1 "Valley Wind"
Original text
Acquire the valley wind and maintain the wind and rain. I will be afraid, Wei Yu and my daughter. The general will be happy, but the woman will abandon you.
Acquire the valley wind, maintain the wind and decline. Keep fear in mind. There will be peace and joy, and they will be abandoned as if they were left behind.
The valley wind blows, and the mountains and mountains are Cuiwei. No grass will die, no wood will wither. Forget about my great virtues and think about my small grievances.
Translation
A strong wind blew at the mouth of the valley, bringing with it showers of rain. When you were worried and scared, I was the only one who could help you relieve your worries. Now that I am rich and happy, you have abandoned me and turned around.
There was a strong wind blowing at the mouth of the valley, and the wind kept spinning. When I was scared, you held me in your arms. Now that I am rich and happy, I have been completely forgotten.
The wind blows constantly at the mouth of the valley, blowing across the towering mountains. The grass was all withered and the trees were withered. You have completely forgotten all my benefits. Specially remember my little problems.
Comments
Xixi: the sound of strong wind.
Dimension: Yes.
General: Fang, right.
With: help.
Female: Same as "ru", you.
Turn: On the contrary.
Decay: a top-down whirlwind.
Set: Same as "set".
Forgotten: forgotten. Cui Wei (wéi): The appearance of a high mountain.
Appreciation
The theme of this poem is roughly the same as the old one. "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: ""Gu Feng" is also a stab to King You. The world is vulgar and the way of friends is endless. ." Zhu Xi also thought it was a poem about friends' resentment, but he did not forcefully combine the idea of ??hurting friends and assassinating King You of Zhou. Fang Yurun's "The Original Book of Songs" agrees with Zhu Xi's point of view, and refutes the theory of "King You of Assassination" in "Preface to Mao's Poems" as unreasonable and vague. Gao Heng's "Modern Commentary on the Book of Songs" and Cheng Junying's "Translation and Commentary on the Book of Songs" are both based on the poems of abandoned women. Although Chen Zizhan's "Direct Interpretation of the Book of Songs" still adopts the old theory, he also says: "The style of this poem is absolutely similar to "Guofeng", and it is combined with Hele into "Xiaoya". "Beifeng·Gufeng" is a poem about an abandoned wife. Or It is suspected that "Xiaoya Gufeng" is also a poem about an abandoned wife. The theme is the same and the content is often the same. This song is a common example. In "The Chronicle of Queen Yin" of the Later Han Dynasty, Guangwu said: "When I was humble, I married the Yin family." After the expedition, they all separated. Fortunately, they were safe and escaped from the tiger's mouth... "The generals are afraid, Weiyu and his daughter." The general will be happy, but the woman will abandon you. "You should be careless when it comes to fashionable people!" This proves that as early as the beginning of the Later Han Dynasty, some people regarded this poem as a poem about abandoned women."
The heroine in the poem was abandoned by her husband, and she was full of emotions. She recalled bitterly that when her family was poor in the past, she worked hard to help her husband overcome difficulties, and his husband was considerate and loving towards her; but later when her life became stable and prosperous, her husband changed his mind and kicked her away ungratefully. Therefore, she sang this poem to condemn the heartless husband who could only endure hardships but not share peace and happiness.
The poem is inspired by wind and rain. This method is exactly the same as "Bei Feng·Gu Feng". The themes of the two "Gu Feng" poems are also exactly the same. This is probably the most likely way to trigger people's sadness when there is wind and rain. Bitter feelings. Women who have been abandoned by their husbands, facing the miserable wind and rain, will add endless sadness and melancholy, lamenting that "the autumn wind and autumn rain are so sad."
The language of this poem is sad and euphemistic. It only narrates the facts before and after being abandoned without adding any words of condemnation and curse, but the meaning of blame has been fully revealed. The so-called "resentment without anger", Explain that the protagonist is a working woman with a kind and cowardly character. This also reflects that thousands of years ago, women were in a humiliating situation of being oppressed and had no independent personality and status.
Yinghe
Poor and lowly couples suffer from everything,
It is difficult to shelter from the wind and rain,
Once there is stability and a smile,
But they are like strangers and have no sympathy for each other.
2 "Polygonum"
Original text
The polygonum belongs to Curcuma, and the bandit of Curcuma and Yihao. I feel sorry for my parents, who worked so hard to give birth to me.
The one who uses Polygonum Polygonum is Curcuma, and the one who steals Curcuma is Yiwei. I'm sorry for my parents, I'm so exhausted from work.
The bottle is empty, Wei Lei is ashamed. The life of the fresh people is not as long as the death. What kind of father is there without a father? Without a mother, what can you rely on? When you go out, you will hold your shirt, and when you enter, you will be exhausted.
My father gave birth to me, and my mother bowed to me. Caress me, feed me, grow me and nurture me, take care of me and return me, go in and out of your belly. Desire to repay virtue. Haotian is extremely stupid!
The Nanshan Mountains are fierce and the wind is blowing. If the people are all poor, what harm can I do! The rhythm of Nanshan Mountain is fluttering in the wind. The people are all in need of food, but I alone cannot die!
Translation
Look at the height of the wormwood, but it is not wormwood but loose wormwood. Pity my father and mother, they worked so hard to raise me!
Look at the wormwood and wormwood clinging to each other, but they are not wormwood, just wei. I have pity on my father and mother, they are too tired to raise me!
The bottom of the water bottle is empty, and it is shameful to fill the water jar. There is no point in living alone, it is better to die early. Without a biological father, where can I rely on? What can I rely on if I don’t have my biological mother? I feel sad when I go out for a walk, and I don’t know where to stop when I enter.
Dad, you gave birth to me, mother, you fed me. You protect me, love me, raise me and nurture me. You miss me and don’t want to leave me. You embrace me when you go out of your house. I want to repay my parents for their great kindness, but it is difficult to predict the disasters God will bring!
Nanshan is so high that it is difficult to climb over, and the wind is so fierce that it is daunting.
No one is in trouble, why am I the only one who suffers this calamity? Nanshan is so high that it is difficult to cross, and the strong wind makes people tremble. There is no misfortune for everyone, and you can't always support me alone!
Notes
Polygonum (lù) Polygonum: long and big.
Curcuma (é): a kind of grass, namely Curcuma. Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Emperoria root grows in clusters, and it is commonly known as Artemisia bainiang." Bandit: Same as "non". Yi: Yes. 嬬(qú)LAo: It means tiredness as well as the word "LAo瘁" in the next chapter. Wei (wèi): a kind of grass, namely mugwort. Bottle: A device for drawing water.
清 (qìng): exhausted. Lei (léi): water container. Fresh (xiǎn): refers to widows and orphans.
People: people. 怙 (hù): rely on. Title shirt: containing worries. Ju: raise. 拋: means "touch".
Animal: Passing "慉" means liking. Gu: Gu Nian. Complex: to return means that you can’t bear to leave. Abdomen: refers to the embrace. Haotian: the vast sky.
Wang: None.
Extreme: Criterion. Lielie: Tong "颲颲", looks like the mountain wind is strong. Piao Feng: Same as "Biao Feng".
Fafa: pronounced as "piaodu", the sound of wind.
Valley: good. Lulu: Same as "lielie".
Fu Fu: Same as "Fa Fa".
Death: end, refers to old age and death.
? Appreciation
"Preface to Mao's Poems" says that this poem "pricks King You, the people work hard, and a filial son will not be able to support you forever." Only the last sentence is correct. "Assassing King You, the people are working hard" and so on, as Ouyang Xiu said, "it is not the poet's original intention" ("Original Meaning of Poetry"). What the poet expresses is just the painful feeling of not being able to support his parents forever.
The six chapters of this poem seem to be a sacrificial song in memory of parents. It has three levels of meaning: the first two chapters are the first level, describing the hard work of my parents in giving birth to and raising "me". The first two sentences are introduced by comparison. The poet saw Hao and Wei, but mistakenly thought they were E, so his heart was moved and he thought they were comparisons. Curcuma is fragrant and edible, and its roots are clustered, so it is also called Artemisia baoniang, which means that people are successful and filial; while Artemisia and Wei are both scattered, and Artemisia is coarse and inedible, and Wei is both inedible and produces seeds, so it is called Artemisia mongolica. Hao and Wei are said to be incompetent and unable to fulfill their filial piety. The poet felt this and blamed himself for not being successful and not being able to fulfill his filial piety. The last two sentences express this thought and reflect on how difficult it is for parents to raise themselves, as they have to work hard and suffer a lot.
The middle two chapters are the second level, describing the son’s pain of losing his parents and the parents’ deep love for their son. The first two sentences of the third chapter use bottles as metaphors for parents and lei as metaphors for children. Because the vase draws water from the lei, an empty vase means that the lei has no water to draw from, so it is shameful. It is used as a metaphor for the son who cannot support his parents and feels ashamed for not fulfilling his due filial piety. The metaphor used in the sentence is to take the meaning of the vase and lei, not to take the meaning of big or small. The following six sentences of "Xian Min" describe the lonely life and emotional torture after losing their parents. The Han Dynasty Yuefu poem "Orphan's Journey" says, "If you are unhappy in life, it is better to go to the underground hell as early as possible." This idea came from being abused by your brother and sister-in-law, and this poem laments that you are alone, have no one to rely on, and don't want to live. It is completely out of sympathy for your parents. of family affection. The poet and his parents depended on each other for life. After losing his parents, he lost the warmth of his family, so that having a home seemed like he had no home. Cao Cuizhong said: "Because they have no parents, they are called fresh people. When a filial son comes out, he will tell him, and if he rebels, he will face him. Now he goes out without telling you, so he is holding his shirt. When he goes to the hall and does not see others, he comes here in a hurry." (Quoted) It is of great reference value to understand from Dai Zhen's "Supplementary Biography of Mao's Poems". The first six sentences of the fourth chapter describe one by one the parents' care and upbringing of "me", which concretely embodies the "hard work" and "exhaustion" mentioned in the first two chapters. The poet uses nine verbs of Sheng, Ju, Zhu, Zhu, Chang, Yu, Gu, Fu, and Fu and nine "I" characters in succession. His words are sincere, straightforward, verbose, tireless, and full of tone. Urgent, indeed like crying. If we use the libretto of modern Peking Opera to describe it as "sounds of tears, every word of blood", it would be the most accurate description. In the last two sentences of this chapter, because the poet was unable to repay his great kindness to his parents, he was extremely painful and blamed it on God, blaming it for its fickleness and taking away the lives of his parents, making "I" unable to repay him!
The third level of the last two chapters follows this and describes the misfortunes encountered. In the first two sentences, the poet saw the difficulty of crossing the Nanshan Mountains and heard the howling wind, creating an atmosphere of hardship, sadness and sadness, symbolizing the great pain and desolation of his own parents' death, and also the poet's sad and sad mood. externalization. The four overlapping entry-tone characters: lielie, fafa, lülu, and fufu aggravate the sadness and make it sound like a sob. The last two sentences are helpless complaints.
The alternate use of Fu, Bixing and Xing is a major feature of this poem. The three expression methods are used flexibly, echoing back and forth, with ups and downs of lyricism, and round and round, to convey the sorrowful feelings of the orphan. It can be said that the beads fall on the jade plate, the operation is smooth, and the artistic appeal is strong. "Book of Jin: Biography of Filial Friends" records that Wang Pei was executed without guilt for grieving for his father and lived in seclusion as a professor. "When he read "Poetry" and reached the point of "I am sorry for my parents, who gave birth to me," he shed tears three times, and his disciples and successors were abolished." "Poem of Polygonum"; "Qi Shu·Gao Yi Zhuan" records that Gu Huan taught apprentices in Tiantai Mountain. Because he "was orphaned early, he would often hold the book and weep when he read "Poetry" to "sorrow for his parents". Scholars said: "This is the abolition of "Polygonium". There are still similar records, so there is no need to enumerate them. Children supporting and honoring their parents is one of the virtues of the Chinese nation. In fact, it should also be the moral obligation of human society. This poem is the earliest literary work that expresses this virtue with full emotion. It has a great influence on later generations, not only It is often quoted in poems and poems, and even mentioned in imperial edicts. The influence of the classic "The Book of Songs" on the formation of national psychology and national spirit can be seen from this.
Yinghe
The hardships of raising parents,
It is difficult to reveal the heart of a wandering person,
The years of wandering have no time to care,
My eyes are blank and homesick.
3 "Dadong"
Original text
There are guis and guis, and there are thorns and daggers. The road of Zhou is as straight as an arrow. What a gentleman does is what a villain looks like. The family members took care of it and shed tears.
The small east and the big east are empty. If you are entangled, you can walk on frost. Mr. Er, go on a journey across the Zhou Dynasty. What is past makes me feel guilty.
There is a hot spring but no salary. Qiqi sighs, mourning and worrying about others. Salary is a salary that can still be carried. I feel sorry for others, but I can also rest.
The son of an Easterner cannot work hard. The son of a Westerner wears charming clothes. The son of a boatman, Xiong Zan is Qiu. The son of a private person, a hundred officials are trying.
Or its wine, not its pulp. The wearer wears a jade pendant, but it does not last long. There are Han people in Weitian, and there is also light in the prison. The Weaver Girl stands on her knees, sleeping seven-fold all day long.
Although Qixiang is not a newspaper. If you look at the cows, you won't put them in the box. There is Qiming in the east and Changgeng in the west. After reaching the end of the sky, he carried out the journey of giving.
There is a dustpan in Weinan, so it cannot be winnowed. There is a bucket in Weibei, so you can't drink wine. There is a dustpan in the south of Weinan, which carries the tongue. There is a fight in the north of the Wei Dynasty, and it is exposed in the west.
?Translation
Although the farmer's round gui is filled with cooked food, there is a curved spoon made of thorn branches inserted in it. The road to Beijing is as flat as a grindstone and as straight as an arrow. The princes and nobles can stroll on it, while the common people can only stare at it with empty eyes. I look back on these things with sadness and indignation, and I can’t help but burst into tears and my clothes get wet.
Far away from Kyoto, the shuttles on the looms of the big and small Eastern countries are already empty. The common people wore kudzu shoes and tied them with thick hemp threads, so they had no choice but to step on the frost with bare feet. On the contrary, those frivolous young men walked on the broad road with swagger. They came and went with such shamelessness that it broke my heart.
The mountain spring is chilly to the bone, so be sure not to soak the freshly cut firewood. I dream worriedly at night and sigh softly when I wake up, secretly pitying myself for the sick and hard-working people I am. After cutting down these long and short pieces of firewood, you can also load them into cars and carry them home. I secretly pity me for being a sick and hard-working person. I deserve a moment of rest to calm myself down. The subjects of the big and small countries in the East are suffering all the time and no one comes to comfort them.
The princes and nobles of the western vassal states are all wearing bright and luxurious clothes. They are the boatmen who make a living by ferrying people. There are five or six people wearing bear fur coats. There are also those children of retainers and subordinates who can fill any official position. Oriental people may think it is fine wine, but western nobles do not think it is sweet syrup. It was an exquisite jade pendant given to the people of the East, but the nobles of the West did not think it was a treasure.
Looking up at the brilliant Milky Way high in the sky, it shines like a bright mirror. I saw the three-legged Vega moving and moving seven times throughout the day and night. Although I was busy moving day and night, I could not weave a beautiful article after all. Look at the bright Altair, it can't pull a carriage like a real ox on earth.
Whether it is the morning star in the eastern sky, the twinkling Chang Geng star in the western sky, or the long and crooked Tianbi star, arranged crookedly next to the Milky Way. Although the Kei star is shining in the southern sky, it cannot be used to win away the chaff. Although the stars in the northern sky are shining brightly, they are not as good as Douzi for drinking wine. Although Ji Xing is shining in the southern sky, it is only speaking long and long. Although the stars in the northern sky are shining brightly, it is like lifting a long handle from the west to scoop up the east.
Notes
雛(méng): food that is full of food.
Gui (guǐ): an ancient food vessel with a round mouth, a circle foot, a lid and a seat, made of bronze or pottery, for use by the ruling class.
駧 (sūn): cooked food, dinner. 捄(qíu): curved and long-looking.
Thorn dagger: a spoon made of jujube wood. Zhou Dao: The main road.
Whetstone: Whetstone, used to describe a smooth road.
Gentleman: A person of the ruling class, as opposed to the "villain" in the following sentence. The villain refers to the people who are ruled.
Juàn (juàn): the same as "juanran", looking back with nostalgia on the appearance.
游(shān): appearance of crying.
Xiaodong and Dadong: During the Western Zhou Dynasty, with Haojing as the center, all the vassal states in the east were collectively called the Eastern Kingdoms, and they were divided into far and near, with the nearby ones being called Xiaodong and the far ones being called Dadong.
Zhuyou (zhùzhóu): 杼, the shuttle of the loom; Pomelo, the same as "axis", the large shaft of the loom; collectively refers to the loom. Tangled: tangled appearance.
Gewei: Ge, Ge grass, stem bark can be used to make Ge cloth; Ge, shoes.
Can: pass "he" (said by Yu Yue).
佻 (tiāo)佻: Yu Yi has a frivolous appearance.
Zhou Xing (háng): Same as "Zhou Dao".
Line, road.
氿 (guǐ) spring: a spring that is blocked and overflows from the side. It is narrow and long.
Salary: chopped firewood. Wang Zongshi's "Classification and Interpretation of the Book of Songs" believes that "huo" is the borrowed word of "洴", that is, elm, such as "Beifeng·Kaifeng", "Binfeng·Dongshan", "Xiaoya·Chejia" in various chapters of "The Book of Songs" Chapter thorn fuel, chestnut fuel, woodcutter fuel.
Qiqi: Worry about appearance.
夤exclamation: sighing due to insomnia.
Fear: Same as "瘘", fatigue and illness.
Occupation: Engage in labor.
Lai: a borrowed word for "勋", meaning to comfort. Or it is a borrowed word for "赉", meaning reward. All are connected.
Westerners: Zhou people.
Boat people: Zheng Jian: "The boat is regarded as the Zhou Dynasty." It is said that they are the people of the Zhou Dynasty, the lowest among the people of the Zhou Dynasty.
Xiongzhi is fur: a leather robe made of bear skin or horse bear skin. According to one theory, Zheng Jian said "Qiu Dangqiu", which means hunting for bear bears. Both theories are valid.
Private: House slave.
Bailiao: Just like Bai Li, Bai Pu.
Milk: rice milk.
Juān: Describes the round (or long) appearance of jade.
Suí: a precious jade worn by nobles. Not to be long: to, because. Long and good.
Zheng Jian: "The wearer wears it proudly and holds his official position, which is not the strength of his talent. It is just a beauty of his hat without his virtue, and it is a pity that he eats plain food.
Han Dynasty : Galaxy.
Jian: Same as "Jian", Zhao.
跂 (qí): Same as "Qi", bifurcated
Weaver Girl: Samsung. The name of the constellation is triangular, located on the north side of the Milky Way.
Qixiang: The ancients moved their positions seven times, and the day divided into twelve hours and seven hours from Mao hour to You hour. Move once every hour.
Zangzhang: reciprocation, refers to the reciprocating weaving of the shuttle thread of the loom; if the warp and weft texture cannot be used, the cloth cannot be woven.
(huǎn): bright appearance.
Altair: the name of the constellation composed of three stars, also known as the River Drum Star, commonly known as Altair, located on the south side of the Milky Way.
Service Box: Driving. Carry. Service, load; box, carriage.
Qiming, Changgeng: Venus (also known as Taibai) is in the east, called Qiming, and in the west, it is called Changgeng. Bi: Bi star, a constellation composed of eight stars, shaped like a rabbit net. The net is small and has a long handle.
Shi: Zhang
Skip: Commonly known as the Dustpan Star, it is a constellation of four stars, shaped like a dustpan, with the mouth of the Dustpan between the two farther stars.
Dou: The Southern Dipper constellation is located in the north of the Dustpan Star.
挹(yì): scoop. Xi: suck the tongue. Ji Xing’s bottom is narrow, as if sucking the tongue inwards. The west handle is in the shape of a bucket with a handle, and the celestial body moves. , its handle is always in the west.
Lift up.
Appreciation
This is a long poem. The whole poem has a tight structure, clear layers, and echoes throughout. From the real world to the illusory starry sky, it unfolds the picture of the suffering of the Oriental people and the poet's passion for worry and struggle. , The meaning is rich and profound.
The first chapter writes about "food". It is associated with the relationship between "gentleman" and "villain". The situation expresses the poet's sadness.
The second chapter writes about "clothes". Yao Jiheng's "The Book of Songs" says: "The pomelo is empty, but this word actually expresses the true meaning." "All the cloth on the loom has been collected, and the common people are wearing broken straw sandals on the frosty ground, while the gentlemen are still squeezing through the thoroughness like sucking blood vessels. This kind of revelation is quite profound.
Chapter 3 Writing about labor. Using firewood as a metaphor, the firewood cannot be soaked in water, which means that the tired and sick people should recuperate and recuperate. Yan Can's "Shiji" explains: "If you get paid for cooking, you must do it and then use it." If it is soaked in a cold spring, it will become damp and rotten and cannot be cultivated; it means that the people should support it and then use it. If it is trapped by a tyrannical government, it will be exhausted and unable to win. ”
The fourth chapter writes about unfair treatment. “The son of an Easterner has no job,” while “the son of a Westerner has nice clothes.” The children of domestic slaves are "all officials". This typical image contrast reflects the unequal socio-economic and political status of the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the conquered Eastern people.
The fifth chapter is. In the transition from before and after the whole poem, the first half continues to write about unfair social phenomena. Zheng Jian said: "It is not the strength of one's talent to wear one's hat and hold it in an official position. They only praise their admiration but have no virtue, and criticize their vegetarian meals. "In the second half, I naturally turned my sight to the sky. Yao Jiheng said in "General Theory of the Book of Songs": "There is Han in the sky, and there is light in the prison. These two sentences do not have to make sense. It was the middle of the night, and I looked up to the sky and sighed. I saw the Milky Way shining with light, and I could express my sorrow by what I saw. "The following two sentences are also inspired by looking up to the sky, "The weaver girl is squatting, and she has seven pillows all day long", which echoes the "pomelo is empty" in the second chapter, and leads to the "unable to report" in the next chapter. This chapter is a transition from the past to the next. Naturally.
In the sixth chapter, the poet is imagining facing the bright starry sky. He blames the Weaver Girl for not being able to weave silk, complains that the morning glory cannot pull the cart for transportation, and laughs at Bi Xing for setting up a net on the road. It's all in vain. The entire moving celestial body cannot solve the hardships of the common people.
The seventh chapter describes the constellations in a deeper way. Wang Xianqian's "Collection of Poems from Three Schools" analyzes: "The next four sentences are the same as the first four. Although the sentence is the same as Ji Dou, it has two meanings. The upper thorns empty the position, and the lower thorns attract the people.
"The dustpan star cannot winnow rice and chaff, and the southern dipper star cannot scoop out wine slurry. They are all in vain. Moreover, the dustpan star opens its mouth wide and spits out its long tongue. The dipper star lifts its handle from the west to the east. As explained in Ouyang Xiu's "Original Meaning of Poetry": "The skippan is not just useless. If the skippan opens its tongue, it will eat something; if the handle is drawn to the west, it will grab something from the east. "Such "resentment to Heaven" is exactly resentment to reality, revealing that the so-called "Heaven" serves the Zhou Dynasty and exploits the ordinary people of the East. This ending deepens the theme.
Symbol, metaphor, and sharp contrast The intertwined use of rich and fantastic imagination is the characteristic of this poem's artistic technique. The "weird fantasy" mentioned in Wu Kaisheng's "Poetic Meanings" refers to the unbridled imagination and strange metaphors to create rich and bizarre images. , flying from the human world to the starry sky, and from the starry sky to the human world, combining the real world and the fantasy world, and integrating realist description and romantic imagination into an organic whole, which is exactly what Wu said is the "precursor of opening poetry". It points out the profound influence of this artistic technique on Qu Yuan's poems
Ying He
Live and work together in the starry sky,
The west is full of resentment and the east is vast, < /p>
There is nothing in the stars,
I only know that the world is extremely panicked.