Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai": the emergence of political lyrical poems, the feeling of depression and broad-mindedness, and the vague and tortuous style. In the late Cao Wei Dynasty, the political situation was chaotic. Emperors such as Cao Fang and Cao Mao were both dissolute and incompetent. Sima Yi and his son took control In the government affairs, Cao Fang was abolished, Cao Mao was killed, and dissidents were massacred. The fate of the literati at this time was very different from that during the Jian'an period. He Yan, Xia Houxuan and others who supported Cao were killed. Ji Kang refused to cooperate with Sima and was brutally killed. Ruan Ji originally had the ambition to help the world, but he was dissatisfied with the rule of the Sima family, so he drank heavily and pretended to be open-minded to escape persecution, and finally died in depression. Shan Tao was originally friends with Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and others. He was also among the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" and later joined the Sima family. Poets in the Zhengshi period had a general sense of crisis and disillusionment as their political ideals declined. The poetry at this time was also very different from the style of Jian'an poetry. There were fewer works reflecting the suffering of the people and expressing heroic aspirations, while there were more poems expressing personal worries and indignation. Therefore, Ruan Ji's poems have "a lot of emotional words" (Zhong Rong's "Poetry") and "Worried about life" (Li Shan's "Selected Works"), Ji Kang's poems also "express much anger" (Volume 8 of Chen Zuoming's "Selected Ancient Poems of Caishutang"). Due to the influence of Zhengshi Xuanfeng, poetry gradually merged with Xuanli, and the poetic style changed from the generous and tragic style of Jian'an to the everlasting purpose and profound sustenance of the poems. Therefore, Zhengshi poetry also reflects its unique artistic style. Yan Yu's "Canglang Poetry Talk·Poetry Style" said: "In terms of time, there is... Zhengshi style." Note: "Wei year names, Ji, Ruan "Poems of the Dukes"
The representative work of Ruan Ji is the eighty-two poems of "Yonghuai". These poems were not written at one time or place, but are records of his political sentiments. These poems express feelings, opinions, and ideals, creating a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of Chinese literature and exerting a significant influence on later generations.
Ruan Ji's "Poetry of Ode to Love" is full of depressed and lonely emotions. His poems may describe the fleeting time and the impermanence of life, such as: "The hanging chariot is in the southwest, and Xihe is about to fall. The stream of light shines all over the world, and it comes suddenly. At dusk, the sun shines on the lake, and Meng Si receives its glory. "The rising sun is no longer strong, and the sky is dark in the west. It's like looking down in the autumn sky." (It's thirty-two) Or write about trees and flowers turning from prosperous to haggard, which is a metaphor for the recurrence of worldly events, such as: "The beautiful trees are covered with peach trees and plums in the east garden. The autumn wind blows the flying hyacinths, and they start to fall apart. The prosperity is haggard, and there are thorns in the hall." (It 3) "The peach and plum blossoms are scorching with brilliance. They are as cheerful as nine springs, and the chimes are folded like autumn frost." (No. 12) "The clear dew becomes frost, and the Chinese grass becomes wormwood." (No. 50) " Not seeing the sunset, flying by the roadside" (Part 53) or describing the helplessness of birds, beasts, insects and fish towards their own fate. Images such as lonely birds, cold birds, lonely birds, and separated beasts often appear in poems, especially in poems. Crickets and crickets that live in spring and die in autumn have become the objects of repeated singing by poets (such as No. 14, No. 24, and No. 71). Or directly lament the various deep traumas and pains in life, such as a young man suddenly becoming an ugly old man (such as No. 4, No. 5, and No. 65), the difficulty of preserving fame and wealth (such as No. 13, No. 53, and No. 59). ), it is unreliable to treat others with female sex (such as his twenty, his twenty-seven, his thirty). Because everything from nature to human affairs is full of suffering, Ruan Ji's depression is difficult to relieve. One of the poems in "Poetry of Ode to Love" says:
I couldn't sleep at night, so I sat up and played the harp. The thin curtain reflects the bright moon, and the breeze blows on my lap. In the outfield of Guhong No., flying birds sing in the northern forest. Wandering, where will I see? Worrying makes me sad.
The last two sentences can be regarded as the entire "Poetry of Praise". Fang Dongshu, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said: "This is the beginning of the eighty-one chapters, but I can't express my feelings in general." (Volume 3 of "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan") Another example is the seventeenth chapter:
Sitting alone in an empty hall, who can rejoice with you? When I went out to Linyong Road, I saw no carriage or horses. Climb high and look at Kyushu, which is divided into wilderness. The lone bird flies northwest, and the separated beast descends southeast. At dusk, I miss my relatives and friends, and I write my words when I meet them.
This poem describes sitting alone with no one, going out with no one, climbing high with no one, all I can see are lonely birds and separated beasts, and the feeling of being homeless and ownerless overflows on the paper. In this situation, the poet further felt that his ambitions and ideals had come to nothing.
In Chapter 19 of "Poetry of Praise of Love", a beautiful woman is used as a metaphor for an ideal. Although the poet is happy but unable to convey it, it expresses the pain of the unrealized ideal. The meaning of his eighty life is also similar, but with an added layer of sadness about the short life. The seventy-nine chapters describe the tragedy of the Phoenix. The Phoenix is ??noble and has great ambitions, but its wings are damaged by the autumn wind and can no longer fly. "But the hatred is out of place, and the hatred makes the heart hurt." This is simply Ruan Ji's own situation. The sadness of passing and the uncertainty of fortune and misfortune can be seen in "Poems of Praise of Love", which reflects his deep and wide-ranging feelings of sorrow and indignation. Words such as sadness, desolation, tears, lamentation, bitterness, wasted time, sadness, resentment, resentment, and mourning are very common in Ruan Ji's poems, which fully reflect his extremely depressed mood.
Faced with a dirty society and a short life, Ruan Ji could not find a real way out, so he had to pretend to be broad-minded. In life, he did many shocking things; in poetry, he also designed for himself This is the spiritual way out, which is to travel to immortality and live in seclusion. There are many chapters in Ruan Ji's "Poetry of Ode to Love" about traveling to immortality and living in seclusion, and some are a combination of immortality and seclusion. In his poems, he often praised Chao You, Yi Qi, Shaoping, Si Hao and other hermits, while satirizing Su Qin, Li Si and others who committed suicide due to their greed for wealth and wealth. Ruan Ji's praising the seclusion of immortals was just a way to relieve his depression. In fact, he had great ambitions to help the world. "Book of Jin" originally said that he had the ambition to help the world. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many things in the world and few celebrities were complete. Because he was not involved in worldly affairs, he often drank to his heart's content." So he wrote about his anger and worldly feelings. At the same time, he also showed his concern for the current situation and his own embrace.
For example, Chapter 31 of "Poetry of Ode to Huai" criticizes the debauchery and decadence of Cao Wei's regime and points out its inevitable fate:
Driving to the capital of Wei, looking south to the Chui Tower. The flute pipe has the remaining sound, and the king of Liang is safe. A warrior eats chaff, a wise man eats wormwood. Before the song and dance ended, Qin soldiers had returned. I don't own the forest, Zhu Guan is dusty. The army was defeated under Huayang, and his body was turned into ashes.
Some poems expose the hypocrisy of people of etiquette and law, such as the 67th poem:
Hong Shengzi system, being obeyed is normal. There is an order of superiority and inferiority, and everything is in order. The appearance is decorated with color, and the chime is folded to hold Guizhang. Xuanjiu is often placed on the table and rice beams are placed in the room. Outside, the talk is strict and pure, but inside, the fragrance is extinguished. Speak from the heart and repeat the truth. I can't help but feel sad about my appearance.
Some poems express their own ambitions, such as the thirty-nine poems:
How generous a strong man is, he aspires to dominate the world. Driving far away for service, I forgot about my orders. A good bow carries a black horn, and the armor is shining. When faced with a crisis, one does not care about life, and one's body and soul fly into the air. How can I serve as a whole body soldier and fight on the battlefield? Loyalty will be honored for centuries, and righteousness will make your name famous. I would like to express my gratitude to future generations, and my integrity will remain constant.
The style of Ruan Ji's poems is vague and tortuous. "The words are within the ears and eyes, and the feelings are expressed in the eight wilderness." It is mainly determined by its era and life experience. He sympathized with Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with the Sima family. However, as an official in the dynasty, he was often afraid of disaster, so he was extremely cautious in his behavior. When writing poems, I dare not speak directly, and often use metaphors and symbols to express my feelings and express my feelings. Some may use the past to satirize the present, some may use immortals to satirize the secular world, or some may use beautiful herbs to embody the embrace of the world. Li Shan's "Annotations to Selected Works" analyzed this situation and said: "The successor was an official in trouble, and he was often afraid of being slandered and misfortune, so he chanted poems, so he always complained out of worry. Although he intended to ridicule, he avoided it in many articles. , It is difficult to predict the feelings for hundreds of generations." But in terms of the spirit of poetry, Ruan Ji's "Poetry of Ode to Huai" is still in line with the Jian'an style. For example, Yan Yu's "Canglang Poetry Talk·Poetry Review" said: "After Huang Chu, only Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" is extremely ancient and has the essence of Jian'an style.
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