First, farewell images (or expressing reluctant feelings, or describing thoughts after parting)
1. Willow. It originated from The Book of Songs Xiaoya Cai Wei, "I was absent in the past, Liu Yiyi; Today I think about it, it's raining ",and the reluctant state of willow trees and the reluctant feeling of farewell are combined." "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic. When the ancients bid farewell, they often expressed their deep feelings of parting by folding willows, so that many literati used this to express their resentment and nostalgia. For example, in Liu Yong's "Yu Lin Ling", "Where to wake up tonight? "Yang Liuan", "The Twilight of the Morning Wind" and so on.
2. Pavilion. In ancient times, there were pavilions along the road for travelers to stop to rest or see off. For example, Yu Xin, a writer in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, wrote "Mourning for the South of the Yangtze River": "Ten miles and five miles, roadside pavilions. It's called ten miles and one long pavilion, and five miles and one short pavilion. " "Long Pavilion" has become an image with feelings of parting, which constantly appears in ancient farewell poems. For example, in Liu Yong's Yulin Order, "It's cold and sad, and the pavilion is too late".
3. Nanpu. Nanpu often appears in the farewell poems of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and becomes a common image in the farewell poems, which has a lot to do with the famous sentence "Go east to exchange children and send beautiful women to Nanpu" in Qu Yuan's Nine Songs Hebo. Jiang Yan, a writer in the Southern Dynasties, wrote about Beppu ("Spring grass is green and spring water is surging. It hurts to send you to Nanpu!" After that, Nanpu obviously added farewell poems; Farewell poems in the Tang and Song Dynasties are more common, such as "Nanpu is sad and the west wind is curling in autumn" in Bai Juyi's Nanpu Bie in the Tang Dynasty.
4. wine. Yang Zai, the Yuan Song, said, "Anyone who gives people more wine to show their feelings and writes about the scenery to cheer them up is grateful." Wine can not only relieve depression, but also contain deep blessings. There are countless poems that associate wine with parting. For example, Wang Wei's "Wei Cheng Qu" advises you to drink more and leave Yangguan for no reason, and Bai Juyi's "Drinking without joy, leaving without joy, being broad and bright" all use wine to express your feelings of parting.
Second, homesickness (or expressing homesickness or caring for relatives)
1. Moon. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poems is synonymous with homesickness. For example, Li Bai's "Thinking about a Quiet Night": "The foot of the bed is bright, is there frost? . Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home. " Especially Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon? : "I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery for thousands of miles." Starting from good wishes, write brotherhood. The artistic conception is open-minded, cheerful and meaningful, and you can experience the unfathomable and wonderful natural realm.
2. Hongyan: Hongyan is a large migratory bird. Every autumn, it struggles to fly back to its lair, which often causes homesickness and sadness of wanderers, so poets often use geese to express their feelings. For example, in Li Qingzhao's "A Piece of Plum", "The word geese return, and the moon is full of the West Building". In the West Chamber at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Cui Yingying Changting sang "Blue sky and yellow land, tight west wind, flying north and south". Who is drunk in Xiao Lai's frost forest? Always leaving people crying ",the scene is born together, and its feelings are unbearable, and it has become a swan song. "
3. Braised bass. Canon "Hanshu Zhangzhuan". According to legend, Hans Zhang of the Jin Dynasty was an official in Luoyang. Seeing the autumn wind, I thought of the delicious "Cuojiang Ji" in my hometown, so I resolutely abandoned my official position and returned to my hometown. Since then, the idiom "thinking in a pinch" has been used to express homesickness. Later, literati used "Chuigeng Road" and "Chuilu Qiu Si" to refer to homesickness. For example, Mr. Ma Xingye, the former president of the Kuomintang Central Daily, once wrote a poem entitled "Thanks to Mr. Nan for his delicious food": "Thanks to Ganji, the land tastes long and Yanshan Ouhai is original. I feel a little tears in front of my eyes. I want to try raw fish. " How many people shed tears of homesickness and affection.
4. Double carp. Carp refers to letters. This allusion comes from Han Yuefu's poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave": "The guest came from afar and left me two carp. Hu Er cooks carp with books in it. " In ancient times, people used carp-shaped letters to collect books and letters, so many literati also used carp instead of letters in their poems. For example, Yan, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Butterfly Loves Flowers": "Butterfly flies, there is nowhere to ask, and the tall buildings are separated by water, and the Pisces are broken." A Qing poet Song Wan met Zhou Huacen: "Long-lost Iraqis, make a pair of carp."
In addition, there are behavioral images such as "smashing clothes", which also express concern for relatives. The state of dressing under the moon and the sound of the wind sending the anvil not only remind women of their own pain, but also easily touch the feelings of wanderers, so the image of dressing is also one of the traditional homesickness images. For example, in the third paragraph of Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge in the Tang Dynasty, "A bright moon hangs high in the capital, and ten thousand hammers wash it. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! ? "
Third, the image of sadness (or expressing sadness, or rendering a bleak and sad atmosphere)
1. Indus River. In China's classical poetry, it is a symbol of desolation and sadness. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Slow Sound" in the Song Dynasty: "The phoenix tree is raining and dripping at dusk." Xu Zaisi, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Double Water Diversion and Rain Fairy at Night": "A sound of Ye Qiu, a little banana and a little sorrow, dreaming of the third night." They all write their own joys and sorrows with the falling leaves of plane trees.
2. bananas. In poetry, it is often associated with loneliness and sadness, especially parting. There is Li Qingzhao's ugly slave adding words in the Song Dynasty: "Who fills the atrium with banana trees in front of the window?" Yin is full of heart and leaves are full of love. " Pour out sadness and melancholy.
3. running water. In China's ancient poems, water is connected with continuous sadness, conveying the sadness and sadness that life is short and fate is impermanent. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote "Xuanzhou Xie ■ Loubie School Book": "The water is still flowing. Although it is cut with a knife, it is even more worrying to raise a glass. Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat. " Liu Yuxi's "Zhi Zhu Ci": "Peach blossoms are everywhere, and the spring water in Shu hits the mountain stream. Bonuses are easy to decline like Lang Yi, and the water is endless. " Li Yu's "Waves on the Sand": "The flowing water is out of spring, and it is heaven and earth." Li Yu's Yu Meiren: "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward." Ouyang Xiu's Walking on the Beach in the Song Dynasty: "Sadness is getting farther and farther, as far as spring water." Qin Guan's "Jiangchengzi": "Even the riverside is full of tears, and it is endless."
4. apes. Ancient poems often express a sad mood with the help of the cries of apes. For example, Li Daoyuan, a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, said in his book Notes on Water Classics and Rivers: "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the apes crow three times and touch the clothes." In Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "The sky is full of wind, the apes are singing and the birds are singing, and the blue lake and white sand are returning." Zhao Wei's Yi Yangshan: "It's a pity to go home in the poor season, and the flowers will fall and the apes will cry for another year."
5. Cuckoo In ancient mythology, Wang Di, the monarch of Shu in the late Zhou Dynasty, was forced to give way to his courtiers and live in seclusion in the mountains. After his death, his soul became a cuckoo, crying in late spring. As for the blood in his mouth, his voice is sad and touching. So the cuckoo in ancient poetry became a symbol of desolation and sadness. Li Bai's "Difficult Road to Shu" in the Tang Dynasty: "When I hear about it, I am worried about the empty mountain." Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "And what are you listening to here? ? The cuckoo bleeds, the ape whimpers. " Song Qin Guan's "Walking on the Sand": "It's like a lonely pavilion in spring, and the cuckoo is sunset." And so on, all express their sadness, desolation or homesickness with the cuckoo's whine.
In addition, the sunset (sunset, sunset glow) also conveys the feeling of desolation, loss and gloom. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin's "Happy Garden Scenery": "to see the sun, for all his glory was buried in the coming night." Wang Wei's "Make it Fort": "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia by Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty: "Sail to the setting sun, accompanied by the west wind and the wine flag."
Fourth, express that kind of image (or express the noble quality of the object, or express feelings)
1. Chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum has always been favored by literati. Some people praise its strong character, while others appreciate its lofty temperament. Qu Yuan's Lisao: "Drinking Mulan Dew in the morning and eating Qiuju in the evening are not beautiful." The poet endowed his extraordinary quality of jade, purity and ice with drinking dew and eating flowers. Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote many poems about chrysanthemums, which naturally linked the elegant and indifferent image of chrysanthemums with his own interests in different customs, such as "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely". In Zheng Sixiao's "Cold Chrysanthemum", the poet of the Song Dynasty "would rather hold the fragrance of the branches and die than fall into the north wind", and in Fan Chengda's "Two Chrysanthemums after Chongyang", the poet of the Song Dynasty "shows the poet's spiritual quality with chrysanthemums in his poems, such as" Lonely East Fen wet dew, shining with gold and silver before, shining with sand after ". There is a phrase in Mao Zedong's "Picking Mulberry Seeds for Double Ninth Festival", which puts chrysanthemums in a war environment. The word "extraordinarily fragrant" highlights Mao Zedong's revolutionary optimism.
2. Plum blossoms. Plum blossoms are the first to bloom in the cold, and then they lead to the fragrance of blooming flowers. Therefore, plum blossom is proud of snow, strong and unyielding, and has always been respected and praised by poets. "Plum Blossom" by Chen Liang, a poet in the Song Dynasty: "A flower changes suddenly first, and ten thousand flowers are fragrant later." The poet grasped the feature that plum blossoms are the first to bloom, and wrote the quality of being the first in the world and not afraid of setbacks. This is not only Yongmei, but also praising himself. Wang Anshi's plum blossom: "It's not snow when you know it from afar, because it has a delicate fragrance." The poem not only describes the reasons why plum blossoms are scattered by the wind, but also implicitly shows the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, which has received the artistic effect of good fragrance and lewdness. Lu You's famous sentence "Yongmei": "Scattered into mud, crushed into dust, only fragrance remains." Plum blossom is used to describe a person's unfortunate experience of being destroyed and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow. "Mo Mei" by Wang Mian in Yuan Dynasty: "Don't boast of its lewdness, just leave the air fresh and dry." It is also a simple but meaningful way to write down the qualities that you don't want to go with the flow.
3. Pine and cypress. "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress will decline." The author praises the unyielding personality of pine and cypress by praising their cold tolerance, which is vivid in image and lofty in artistic conception, and has inspired the literati of later generations to be endless in poetry and painting. Serina Liu in the Three Kingdoms gave his younger brother: "Don't suffer from cold, pine and cypress are sexual." The poet used this sentence to encourage his cousin to be as loyal as a pine and cypress, and to maintain a noble quality under any circumstances. Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, gave books to serve Huang Shang: "May you be a senior, not a peach." Wei always flatters powerful people, and Li Bai writes poems to persuade him to be an upright person. Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "I'm going to Ruzhou and I'm leaving Li Xianggong" that "the wealth of later generations has faded, and the cold pines and cypresses are still there", which also symbolizes the aloof and strong character.
4. bamboo. Slim and graceful, tall and straight, Bai Juyi won the love and praise of ancient and modern poets for his character of "frost and snow but not withering, evergreen all the year round" in Bamboo Cultivation. He used bamboo to describe life and virtue to cultivate himself: "Bamboo is like a saint, so why not?" Bamboo is solid, solid with tree virtue, and when a gentleman sees it, he thinks good and makes it. Bamboo is straight, standing straight; A gentleman sees his nature and thinks of it. Bamboo heart is empty, empty as a shell; A gentleman sees the heart and thinks empty. Bamboo knot, chastity, perseverance; When a gentleman sees his festival, he struggles for fame and fortune, which is consistent with danger. If the husband is like this, there are many real gentlemen. " Zhang Jiuling's poem "Zhuzhifu Huangmen Lushi" simply praises: "People with lofty ideals value each other and are known to the world with humility." Su Shi's "Imperial Monk Land" has a famous chant for bamboo: "Eating without meat is better than living without bamboo. No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. People are thin and fat, but ordinary people are incurable. " Regard bamboo as the highest symbol of celebrity style. Zheng Banqiao sang and painted bamboo all his life, leaving many beautiful sentences about bamboo, such as: "Insist that the green hills are not relaxed, but the roots are broken rocks. A thousand blows are still strong, and the wind is east, west, north and south. " Praise the indomitable character and indomitable nature of bamboo standing in the rocks.
5. Xiaomi is gone. "Su Li" is often used to express regret and sadness about the rise and fall of the country in the past. Canon out of the book of songs, Feng Wang, millet from. According to legend, after Zhou Pingwang moved eastward, Dr. Zhou passed by the ancient capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, lamenting that the ancestral temple was destroyed and the millet was covered, so he wrote the poem "Millet Parting" to express his grief. Later generations took the thought of "Su Li" as the worry of national subjugation, like the ups and downs of the past. For example, there is a sentence in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "I feel sorry for the past and the present, because I am conscious. The old man in Yan Qian thinks there is a kind of "separation" sadness. "
6. Snow, ice and vegetation. In ancient poetry, the crystal of ice and snow is often used to describe the loyalty of the soul and the nobility of character; Use the prosperity of vegetation to set off desolation and express ups and downs. For example, Wang Changling's "Parting Xin Qiji at Furong Inn": "If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, there is a piece of ice in the jade pot." "Bing Xin is in the jade pot" is a metaphor for a person's aboveboard mind. Another example is the famous sentence in Zhang Xiaoxiang's Nian Nujiao: "I should miss the years of mountains and seas. I am alone, and my liver and lungs are all ice and snow." Show your honesty and openness. There are more examples of vegetation, such as "Yangzhou Slow" by Jiang Kui: "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat will be green." The spring breeze is ten miles, and Yangzhou Road, which is very prosperous, is now full of green oats and desolate. Du Fu's Book of Letters: "The grass in front of the door is like spring, and the birds are singing happily under the leaves." A generation of sages and their achievements have disappeared. Now, only the grass on the green stone steps produces spring scenery every year. The oriole uttered this beautiful cry in vain, and the poet lamented the emptiness of the past and deeply regretted it.
5. Love image (used to express love and lovesickness)
1. Red beans. Legend has it that in ancient times, a woman died because her husband died in the frontier and cried under a tree, and became a red bean, so red bean is also called "acacia", which is often used to symbolize love or acacia. For example, Wang Wei's poem "Acacia": "When those red berries come in spring, they flush on your southern branches. For me, take a hug home as a symbol of our love. " The poet expressed his affection for his friends through red beans born in the south.
2. Lotus. It is the same as "pity", so there are many poems about lotus flowers in ancient poetry to express love. For example, the Southern Dynasty Yuefu's "Xizhou Qu" said: "Lotus is picked in autumn in Nantang, and the lotus is over the head. Bow your head to get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. " Using homophonic pun rhetoric, it expresses a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love.