First, the general concepts of poetry, ci and qu and their interrelationships
Poetry, Ci and Qu are three unique categories of poetry in ancient China. It is a poetic style characterized by the trinity of rhyme, sound and tone. According to the needs of different content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, each with its own strong points, which can be described as the same strain and strong points.
As the fifteenth lecture of Flowers and Trees Tang Xue said, Tang poetry is lofty sentiments, Song poetry is soft-hearted, Yuan poetry is childlike innocence, and it is artistic slang (both folk sayings and local dialects).
(a), the concept of poetry, ci and qu:
Poetry: a literary style that reflects life and expresses emotions through rhythmic and rhythmic language.
Word: from poetry. Like modern poetry, there are strict rules on the rhyme, flatness, word number and sentence number of words. Words are singing literature, so words have tones, and epigrams are the names of tones. If people believe in writing lyrics, they should write them with epigrams, so they are also called lyrics.
Qu: It is a classical poetry genre that appeared after poetry and prevailed after Yuan Dynasty. Qu is the further development of ci. Qu is basically the same as Ci, and it is also a singing literature. The format is strict, and there are also tunes called Qupai, but the rhyme and level should be looser, and more oral English should be used.
(2) The syntactic features and relationships of poems, words and songs:
1. Syntactically and rhetorically, a poem consists of four or eight sentences (arranged in 10, even sentences in archaic style), each with the same number of words and rigorous wording; Words: each poem has different length and elegant language; Qu: Each poem is different in length and the language is more popular.
2. In terms of artistic techniques, Fu, Bi and Xing are the most basic techniques of poetry, ci and qu.
Fu: It is to combine a series of closely related things such as landscapes, characters and subjective behaviors into a set of syntax or writing rules with basically the same structure and tone in a certain order.
Contrast: metaphor is to make the described object more vivid, concrete and obvious, which is convenient for readers to associate and imagine.
Xing: that is, to express one's ambition with objects and to express one's feelings with scenery, and to say something else first will lead to the spread of words. Looking at ancient poetry, it is very common to use it at first, but it is rare to make ends meet at first, especially in a poem.
Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Nowadays, people's likes and dislikes and application styles of poems and songs are personal preferences. Wang Guowei believes that "the realm of poetry is wide and the words are long"; Li Yu thinks that Ci "is not like the upper-level poetry, the lower-level music, the poetry and phosphorus, and stands in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, techniques and forms.
Second, the difference between poetry and words:
Apart from the differences in meter, sentence pattern and syntax, the most important thing between poetry and poetry is the differences in artistic conception, style, content and rhetorical devices developed from the origin.
First, poetry is firm and words are soft; Secondly, there are different ways of expression, such as direct poetry and direct song; Third, the degree of affection is different, and the poem is obvious and hidden; Fourth, the origin and ownership are different. Poems are masculine, words are feminine and gentle. In short, poetry is poetry and words are words. In artistic conception, the boundaries are also very clear. Wang Guowei once said: "Words can express what poetry can't", because words are more euphemistic, feminine, popular and colloquial than regular poems.
Poetry: rhyming, rhyming is enough; Number of words: the prescribed format and the prescribed number of words cannot be changed.
The difference between poetry and poetry lies not only in melody, but also in artistic conception. In detail, it is still a bit complicated. To put it simply, poems should be broad, words should be long, poems should be solemn and words should be charming; Poetry should be implicit and explicit, and words should be implicit and graceful. Both have their own strengths. There is a big difference.
Poetry should be solemn, and its image must be profound. Words should be implicit, suitable for revision, and can say what poetry can't say and what poetry can say. Therefore, the words should be charming, graceful and delicate. Because this is a weaving that pays attention to personal feelings. The poems are mainly graceful, although there are some bold words (such as Su Dongpo's), but the number of bold words is much less than graceful words from the beginning, followed by all the words of bold poets, which are only one of the unconventional branches.
Third, the difference between words and songs:
Words and songs are long and short sentences, which are made according to the needs of singing. They are of the same nature and belong to music literature, so it is not easy to distinguish them.
Most of the intonations prevailing in Ci are only flat and flat, while the Southern Song Dynasty in the middle of Song Dynasty is divided into four tones: flat, upward, far and progressive. Yuanqu people have a northern accent, so most Yuanqu songs are based on northern songs. The four tones of Beiqu are divided into flat tone, rising tone and falling tone, and there is no entering tone. The entering tone words have been sent to the flat tone, and they are voiced and gone respectively.
Quyun and rhyme are also different, and rhyme is stricter than Qu Yun's rules. Based on "The Rhyme of the Central Plains" written by Zhou Deqing in the Yuan Dynasty, the Central Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty were divided into nineteen rhymes, and all the entering tones were classified into three tones, namely, Ping, Shang and Qu, which was the biggest difference from rhyme. Music should not emphasize rhyme, and words should not emphasize rhyme, but it is best not to emphasize rhyme when writing music.
Words and songs have different characteristics in language, such as; The language of songs is popular, simple and natural, close to our ordinary life language. Although they all reflect social life, the social life level reflected by Ci is relatively narrow, while that reflected by Song is relatively broad.
Writing songs should follow the rules of Qupai, which is very similar to writing lyrics, and writing lyrics should also follow the rules of Qupai; However, there is a very different point between writing lyrics and writing songs, that is, songs can have interlining (interlining: Qupai has rules on the number of words in each sentence, but if the author thinks it is necessary, he can increase the number of words beyond the prescribed number. )
Qu is the body double of Ci, both on the basis of music and on the structure of musical form. Ci originated from the folk and spread to singers and musicians. It is not only convenient to write feelings, but also suitable for singing. It was originally a popular literature. With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden.
Finally, borrow a sentence from the predecessors to sum up: poets, songs! Poets, except poetry! Quzhe, the vulgar style of ci is also!