the country in the 18th year of Taiyuan (393), and served as the ambassador of Peng in the first year. During these thirteen years, he became an official several times and retired several times. Yuan Ming had political ambitions, but the political society at that time was extremely dark. In the second year of Emperor Yuan Xing of Jin 'an (403), Huan Xuan, a warlord, usurped Jin and called himself Emperor Chu. In the third year of Yuanxing, another warlord, Emperor Wu of Song, set out to beg for Huan and entered Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Yixi, Emperor Wu of Song completely manipulated the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, it was only fifteen years since Huan Xuan usurped Jin. Along with these usurpations, there are countless massacres of dissidents and unjust wars. Yuan loves a free tomorrow, but at that time, the official atmosphere was extremely corrupt, flattering his superiors, arrogant and arrogant, running amok and sweeping the floor. An upright scholar had no place in the political society at that time, let alone realize his ideals and ambitions. After thirteen years of twists and turns, Yuanming finally realized this completely. The fundamental opposition between Yuan Ming's character and political society doomed his ultimate choice-seclusion.
Orderliness before resignation is an excellent essay. From "I come from a poor family" to "I seek for it because of my poor family", I briefly describe my tortuous experience of being an official because of my poor family. Among them, "relatives and friends advised Yu to be an official, but he was pregnant" and "Peng Ze went home for a hundred miles, and the benefits of the commons were enough, so he asked for it", which wrote the joy and yearning he had when he was an official in the past, showing the simplicity of the poet's nature. From the second half of Jishaori to Ye Si in November, I wrote down the reasons why I decided to abandon my official position and return to the field. "Nature is natural, but the income is not excessive", which is the fundamental reason for abandoning officials. After several official careers, the poet knows that "self-service" is to lose himself and "be deeply ashamed of his lifelong ambition". Therefore, "hunger and freezing are all cut", and we are never willing to "fight against ourselves and get sick". Although the language is gentle, the will is as firm as a rock and there is no turning back. As for the "self-termination" because of the loss of my sister, it is only a superficial reason. The preface is a reflection on the road of the first half of life. Ci is the imagination and yearning for a new life when he left the officialdom at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.
"Come back, the countryside will be destroyed by Hu Bugui!" The first two sentences are like giving yourself a blow, which shows the great enlightenment of life. In the poet's deep consciousness, pastoral is the root of human life and a symbol of free life. The destruction of the countryside means losing roots and freedom. Going back and forth is the call of the countryside. It is also the call of the poet's nature. "Since the heart is the form of service, I am sad." In other words, I have let my heart be driven by my body. Since I asked for it, why should I be disappointed and sad alone? Let bygones be bygones. The poet's attitude towards life is firm. "Don't remonstrate with the past, those who know it will pursue it. It's not far from being lost. I don't think today is yesterday. "The past is irreversible, but the future can be grasped. It's not too late to retire. This "enlightenment", "knowledge" and "awareness" shows that the poet has grasped himself and gained a new life. " The ship is far away, and the wind blows clothes. Ask the recruiter the way forward, hate dawn. "These four sentences are filled with joy when the poet imagined going home by land and water. The lightness of the boat and the wind blowing on the skirt show the looseness of abandoning the official. When the morning comes, I hate not seeing the road, and then I see anxious to return's home. This is going out of the cage to freedom. It's really comforting to ask pedestrians about the land line.
"Is deep in constant, carrying hin carrying rush. The servant waits for it, and the son waits for the door. " A 4 1 year-old poet ran away with joy as soon as he got home, still so naive. The servant greeted him with joy, because the poet regarded him as "the son of man" and "it was good to meet him" (Xiao Tong's Biography of Tao Yuanming). The children greeted them at the door, because their father was with them from now on. The image of the poet's wife can be seen from this grand welcome arrangement. "His wife, Zhai, can also be diligent and work with his comrades" (ibid.). Behind the cheering children is her quiet and happy smile. "Three path barren, pine chrysanthemum still exists. Bring children into the room and have a wine bottle. " Seeing that seclusion is often a desolate road, the poet suddenly felt remorse for straying into his official career; To the poet's relief, his nature still exists. Bring the young man into the room and see his wife taking care of the young man and his ability and virtue. There is also a bottle of wine, which is clearly a warmth from his wife. What a warm family, this is the guarantee of seclusion. "Lead pot action, court coke. Proud of leaning against the south window, it is easy to judge the knee. " Drink heartily, humble room is easy to settle down, and write the poet's contentment. It is the poet's loneliness and pride to squint at the pavilion guests and lean proudly against the south window.
"Garden Day is very interesting, although the door is fixed and often closed. Help the elderly to rest, and correct their heads at a distance. " The poet's soul and life have been isolated from the secular world and open to nature. It is interesting to walk in the garden every day. Walking or resting on crutches always looks up and looks far away. Only the vast nature can accommodate the poet's lofty sentiments. "Clouds come out of the hole unintentionally, and birds are tired of flying. The scenery is coming, lonely and lingering. " The description of these four sentences is obviously profound. In Song Dynasty, Ye Mengde commented on two sentences in Summer Tales: "This is the origin of Tao Yuanming. I have this feeling in my chest and can't say it for this. " The cloud "goes out unintentionally" and the bird "flies wearily" and "knows to return", which really metaphor the poet's mental journey from being an official to retiring. Tao Qing commented on the Collection of Mr. Jingjie in two sentences: "Min Jinzuo will be exhausted, knowing that it is too late, thinking about hiding in the valley, being in chaos, and getting all the rest." The sun is dim and will set in the west. Whether it is pity for Kim Yong, whether it is or not, lonely wandering is obviously a symbol of the poet Geng Jie's wild heart. In this speech, the words "Songju", "Pavilion Guest" and "Solitary Pine" are three compliments in an article. "Come back to Xi, please rest assured that you will never swim. The world is against me, and I ask for it. " Poets are out of tune with the secular world, so what is the purpose of traveling? "Yue relatives love language, Le Shu to eliminate worries. The farmer told Yu Yichun that something was going to happen in Xichou. " Farmers talk about how sweet and real crops are. I can't hear the annoying word "see the official" anymore. Besides the piano book Coke, it is also a good book that can't be read, not to mention the spring full of hope. "Or life towel car, or a boat. Finding a gully is not only awkward, but also rugged and hilly. "
Taking a boat, going deep into mountains and rivers, deep mountain roads and rugged mountain roads are all full of interest. "Wood is thriving, and spring blossoms. When everything is fine, I feel that my life journey is over. " Nature is full of vitality and rhythm, which makes people both excited and depressed. Everything is thriving, just as you are young and you are getting old. "It has disappeared, how long will it take to form a space? Whether to stay or not, Hu Weiwei will do whatever he wants. " Looking at the limitation of life, the more precious freedom is. I don't have many years to live. Why don't I follow my own wishes? Why do I need to look outside? "Wealth is not my wish, and the hometown of emperors cannot be expected." The land of emperors is the land of immortals, which refers to the immortal world in Taoism, but it can also refer to the pure land in the west in Buddhism. Wealth and fame are not my wish, and and heaven remains our neighbourhood cannot be trusted. From this, we can see through Yuan Ming's philosophy of life. He not only denied the secular political society, but also abandoned the other side of religion. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the scholar-officials were keen on official positions, and the Buddha and the old prevailed, but their realm was not brilliant. His attitude towards life is serious and secular. He wants to find the meaning of life in his own life and realize the value of life. "If you are pregnant, you will go alone, or you will plant a stick. These four sentences, Deng Yu and Lin Zuoshi, are a concentrated description of the poet's ideal life. When it's sunny, you will travel, when the farm is busy, you will climb and scream, and when you are near the water, you will write poems. Labor, nature and humanity constitute the poet's whole life. "Talking about riding to the end, the fate of love is in doubt." Summarizing two sentences is a high generalization of the poet's philosophy of life. The Book of Changes says, "Lotte know life is not worried." Both culture and fate refer to the way of nature. Let your life always conform to the way of nature, that is, realize the meaning of life, which is enough happiness. This is happiness, and there is no doubt! This is beyond the realm and down-to-earth.
Gui Xi Ci is a lyric poem in poetic style. The source of ci style is Chu ci, especially Li Sao. The realm of Songs of the South is a tragic realm of enthusiastic use of the world. The realm of "Gui Xi Ci" is the transcendental realm of retiring and avoiding the world. The traditional literati in China are educated by Confucianism, and their life ideal is to be active in the world. In the extremely dark historical era of politics, the ideals of literati cannot be realized, and even their lives are not guaranteed. At this time, abandoning the official and retiring is the real meaning. Its significance lies in refusing to cooperate with the dark forces and promoting the spirit of independence and freedom. Tao Yuanming was the first person to express this recluse consciousness truly, profoundly and comprehensively in his poems. This is the significance of "Back to Xi Ci" in the history of Ci and literature.
Three. About the author:
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427), with a distinctive personality, is known as Mr. Wu Liu, a poet, writer, lyricist and essayist at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. Han nationality, a native of Chaisang, Xunyang, Eastern Jin Dynasty (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). I worked as a junior official for several years, then resigned and went home, and lived in seclusion from then on. Rural life is the theme of Tao Yuanming's poems, and his related works include Drinking, Returning to the Garden, The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu, and Returning to Xi Ci.