The currently known positive rhetorical techniques in Chinese language:
1. Metaphor: Metaphor consists of three parts:
1. Ontology 2, Metaphor 3, Metaphoric word
(The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains metaphor and personification does not.)
Function: To express the content vividly and concretely, giving people a clear and profound impression. According to the similarities of things, use concrete, simple and common things to explain profound and unfamiliar things, that is, to explain For example, help people understand deeply.
Three types of metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy
Category characteristics ontology metaphor example sentences
Simile A, image B appears like, like, that little girl Like a flower.
Metaphor A is B, appear, be, appear. The thick and green scenery is simply a painting of green mountains and green water.
Metaphor A on behalf of B does not appear. None appears. Countless arrows shoot up from the ground, and thousands of waterfalls fall from the roof.
2. Analogy:
With the help of rich imagination, write about objects as people, or people as objects, or object A as object B.
Function: It can inspire readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.
Comparisons are divided into personification and objectification
(1) Personification:
Write things as if they were people, giving them human movements, behaviors, thoughts, Feelings, activities, and objects are described using words that describe people.
Function: Write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees, or other inanimate things as if they were human beings, making the specific things personified and the language vivid.
Example:
1. Peach trees, apricot trees, pear trees, you won’t let me, I won’t let you, they are all full of flowers. "Spring" Zhu Ziqing
2. I feel the flowers splashing with tears when I feel the time, and I hate the other birds and are frightened. "Spring Hope" Du Fu
3. The sun blushed. "Spring" Zhu Ziqing
(2) Object imitation:
① Compare people to crops, or write this thing as that thing
Example sentences
p>1. The crowd rushed forward regardless of everything.
2. Amidst the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.
②Write thing A as thing B.
Examples
1. The volcano roared.
2. The moonlight is like flowing water, quietly flowing on this leaf and flower. ("Moonlight over the Lotus Pond" by Zhu Ziqing)
3. Exaggeration:
Deliberately exaggerating or minimizing the nature, characteristics, etc. of something.
Function: Prompt the essence of things, enhance the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause the association effect.
Category characteristics example sentences
Exaggerate and exaggerate the shape, nature, characteristics, function, degree, etc. of things. The asphalt road has been bleached, and even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be bleached.
Minimization and hyperbole reduce the image, nature, characteristics, function, degree, etc. of things, so that only a palm-sized piece of the world can be seen.
Advance hyperbole says that what appears later appears first. Say what comes first comes last. She was drunk before she even had a drink.
4． Paralleling:
Arrange three or more sentences that are similar in structure and length, consistent in tone, related or identical in meaning.
Function: Strengthen the momentum and language atmosphere, strengthen the rhythm of the article, make it better organized, and be more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).
Example: Their character is so pure and noble, their will is so tenacious and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, their mind is so beautiful and broad.
5． Duality:
A pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.
Function: Neat and well-proportioned, strong sense of rhythm, highly summarized, easy to remember, and musically beautiful.
Main methods
6. Repetition:
In order to emphasize a certain meaning or express a certain emotion, intentionally repeat a certain word or sentence.
1. Continuous repetition (no other words in between)
Example: Echo in the valley, he has just left, he has just left.
2. Intermittent repetition (with other words in between)
Example: It seems that if three provinces are lost, the party-state becomes more like a country. If the three eastern provinces are lost, no one will respond, and the party-state will collapse. More like a country.
7. Asking questions:
In order to attract other people's attention, you deliberately ask a question first and then answer it yourself.
Function: attract attention and inspire readers to think; contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; can better describe the characters' ideological activities.
Example: Why are the flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.
8. Rhetorical questions (provocative questions, cross-examination, cross-examination):
Use the form of a question to express a definite meaning, use the form of an affirmative form to express a negative, use a negative form of a rhetorical question to express an affirmation, only ask but not answer, the answer is implicit in the rhetorical question .
Function: Strengthen the tone, make people think, stimulate readers' emotions, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of the article.
Example: As for me, don’t I have something to blame?
9. Quotes:
Quoting ready-made words (idioms, poems, maxims, allusions, etc.) to improve the effect of language expression, divided into two types.
Function: Make the arguments solid and sufficient, enhance the persuasiveness, be inspiring, and make the language concise, implicit and elegant.
Ming citation (direct quotation)
Example: Confucius said: "When three people walk, there must be my teacher." Therefore, the disciple does not have to be like the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple.
Hidden quotation (indirect quotation)
Example: Failure is the mother of success, you must not be discouraged.
10. Metonymy:
Instead of directly saying the person or thing to be expressed, instead borrowing a person or thing closely related to it to replace it
Types of metonymy: characteristic substitute for thing, specific substitute Abstraction, part for the whole, whole for the part.
Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and the language full of variety and humor; attract people's association, make the expression prominent, distinctive, concrete and vivid effect.
Method:
① Replace the part with the whole. That is, the representative part of the thing is used to replace the ontological thing.
For example: The green mountains on both sides of the strait stand out from each other, and the lone sail comes from the sun. ("Looking at Tianmen Mountain")
②Characteristic ontology. That is, using the characteristics and symbols of the borrowed entity (person or thing) to replace the name of the original thing.
For example: Companion turned around angrily, talked in a whisper, and slowly walked out... ("Hometown")
③Concrete represents abstraction
< p> For example: The war in the South has been going on for ten years. ("Meiling Three Chapters")④Tool generation ontology.
For example: By the time the Jingzhe plows the soil, eight out of ten households have already uncovered the bottom of their hoards and cannot open the pot. ("Yu Qian Rice")
⑤The proper name replaces the general name. Replace the name of the ontological thing with the special name of a typical person or thing.
For example: If you kill one Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ("The Last Lecture")
12. Contrast:
Contrast is a figure of speech that puts two different things or two aspects of the same thing together and compares them with each other. .
For example:
Some people are alive, but they are dead; some people are dead, but they are still alive. (Zang Kejia's "Some People")
To use contrast, you must have a deep understanding of the contradictory nature of the things you want to express. The two contrasting things or two aspects of the same thing should have a mutually antagonistic relationship, otherwise they cannot constitute a contrast.
Parallelism, parallelism, personification, exaggeration, rhetorical questions...
13. Association:
Seeing something makes you think of something. , that is, imagination.
For example: The sun has come out, and the ground seems to be on fire.
15. Pun:
Use the polysemy and homonym of words ( (or close in pronunciation) condition, intentionally making the sentence have a double meaning. The word is here and the intention is there, which is a pun.
Puns can make words 17. Intertext
Intertext with modification, also called intertext, is a rhetorical method often used in ancient poetry.
In ancient Chinese, the meaning belonging to one sentence (or phrase) is divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meaning of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary to each other when explaining, which is intertextuality.
The explanation for it in ancient proverbs is: "The reference to each other creates a text, and the meaning is reflected in the text." Specifically, it is in such a form: the upper and lower sentences or the two parts of one sentence, seemingly Each says one thing, but in fact they echo each other, elaborate on each other, and complement each other. They are talking about the same thing. For example:
The bright moon in the Qin Dynasty, the pass in the Han Dynasty
The smoke cage, the cold water, the moon cage and the sand
A general died in a hundred battles, and a strong man returned in ten years
The master disembarked and boarded the boat, drinking wine without orchestra
When reading ancient prose works, it is often easy to ignore some sentences that use intertextual techniques without careful thinking and appreciation. For example:
Don’t be happy with things, don’t be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's "Yueyang Tower") means: "Don't be sad or happy because of the influence of external things, nor be happy or sad because of the good or bad personal situation.
”
Explanation methods
Common explanation methods
Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying categories, listing data, making comparisons, drawing charts, and defining There are 10 types of explanations, descriptions, descriptions, and information. The best methods to write explanatory texts are explained below. Examples. Give practical examples to illustrate things and make the things to be explained concrete so that readers can understand. This method of explanation is called the example method:
Most people always think that the older they are, the better their memory. It must be poor, but it is not. Please look at the experimental results: The International Linguistic Association once compared the learning of Esperanto between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 years old, and found that the memory of the former is not as good as that of the latter. This is because. Adults have relatively rich knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive connections based on existing knowledge. This kind of connection is called "association" in psychology. Human memory is based on association, and the richer the knowledge and experience. , the easier it is to establish associations, the more memory will be improved accordingly. Marx began to learn Russian when he was in his fifties. Six months later, he was able to read the original works of famous poets and writers such as Pushkin, Gogol and Shchedlin with relish. This is because you have rich language knowledge and can understand many modern and ancient languages.
What this article wants to illustrate is that older people do not necessarily have poor memory. The author first provided the experimental results and then analyzed the reasons. So far, it was okay, but it was not specific enough and unconvincing. So he gave another example: when Marx was in his fifties, he only used six. In this way, the content will be more specific and the persuasiveness will be enhanced.
The explanation method of examples in the explanatory text and the illustration method in the argumentative essay can make the content concrete and persuasive. Strengthen the role of persuasion. But there is a difference between the two. The examples in the argumentative essay are used to prove the point, and the examples in the expository essay are used to explain the knowledge through examples. When it comes to things or events, one should pay attention to the representativeness of the examples, and the other should pay attention to the appropriateness of the examples.
(2) Divide the objects being explained into different categories according to certain standards. This method of explanation is called classification.
Category is an important way to explain complex things clearly.
When using the classification method, you should pay attention to classification. Only one standard can be used for one classification to avoid overlapping. For example: “The library’s collections include Chinese, classical, foreign, scientific and technological, literary, modern and political and economic books. . "More than one standard is used here, so the expression is unclear. The correct statement should be:
The library's collections are divided by country, including Chinese and foreign; divided by era, there are classical , modern; divided by nature, there are science and technology, literature, political and economic aspects, etc.
In this way, only one criterion is used for each classification, and it will be clear.
The characteristics and essence of some things need to be divided into several points or aspects, and they also belong to categories.
Note that when using the classification method, no categories can be omitted.
< p>(3) Column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, the method of column data can also be used to facilitate readers' understanding. It should be noted that the numbers quoted must be accurate, and inaccurate numbers must not be used. , even the estimated figures must have a reliable basis and strive to be approximate.(4) To explain some abstract or unfamiliar things, you can use concrete or everyone. Comparing things that are already familiar with it allows readers to get a specific and distinct impression through comparison.
When making comparisons, it can also be compared with similar things. It can be a "horizontal comparison" of things, or a "vertical comparison" of things.
(5) Draw charts to explain complex things clearly. Use this method to make up for the shortcomings of using words alone and explain some things more directly and concretely.
(6) Define the essential characteristics of a certain concept in concise language. It is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a commonly used method in scientific and technological explanatory texts.
When defining, you can consider the characteristics from different angles according to the purpose of explanation. , such as the definition of "people"; some focus on the function, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definitions of "overall methods" and "applied science"
①Humans are advanced animals that can make tools and use tools for work.
②Fertilizer is a substance that can supply nutrients to make plants grow.
③It is an overall method. A mathematical method for arranging work processes.
④The science of engineering technology is called applied science. It is the science of applying basic theories of natural science to solve problems that arise in production practice.
No matter what angle you consider it, no matter what method you use, as long as you define it, you must reveal the essence of things. Only such a definition is scientific. For example, some people say: "Humans are bipedal upright animals." This definition is unscientific because it fails to reveal the essence of things. "Humans are advanced animals that can make tools and use tools for labor." This is the definition of science, because it reveals the essence of human beings.
(7) for interpretation. To explain a certain characteristic of something from one aspect is called interpretation.
Definitions and interpretations often use the language form of "what is so-and-so". The forms are the same, how to distinguish them? Generally speaking, if the words on both sides of the word "是" are interchangeable, it is a definition; if they are not interchangeable, it is an interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Humans are advanced animals that can make tools and use tools for labor" is changed to "The advanced animals that can make tools and use tools for labor are humans", and the meaning remains unchanged. "Snow is a kind of solid precipitation formed in clouds" would not work if it were changed to "Snow is a kind of solid precipitation formed in clouds". It can be distinguished from this that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
(8) Use an analogy. An explanation method that uses the similarities between two different things to highlight the characteristics and characteristics of the things and enhance the image and vividness of the explanation is called metaphor.
The method of explanation in the expository text is consistent with the metaphor in figures of speech. The difference is that figurative rhetoric includes similes, metaphors, and metonymy, while explanations mostly use similes and metaphors, and metonymy should not be used.
(9) Copy the appearance. In order to make the object being explained more vivid and concrete, description can be used. This method of description is called description.
(10) Citing information. In order to make the description more substantial and specific, you can quote information. The scope of cited materials is very wide, including classic works, famous quotes, formulas and laws, allusions and proverbs, etc.
An explanatory text rarely uses one explanation method, but often uses a combination of multiple explanation methods. The method of explanation adopted must, on the one hand, comply with the needs of the content, and on the other hand, the author has the freedom to choose. Whether to use one explanation method or multiple explanation methods, whether to use this explanation method or that explanation method, can be flexible and is not set in stone.