Liu Kun is fearless in times of crisis.
There is a well-known idiom in China, which is called "smell the chicken and dance". According to legend, Zu Ti, a native of Fanyang in the late Western Jin Dynasty, had great ambitions when he was young, and he was the master book of Sizhou with Liu Kun. When I was sleeping in the same dormitory with Liu Kun, I heard a cock crow in the middle of the night. He kicked Liu Kun and said, "This is not a bad omen." So I got up and danced with my sword.
Because of this idiom, Zu Ti became a well-known man with lofty ideals, while Liu Kun, who was kicked out, was often ignored. In fact, this is also a great number.
Liu Kun (270 ~ 365438+June 22, 2008) was born in Zhongshan Weichang (now Wuji County, Hebei Province). Politicians, militarists, writers and musicians in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Liu Kun is a descendant of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing in the Western Han Dynasty (like Liu Bei's ancestors, but his family is richer than Liu Bei, so he doesn't have to sell straw sandals). Grandfather Liu Mai, a former minister of Cao Wei, joined the army and rode as a constant attendant. Father Liu Fan, an official of Dr. Guanglu. He is the son of an official family.
Liu Kun is good at writing poems and has been writing poems for a long time. He was a member of the famous literary circle "Twenty-four Friends of Jingu" at that time, but the reputation of this literary group was not good. At that time, people gave it an evaluation of being attached to powerful people.
In the fifth year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty (295), Liu Kun became a captain at the age of 26. Later, he was transferred by Sima Tai, the king of Gaomi, and moved to Zuo Lang and Shang Shulang, doctors of imperial academy.
Interestingly, in the later Eight Kings Rebellion (which took place in the Western Jin Dynasty in China, and was one of the most serious royal civil strife in China's history, with a long time, wide coverage and heavy casualties), many people fell, including some people in Twenty-four Friends of the Golden Valley, such as Pan Yue and Shi Chong, but Liu Kun was safe and sound, and rose all the way. ?
In the first year of Yongkang (300 years), Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, came to power, and Liu Kun was the treasurer. He was appointed as a corps commander. In the first year of Yongning (30 1), Sima Lun proclaimed himself emperor, and Liu Kun was the crown prince, assisting Sima Qian. King Sima Tang of Qi, King Sima Ying of Chengdu, King Sima Yu of Hejian and other kings * * * crusaded against Sima Lun, and Liu Kun was appointed as the champion general and fake festival by Sima Lun. Together with Sun, they led 30,000 troops to resist Sima Ying. The result was a big defeat in Huangqiao.
With Sima Tong's assistance, Liu Kun was appointed as Zuo Cheng, the Shangshu, and Zuo Changshi, the Stuart, because of his prominent family background. In 302 (the first year of Taian), Sima Yi was defeated. Sima Yi, King of Fan Yang, kept Xuchang and recommended Liu Kun as Sima.
In the first year of Yongxing (304), Emperor Jinhui was forced to move to Chang 'an by Zhang Fang. In the second year, Liu Qiao attacked Sima Yi, but Liu Kun failed to rescue her, and both her parents were captured. In the first year of Guangxi (306), Liu Kun got 800 cavalry from Wang Jun, the secretariat of Youzhou, defeated Dongping Mao and Liu Qiao, rescued his parents, beheaded General Sima Ying and took over Lu Lang, the commander-in-chief of Xingyang. In the same year, Sima Yue rescued Emperor Jinhui from Luoyang, and Liu Kun was named Guangwuhou, with 2,000 households in the city.
In September of the first year of Guangxi (306), in order to expand its power, Sima Yue appointed Liu Kun as the secretariat of Bing, General Jia and Xiongnu Commander. 36-year-old Liu Kun set out from Guangmo Gate in Luoyang and came to the icy land of Bingzhou in the north, where he started his bleak business for thirteen years. He recruited more than 1000 foot soldiers and marched forward while fighting.
In the spring of the first year of Yongjia (307), Liu Kun arrived in Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi). At that time, in Jinyang, the history book said: "The temple was burned, zombies were everywhere, and there were survivors. Hunger has not restored people's color, thorns have become forests, and wolves have filled the roads. " Jinyang City (burned Fu Cha Temple is full of corpses, survivors are pale with disease and hunger, the city is full of thorns, and wolves are fleeing everywhere). Liu Kun led people to remove thorns, bury bones, build houses and repair market prisons.
At that time, thieves from all walks of life took turns to attack, often using the city gate as a battlefield. People plow with shields and bow and arrow. Liu Kun also recruited a large number of scholars to enrich the shogunate, and personally comforted the people who returned to China to defect, thus winning the support and love of the people. He also divided the Xiongnu ministries, broke up their alliance, and more than 10 thousand gangs came to him. Gradually, more and more people went to find Liu Kun, and his elderly parents also went through hardships from Wan Li to find their son in Bing. Within a few years of his arrival, he calmed the refugees, reclaimed the land, recruited foot soldiers, and repaired the city defense, so that Bing could regain its majestic posture as a major town in the north.
It was at this time that the glorious stage of Liu Kun's life began. He created a miracle here, but it was also here that he finally ruined his life. This is the most brilliant stroke in Liu Kun's life history. In the cracks of various forces, he left a base for the northern rulers and gave the people a place to live. From a distance, north of the Yellow River, he is the only one fighting alone. The history book says: Liu Kun served as the secretariat of Bingzhou for less than a year, and the voices of chickens and dogs can be heard among the villages here. In that sentence, "white bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no cock crow in a thousand miles." In the new era, is there anything more worthy of yearning for ordinary people who "would rather be a peaceful dog than a troublemaker"?
In the first year of lite (3 13), Chen Jiwei, Xian Di of Jin, appointed General Liu Kun as commander-in-chief and state army, and added regular attendants and holidays. In the third year of Jianxing (365,438+05), Liu Kun was established as a general, commander-in-chief and reclusive military department by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. Liu Kun resigned from Sikong and accepted the post of governor. Soon, the acting king Tuoba Louis was killed by his son Tuoba Liuxiu, Tuoba Pugen put down the rebellion and died, and Liu Kun's son Liu Zun, who was taken hostage in Tuoba Department, led more than 30,000 people to Liu Kun.
In the fourth year of lite (365,438+06), Schleswig sent troops to attack Bingzhou, but Liu Kun did not listen to dissuasion and was wiped out. He was defeated halfway, lost Bing, went to Youzhou Secretariat, Xianbei Zuo in western Liaoning, and Duan Pi, the general of the fake government army, and became brothers with him.
In the same year, Liu Yao attacked Chang 'an, Di Chin and Chen were captured, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. Liu Kun ordered Wen Qiao, the chief historian, to persuade Si Marui. After Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor, he added Liu Kun as Shi Zhong and Qiu, and the rest of his official titles remained unchanged, and he was given a famous knife.
In the first year of Taixing (3 18), Duan Duan fought in Xianbei, defeated Duan Pihao in the last cup and captured Liu Kun's son Liu Qun. The last cup of quilt was well received, so he wrote a secret letter to Liu Kun, inviting him to attack Duan Pijia. Unexpectedly, the secret letter was intercepted by Duan Pijia. Although Duan Pihao believed in Liu Kun, he eventually imprisoned Liu Kun.
Liu Kun has a reputation. During his detention, many people sighed and worried about him. Bi Lvsong and Liu Kun's subordinate generals, on behalf of the county magistrate, attempted to rebel against Duan Yu and rescue Liu Kun, but the leak failed. Wang Dun, a powerful minister in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, sent someone to tell Duan Pi to kill Liu Kun. On the eighth day of May of the same year, Duan Pizhen claimed to have killed Liu Kun by imperial edict, and four sons and nephews were killed at the same time. Liu Kun was forty-eight years old.
Liu Kun held the enemy's positions around, dealing with barbarians and warlords. Without the aid of the rear and the support of friendly forces, he struggled all by himself until he was finally killed. No matter what kind of person Liu Kun used to be, we should say that he was a fearless fighter to defend the country.
In the third year of Taixing (320), Liu Kun officials such as Lu Chen and Cui Yue went to court to plead for Liu Kun, and Prince Wen Qiao also seconded them. Liu Kun was posthumously awarded the title of Shi Zhong and Qiu by Emperor Jin Yuan.
Liu Kun is actually a controversial figure. Comparatively speaking, the literary circle has a higher evaluation of him than the historical circle. History books told him a different story. "Jin Shu" said: "Kun is less ambitious, good at making friends and netting himself, which is quite exaggerated." He also said: "The more you cross the stone, the braver, the more dangerous, the more loyal, the more rested, the more meritorious, the more rugged and generous you are. See you bully Duan Jia, poor! " Zhu Yue said, "If Liu Kun is arrogant and extravagant, he will be killed by his parents and wife." Lu You wrote in his poem: "I got drunk in the middle of the night, and the western hills shone with firewood. After Liu Kun's death, there are no more strange people, and the lonely chicken is full of tears! "
In fact, people are complex and multifaceted, and the key is to look at the big festival. After crossing the river to the north, Liu Kun was a fearless warrior and a lone hero. In such a difficult situation, surrounded by a strong enemy, he did not choose to escape, did not choose to give up, and stubbornly persisted until he was killed. Because of his unfulfilled ambition, the rulers lost the most tenacious and actually the only resistance force to stick to the north, and most of the north was gradually controlled by the Hu people. Subsequently, the history of China entered an era of "five wild flowers" which lasted for more than 100 years.
Liu Kun Biography of the Book of Jin said: "When Liu Kun went to Jinyang, considering the country's peril and losing face, he also knew that it was difficult for foreigners to convince others with righteousness. He hopes to rely on his sincere heart, in case of luck. Every time he meets his subordinates, he gives generously, and he is sad to the end of the road. He wants to lead his subordinates into the enemy's rear and die together. " Liu Kun went to Jinyang with the spirit of dying for his country. What else can we say?
After being imprisoned by Duan Qirui, Liu Kun knew that he would die, but he remained as calm as ever. He wrote a five-character poem to his bus driver (the official name of Liu Kun): "He has a wall hanging in his hand, which is a Jingshan ball. However, he is too ambitious, and it used to be Wei Bin's fault. How grateful is Deng Sheng? He came all the way for help. Bai Dengxing rebelled and Hong Men was attached to Liu Hou. Zhong Er and Five Sages and Xiaobai shoot hooks. Master Nenglong, ask the party and the enemy! ..... achievements are not built, and the setting sun suddenly flows to the west. Time is not with me, and it seems like Yunfu. ....................................................................................................................................................... ...........................'s poem contains profound ideological content and sustenance, and expresses Liu Kun's resentment that his ambition is hard to pay. He also used the distant historical past as an example, using Chen Ping to save Liu Bang in Deng Bai and Sean to save at the Hongmen Banquet to inspire his subordinate Lu Chen to make a difference. " What do you mean? It became a soft finger. "What's more, he wrote indignantly that he was like a hardened steel, but now he has become a soft thing that can be wrapped around his finger and pushed around. This is a cry that he is very unwilling to fail. However, Lu Chen has never had any extraordinary wisdom and talent. After receiving the poem, he just said in a perfunctory way that the poem shows the emperor's ambition, which is not what ordinary people dare to say.
Liu Kun was good at literary creation and was a famous scholar at that time. His early poems were related to the life at that time, mostly describing feasting, entertainment and comfortable life, with little ideological significance and low value, bearing the imprint of the prevailing poetic style in the poetry circle at that time. In the later period, due to the change of personal experience, the poetic style changed. Poetry mostly describes the frontier life at that time, full of sympathy for the refugees in the war and determination to bravely kill the enemy. The poetry style is magnificent, passionate and tragic.
There are 9 volumes of Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, Liu Kun Ji and Bieji 12. Liu Zhongshan Collection edited by Zhang Yan in Ming Dynasty is included in Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.
Liu Kun's poems handed down from generation to generation include Fufeng Pavilion, The 15th Anniversary of Hu Ji, Answering Lu Chen's Poems, Reproducing Lu Chen and so on.
Fufengge is his masterpiece. This poem is vigorous and sad, and it is a rare masterpiece in the Western Jin Dynasty. This poem describes what the author saw and felt on his way to Bing as Secretary of State, shows his patriotic feelings when he was hurt, and reveals the author's dissatisfaction with state affairs and deep sense of hardship. "The horse, saddle Gao Yuetou. The wind is strong and sad, and the stream flows. Wave your thanks, but you can't speak. The floating clouds knot for me, and the returning birds spin for me. Go home far, know life and death? "The sadness of leaving home, the long journey and the difficulty of the task are all gathered in my heart, and the reason is still confusion and lingering. "Scholar's way is contempt, the master is poor. Just yesterday, Li Qian sent it to the Xiongnu court. Faithful and faithless, Hanwu is ignorant. I want to write this song, sad and long. " These words show the poet's psychological state of masturbation, self-motivation and anxiety. He knew that he had a heavy responsibility to shoulder, but he also knew that the court was troubled and chaotic, and the future was uncertain, so he had to worry about the future. The whole poem is vivid, emotional and meaningful.
Liu Kun is also a musician. He is well versed in melody, and has written five Hu Jia (including Deng Long, Qin Wang, Zhu Yinfeng, Sad Truffle and Sad Moon) to describe the war scene in the north and express homesickness and patriotism. Because he has lived there for a long time, he is familiar with the tunes of northern music. He added the tones of northern nomads to traditional Qin music, which injected fresh content into China's national music.
According to historical records, for a time, Zhao Xiongnu besieged Jinyang, and Liu Kunbing was rare. Facing the siege, he went into the city in the middle of the night to beat Hu Jia (another way of saying it is to command a group of soldiers to fight Hu Jia together). The Huns were homesick and cried when they heard this familiar tune. When the leading general saw that his soldiers had no intention of fighting again, he retreated.
Because of his love of music, Liu Kun used to employ improper people, which brought him great trouble. Xu Run, a native of Henan, is highly valued by Liu Kun because of his familiarity with temperament. Liu Kun liked him very much and named him Jin Yangling. Relying on Liu Kun's arrogance, Xu Run interfered in Liu Kun's politics. General Ling of Wei Fen suggested that Liu Kun get rid of it, but framed him for murder. Hu Sheng, the son of Hu Ling Muding, defected to Liu Cong's men. At the same time that Liu Kun led the troops to war, Liu Cong sent his sons Liu Xie and Hu Ling to sneak into Jinyang, and Gao Qiao, the prefect of Taiyuan, gave up the city and surrendered to Liu Cong, thus killing Liu Kun's parents.
Liu Kun was a man of infinite scenery at that time, and many people wanted to compare with him. It is said that Huan Wen, a famous fu writer at that time, thought he was handsome and heroic, a figure like Liu Kun, but he was not recognized by everyone, so he was very unhappy. Huan Wen returned from the Northern Expedition and brought back an old handmaid. This old maid used to be Liu Kun's maid. As soon as the old maid saw Huan Wen, she said with tears, "You are like Liu (Liu Kun)." Huan listened to the big, hurriedly whole crown, ask where like? The old maid replied: "the face is very similar, I hate being thin;" Eyes are very similar, hate small; Must be very similar, hate red; Appearance is very similar, hate short; The voice is very similar, I hate women. " (meaning: the face is very similar, only a little narrower; Eyes are similar, but a little small; The beard is very similar, but a little red; About the same size, but a little short; When you speak, you sound a little more feminine. ) Huan Wen unbuttoned his hat and belt, and fell asleep glumly, moping for several days. This old maid of Liu Kun's family is really good at talking. Is this positive or negative?
Wen Tianxiang has a poem named Liu Kun, which reads: "The Central Plains fell apart, and Liu Yueshi was magnificent. Even in seclusion, there is only a room with gold. Hua Fu used God's will, and a horse gave birth to a ghost. Public death is immortal, and the world is divided into north and south. " Thinking about Wen Tianxiang's experience, it is easy to feel that his praise for Liu Kun is from the heart.
Zhuang Zai Liu Yueshi, Zhuang Zai Wen Tianxiang!