1. Poetry with poetic eyes is the art of language, and the ancients paid special attention to "refining words" when writing poems. The most vivid word in a poem or a poem is usually a verb or an adjective. For example, the word "seeing" in "leisurely seeing Nanshan" and the word "noisy" in "the branches of red apricots are full of spring" make poetry vivid and full of realm.
2. Imagery poetry is the perfect combination of the objective "image" written by the author and the "emotion" expressed by the author through the scenery and the "ambition" expressed by the author.
Images in ancient poetry are often established and have rules to follow. For example, "plum blossom" is a symbol of noble character; "Moon" represents homesickness; "Hongyan" is a messenger who delivers books and so on. Sometimes poets also create a group of images, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, which creates 11 images, and uses the central image of "heartbroken man" to express Qiu Si who is homesick for the future.
3. Artistic conception is a harmonious and broad picture of nature and life in literary works, which is permeated with the author's implicit and rich feelings and forms an artistic realm that can induce readers' imagination and thinking. Excellent ancient poems have created artistic conception with broad artistic space. The relationship between poetic artistic conception (scene) is often more about feeling in the scene, touching the scene and blending the scene. The artistic conception features are: generous, solemn and stirring, vigorous and vigorous, calm and natural, vigorous and spectacular, tragic and desolate, lonely and cold, and so on. It can be seen that by grasping these key points, we can cross the language barrier, quickly touch the poet's spiritual world, enter the artistic realm of poetry, and solve the questions.
Second, master the basic knowledge of ancient poetry
Poetry can be divided into ancient poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry").
ancient poetry: it includes all the poems except Chu Ci before the appearance of modern poetry, and all the poems except modern poetry after the appearance of modern poetry. "Song, line and intonation" are respectively a genre of classical poetry. Such as Cen Can's a Song of White Snow in Farewell to Field-Clerk Wu Going Home, Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel and Li Bai's tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream.
modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains. There are five laws (five characters) and seven laws (seven characters) in each poem. First couplet (one or two sentences), parallel couplet (three or four sentences), neck couplet (five or six sentences) and tail couplet (seven or eight sentences), parallel couplet and neck couplet must be antithetical. There are five quatrains (five characters) and seven quatrains (seven characters) in each quatrains, and the two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme. The first sentence can be put on or off, and it is generally flat and rhymed to the end.
Ci: It is a new style of poetry that came into being in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, became popular in the middle Tang Dynasty, developed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and achieved success in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (sentences vary in number of words and length)
and poem remainder (developed from poetry). According to the length of words, words are divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), middle tone (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words and more than three gaps). Words have epigrams, which strictly define the rhythm and rhyme of each word.
Qu: that is, Sanqu, which is divided into "Xiao Ling" and "number of sets". It is a new poetic style gradually formed during the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci is that Qu can add interlining to the specified number of words, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
The test range of knowledge about poetry is very wide. The Shanghai volumes in 1993, 1996, 2 and 24 all tested the candidates from the aspects of poetry genre, rhyme and antithesis. To master the knowledge of the poem
, we should not only remember it, but also use it. The sorting problem of Shanghai volume in 1997 is an example.
Third, grasp different themes of poetry
According to the different themes of poetry, ancient poetry can be divided into scenery-writing (lyrical) poems, chronicle (nostalgic) poems, historical (nostalgic) poems, pastoral (landscape) poems, frontier fortress (battle) poems and so on.
writing landscape poems: students have been exposed to them in senior high school, so it is needless to say.
Poems about nostalgia: works that narrate and express feelings, such as personal feelings of farewell, nostalgia, sadness, and feeling of time, through the narration of specific events. Such as Wang Bo's farewell to vice-prefect du setting out for his official post in shu and Du Fu's Chunwang.
Poem-chanting: The poet's chanting of a historical event or historical figure has generally integrated into the poet's unique knowledge, which is based on history, chanting people with history, managing history with history, and expressing the present with history. For example, Tao Yuanming, Liu Yuxi and Du Mu are all authors of poems.
Poems about things: The main feature is to express one's ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony embodies wealth, and Yang Hua has the meaning of falling, etc. Different images have different connotations.
pastoral poetry: writing pastoral life and landscape, Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties is the originator of landscape poetry. The pastoral school of landscape poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian.
frontier poems: describing frontier life and ethnic contradictions, and a series of things related to frontier fortress were formed in the prosperous Tang dynasty, with the highest achievements being Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan.
Fourth, distinguish various styles and schools
"Style" refers to the creative characteristics formed by poets in choosing themes, shaping images and using language. For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are painted, Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated.
genre mainly refers to the genre of poetry and the genre of words.
1. Poetry genre: realism and romanticism
Realism advocates observing real life objectively, describing reality accurately and delicately, and truly expressing typical characters in typical environments. Source: The Book of Songs; Representative writers: Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Lu You.
Romanticism: Good at expressing the passionate pursuit of ideals, and creating images with passionate language, strange imagination, exaggeration and fairy tales. Source: Chu Ci; Representative writers: Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Gong Zizhen, etc.
2. The genre of ci: bold school, graceful school, bold school: magnificent, high style, bold artistic conception and emotional agitation. Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Graceful and restrained school: soft style, delicate feelings, euphemistic lingering, and profound charm. Representative figures: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
5. Pay attention to analyzing various expression skills
◆ For example, refining words, sentences and ideas.
◆ The combination of reality and reality in material selection (real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, that is, the scene in front of me and the considerable scenery; Virtual scene is the scenery created by the poet through feeling, association or imagination, that is, the scene in the heart and the scene that can be imagined. The combination of reality and reality is often the basic method of artistic conception of ancient poetry.
◆ Contrast in material selection: Contrast in the expression skills of ancient poetry is an expression skill relative to "positive contrast". In order to make the description of something clearer and more prominent in the works, the opposite and opposite things are used to complement each other. It is different from "contrast", the relationship between the two things in contrast is juxtaposed, and the result is to highlight the two sides; Contrast, however, can clearly distinguish the things that are set off from the things that are set off, and highlight the one that is set off.
the combination of dynamic and static in content: sometimes it can be understood as "moving against static" and "moving against static".
◆ foreshadowing and care in structure: the author's suggestion in the reader's casual place makes the poem structure rigorous, echoing from beginning to end, and echoing the title.
◆ Contrast in structure: Contrast refers to a method of juxtaposing two contradictory things or two contradictory aspects of the same thing in a work. This method is suitable for highlighting the image characteristics and revealing the image meaning, and it is also easy to produce sharp and profound effects on the expression of the theme.
◆ Questions and suspense about structure.
◆ In terms of implication, we can express our feelings by borrowing scenery, express our aspirations by relying on things, satirize the present by borrowing the past, express our feelings by borrowing the past, and express our intention by implication, and so on.
in more cases, the artistic techniques of ancient poetry are not all single, but often used in a comprehensive and complicated way. When appreciating, we should pay attention to analyzing the artistic characteristics in the specific context and the overall poetic context, and don't simply fall into the strange circle of terms and concepts. Sometimes, we should make a correct judgment from the prescribed angle according to different questions and different requirements.
Sixth, pay attention to taste various language styles
In ancient poetry, the examination of words and expressions is often explained from literal to connotation, so it is very important to understand various language styles. The language styles of ancient poetry are generally solemn, serious, humorous and witty; Image, vividness and simplicity; Concise and meticulous; Implicit and clear; Sharp and peaceful; Delicate, euphemistic, generous and warm. The level of language perception largely determines the level of poetry appreciation.
◆ Taste words and sentences in the artistic conception: Words and sentences in poetry are in a unified artistic conception, and only by analyzing them in the poetic conception can we get a correct understanding. If we pay attention to the overall artistic conception of remembering my brothers on a moonlight night, we can correctly understand "how much brighter the moonlight is at home!"-the moon in my hometown is brighter because I miss my hometown.
◆ We should grasp the special grammatical phenomenon: in order to conform to the rules of poetry, there are often variant sentences. Such as "bamboos whisper of washer-girls bound home, lotus-leaves yield before a fisher-boat". Attention should also be paid to the flexible use of parts of speech in poetry, such as "green" in "Spring Breeze is Green in Jiang Nanan" and so on.
Seven, pay attention to distinguish various rhetorical devices
In ancient poetry, the author often uses various rhetorical devices to enrich the image.
metaphor: the most commonly used skill. You can also use different metaphors to write the same thing. For example, Li Yu's "Like a spring water flowing eastward" wrote "Like spring water" and "There are many worries, and the source is endless".
◆ Synaesthesia: communicate vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, such as Lin Bu's "Dark fragrance floating in the dusk of the moon", and write the smell "fragrance" with visual "darkness" to highlight the characteristics of plum fragrance.
◆ metonymy: for example, use "sail" instead of "boat" and "Zhumen" instead of "home of the rich and powerful".
◆ Intertextuality: In coherent discourse, words that should be included together are arranged in the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs of a sentence, which saves words and expresses meanings. For example, Bai Juyi's "I, the host, had dismounted, my guest had boarded his boat" actually said: "The master dismounted from the boat and the guest dismounted from the boat".
◆ Ask questions: For example, Li Yu's "How many worries can you have? It's like a river flowing eastward".
◆ Exaggeration: For example, Xin Qiji's "Thousands of trees are blooming in the easterly night, and the stars are raining".
The rhetoric commonly used in ancient poetry includes personification, rhetorical question and repetition, which all require our attention.
Eight, pay attention to the topic of poetry
The topic of poetry is very important, which can often reveal important clues. For example, in the 2 Shanghai volume, the test question was "making an appointment", and the author made an appointment, but the other party didn't come. In the environment, it was raining everywhere, so why didn't you come? It highlights the author's anxiety about waiting.
9. Pay attention to the fact that the examination questions imply that
after the appreciation of ancient poems, there are often some notes, and the existing contents in the form-filling questions are actually examples. For example, in the autumn exam in 2, fill in the blanks before or after. Among the 18 questions in the spring exam in 21, the hint of "An Shi Rebellion" gave humanistic care to the candidates' answers. Paying attention to these aspects is beneficial to solving problems.
X. Pay attention to using association and imagination
Poetry appreciation is a kind of re-creation. The main way of re-creation is association and imagination. For example, in Rain and Sunny by Wang Jia, the author did not describe the scenery of the yard next door, but wrote the real scene of "bees and butterflies rushing over the wall". If candidates cling to this poem closely, they will think of the beautiful spring scenery next door through the fog of meaning, so that even passers-by will stop and wait and see, let alone bees and butterflies that like flowers!