I want to talk about three points today, so I think, I think, how about our classical poetry, I want to cut in from three aspects.
The first aspect is the first question I want to talk about today, that is, when we appreciate classical poetry, we should appreciate the beauty of artistic conception of classical poetry, and only by grasping the artistic conception of poetry can we truly appreciate the profound, beautiful realm and beautiful artistic charm of poetry. The beauty of artistic conception is the highest artistic standard pursued by China's ancient poetry, and it is also the first thing to pay attention to when appreciating poetry. What is artistic conception? Wang Guowei said this in the History of Song and Yuan Dynasties, saying why it is called artistic conception, saying that "writing feelings is refreshing, writing scenery is eye-catching, and words are as they say." "Nothing is better than a good ancient poem," Wang Guowei added. If you can describe the scenery and express your true feelings, you will say that there is a realm, otherwise you will say that there is no realm. "Then Wang Guowei put forward the viewpoint of scenery writing here. Poetry has artistic conception, including scenery writing, scenery writing and love writing. This is called "artistic conception". In fact, the real artistic beauty of a poem should be the organic combination of emotion and scenery, which are inseparable. That is, we appreciate a poem, see how he writes about scenery, and see how he integrates his thoughts and feelings into it by writing about scenery. Let me give you an example. A quatrain written by Du Fu is familiar to everyone since childhood. " Two orioles sing green willows, a row of egrets soars into the sky, and the window contains Xiling snow, and the door is parked in Wan Li, Wu Dong. "So these four poems can be said to be completely painted. The first picture reads "Two orioles singing in the green willows". Among the green willows, two or three orioles are singing and jumping. Isn't it beautiful? Willow trees are dense, orioles are small, and they jump around. The second picture "A Line of Egrets in the Blue Sky" is even more beautiful. Blue sea and blue sky are the background. In this context, a line of egrets rose into the sky and dotted the blue sky. Isn't it beautiful? The third sentence says "the autumn window of Xiling contains snow" and "the autumn window of Xiling contains snow". There is a window nearby. Through the window, the window looks like a photo frame. The limited window is surrounded by infinite snow-capped mountains, and a part of the infinite snow-capped mountains constitutes a pattern, which is a pattern painting. " The window contains Xiling snow. " The fourth painting, The Ship of Wan Li in Soochow, has four paintings and four poems. This painting is very particular. As you can see, the first two sentences are dynamic, "Two orioles singing green willows", singing, jumping and singing, "A line of egrets flying into the sky", which is dynamic, while the last two sentences are static, "The window contains autumn snow in Xiling", which is static, "Wu Dong and Wan Li are moored here, which is static, which is dynamic. What's more, these four paintings also constitute a spring intention. The author expressed his love for spring in these four paintings, so there are his feelings in the paintings, which complement each other. The author pinned his thoughts and feelings on the images described, which made the poem have greater emotional capacity. Then this ancient poem is an artistic pursuit of creating artistic conception. This is what I call "artistic conception".
Then, I will further say that the artistic conception of China's classical poems is repetitive and multifaceted, and it is presented to us in various forms. In other words, when you read this poem, you will feel the beauty of artistic conception. No, it is not that the beauty of artistic conception is an artistic conception, but that it is a feeling to get that kind of beauty. That's not true, but it's actually rich. I summed it up in eight aspects, which can be summarized in general, but not necessarily accurate. The first artistic conception, as I said, is called "majestic and broad", which is magnificent and broad. The second is called "open and cheerful", the third is called "desolate and tragic" and the fourth is called "deep depression", so the similarity of these four types is to show a kind of "masculine beauty" and a kind of masculine beauty. There are four other kinds, which I call magnificent, the second is indifferent and quiet, the third is fresh and elegant, and the fourth is cold and cold. These four kinds, on the whole, focus on the same point, which is a kind of "female beauty." Therefore, the artistic beauty of poetry gives us nothing more than "masculine beauty" and "feminine beauty". So there are four types of "masculine beauty". One is the artistic conception of "majestic and broad". This artistic conception means that we can read this poem and understand the beauty of this artistic conception. What are its characteristics? This kind of poetry is often "magnificent", "magnificent", "surging" and "surging", and the language is often "exaggerated and shocking", which makes it beautiful in scenery writing, lyricism and emotion. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia", which is familiar to everyone, said, "The romantic figures of the ages, so the west side of the base, the humanities are the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms, with rugged rocks, rolling up thousands of piles of snow and picturesque mountains and rivers, and how many heroes there are at one time. Imagine that year, Xiao Qiao was married for the first time, dashing, feather fan and black silk scarf. So in this poem, look at the scenery. What does it describe? Is it "magnificent" to throw stones in the air and roll thousands of piles of snow on the shore? Lyric? They are all magnificent and majestic. " The river of no return, the waves are exhausted, and the eternal romantic figures ","big waves wash sand "and" the river of no return "have destroyed the sediment. How many romantic figures and heroes have been eliminated in the long river of history, which makes people feel historical and lyrical. In terms of language, the words used are exaggerated and absolute. "Rocky" stone "Rocky", the sky is already very high. Rocks can penetrate the sky, while Tao means "stormy waves" and "stormy waves lapping on the shore", and some books (written) are "sleeve cracks". Roll up, the "snow", the wave, the "big wave" and "wave" are like a thousand piles of snow, and the words used are extreme and big. So this type is called "gorgeous". After reading it, you have a feeling of being hit, like a, like a big river hitting you, and a huge emotional flow hitting your heart. This is the first kind.
The second kind is called "open and cheerful". This kind of artistic conception is generally manifested as follows: the scenery is often "out of the dust, and the reality and reality coexist", while the lyric is often "broad-minded, cheerful, soothing and long", and the language is generally "vigorous and lively, fantastic and elegant", so there are many poems. For example, Zhang's "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" and Su Shi's "Water Melody", "When will there be a bright moon? Ask heaven for wine. I don't know what year it is tonight. I want to go home by wind, but I'm afraid of Qionglou Yuyu. It's too cold up there. Dance to find out what the shadow looks like on the earth. Turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, take a sleepless look, there should be no hate, current events are long, people have joys and sorrows, and the moon is sunny and sunny. I hope people will live a long life, and be smart, free and easy, and broad-minded, and don't put anything aside. "I hope. "
The third kind is called "desolation and tragic", with beautiful artistic conception. Its general feature is that such poems are often "vast and far-reaching, steep and sparse" in scenery writing, "heroic and generous and sad" in lyric, and "simple and vigorous, upright and solemn and stirring" in language. For example, there is a famous Tang poem written by William Wang. Drunk lying on the battlefield, you don't laugh, there were several wars in ancient times. There is sadness in this feeling, but it is more ambition and ambition, and it also contains a little sadness. The so-called "there is sorrow in strength, and there is strength in sorrow", which is the third kind.
The fourth is the so-called "deep depression". The general characteristics of this kind of poems are "thick accumulation and thin hair, deep feelings and stagnation". In terms of language, it is often "nothing is carved, rarely exaggerated, and it is better than touching things", such as Du Fu's "Spring Watch" and "Where the petals have fallen like tears, the lonely bird has sung its grief", which is familiar to everyone, and so is "worrying about the country and the people". Some of its images are like "high mountains and steep cliffs crossing the space", some are like "the river is in front of us, the waves are rough", some are like "lightning and thunder, the clouds meet the wind", some are like "the strong wind rolls water, the trees wither", some are like "the strong man brandishes his sword and mourns endlessly", and some are like "the wine is poured out and the quinoa sings". Then these four kinds, we say, belong to "masculine beauty"
So there are four types of "female beauty". The first kind is called "Magnificent", so most of the themes described in this kind of poems are "flowers beside the wine, beauty dressing up", and its expression technique is often "thick painting and deliberate carving", and its artistic image is often "magnificent", with clouds flying on the temples, lazy to paint flying moths, dressing and grooming in the evening, looking at the flowers before and after the mirror, so that the flowers set each other off, embroidered new posts, and looked at each other. "The image he described itself is a kind of rich and beautiful beauty, so the words he used are relatively carved, beautiful and gorgeous. Belong to such a rich beauty. In the second case, we call it "indifferent tranquility", indifferent to the artistic conception of tranquility. The characteristic of this kind of poem is this. Often the subject matter it describes is mostly the emptiness of nature, which shows the author's elegant state of mind of avoiding the world. For example, Wang Wei's landscape poems and pastoral poems in his later years, although some of his chapters are written about some objective scenery in nature, the author depicts his indifferent state of mind of "not competing with the world" through this poem. For example, in his poem "When people are free, sweet-scented osmanthus falls, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty in spring, the birds are startled when the moon rises, and the spring flows", then the word "empty" is used in it. This kind of "emptiness" is not only the kind of emptiness in the natural environment, but also the kind of emptiness in the author's heart. Because he believed in Buddhism in his later years, he believed in Buddhism and was a devout Buddhist. Old age, then this is the second.
The third kind is called "fresh and elegant". Generally speaking, most of the poems described by the author are natural scenery, green mountains and green waters, fragrant grass and flowers, which are relatively dull, or describe some innocent characters, which are lively, handsome and lovely. Its expression techniques are often delicate and elegant, like "flowing water and playing the piano", full of life breath. For example, we are familiar with Bai Juyi's "Recalling Jiangnan", "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery has been familiar. At sunrise, the river is red as fire, and the riverside is blue, so you can forget Jiangnan. It is very fresh and elegant.
The fourth is the so-called "cold cold" and "cold cold". Most of the situations and environments expressed in this kind of poems are sad, such as sadness and crying, which often move people's hearts with sadness and sorrow. Reading this poem can arouse people's fear and pity, and arouse people's love and pity for beautiful things in a tragic way. So to appreciate this kind of poem, although its poem itself is very sad and sad, we can still enjoy an aesthetic pleasure when reading this poem. Not gloating, but from this sad story, we feel a kind of beauty. We just say that it is a tragedy to arouse people's yearning and enthusiasm for good things and a better life in this way. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Sound Slow", which is familiar to everyone, was written in her state of mind of "the country is ruined and the family is dead, and she is helpless in her later years". He said: "Looking for it, it is desolate and miserable. When it's warm and cold at first, it's the hardest to rest. Three glasses and two glasses of wine, how can you beat him? You are sad to be late, but we have known each other for a long time. Yellow flowers were piled all over the floor, worn out. Now you can choose them. " Look out of the window, how can you be alone? The phoenix tree is raining. At dusk, dribs and drabs, at this time, how can I get a sad word? In other words, she wrote about her own tragic situation. At that time, the country was ruined, the country was not unified, and her own life was not settled. She wrote this word, expressing her unique mentality and life at that time. We can read later that it can still cause aesthetic feeling, so we talked about the forms of artistic conception beauty expressed in China's classical poems, which generally have eight kinds, the first four belong to "masculine beauty" and the last four are summarized as "feminine beauty".
Then the second breakthrough point to appreciate China's classical poetry is the beauty of language, because China's classical poetry is also the art of language, the most refined language and the most beautiful language. People say that language is as beautiful as poetry, don't they? The language of poetry is a very beautiful language. The language of poetry is like the paint of painting, just like the paint of painting. No matter how beautiful this painting is, it depends on language to smear and dye it. Therefore, the beauty of poetic language can make the works present a kind of painting beauty. Ancient poetry has a strong generalization and a small system, so the language must be accurate, refined, vivid and vivid, which means that the ancient people's requirements for poetry language are generally accurate, refined, vivid and vivid. Let me give you an example. Everyone has read A Dream of Red Mansions. In the forty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, Xiangling learned poetry from Lin Daiyu. Lin Daiyu told her that you should read Wang Wei's poems first, and Xiangling should read Wang Wei's poems before reporting them to Lin Daiyu. What are you talking about? I read Wang Wei's "Crossing the Kanto", and two of them are called "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen". Xiang Ling said, she said it was hard for me to understand. How did she say that she wanted to smoke directly? The sun is naturally round, how can the smoke be straight? The sun is always round, so the word "straight" is unreasonable, and so is the word "straight". How can smoke be "straight"? The word "circle" seems too vulgar. What about this "circle"? "Fixed yen" and "circle" are too vulgar. Who doesn't know the sun is round? When the moon is still missing, what about the waning moon, the first quarter moon, the second quarter moon and the new moon? The sun is always round. The word "circle" is too vulgar Xiangling said, she said, but I closed the book and thought about it, and I saw this scene. You said it was not well written, but when I closed the book and thought about it, it seemed to show up in front of us again. Xiangling finally said, you have to find two more words for these two, but you can't find two words. The word "lonely smoke in the desert" and "straight" are not good, and the word "long river sets the yen" and "round" are not good. Change two words and have a look. Can you find two words to replace these two words? Xiangling didn't find it. I think not only these two words can't be replaced, but also the ten words "lonely smoke in the desert, long river setting the yen", which can't be replaced. If it is changed, it will not be a good poem. Can we change the word "desert"? "Desert" is a desert. Northwest, beyond the Great Wall, the desert is vast, the scenery is unique and desolate. The word desert is unique. Can't you change it? Can I change the word "big"? The desert, write that kind of boundless feeling, boundless, more prominent a desolate, "desert" everyone has this feeling of language. Can I change the word "smoke"? "Smoke" is "wolf smoke" and "beacon smoke", which is a unique landscape and military struggle in the frontier. There is only beacon smoke in the frontier, not kitchen smoke. Moreover, this cigarette is an isolated cigarette. The word "solitary" illustrates the harsh and indifferent environment, but the frontier is a military fortress beyond the Great Wall. The words "solitary smoke" and "smoke" cannot be changed. The word "solitary" cannot be changed. Why can't we change the words "solitary smoke straight" and "straight"? The word "straight" means bad environment, drought, no wind, no wind and very hot, so the smoke is rising straight, which is the second. Third, the word has feelings, "the desert is lonely and straight." How do you feel? One is strong, the other is hard, and the smoke is straight. You can imagine the soldiers guarding the border. But the author didn't say that, that is to say, this is a metaphor for the strength and hardness of the border guards, and he may not admit it. That is to say, the writing is relatively straight and has no other meaning. He said you were shallow, so it was a good poem. It has this connotation consciously or unconsciously in the landscape. "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river falls in yen." Can I change the word "river"? In this place, the source of the Yellow River, the "river" is unique. The words "long river" and "long" indicate that there are no mountains and trees in this place, and the river is long and long, giving people a very prominent feeling. Can the words "long river", "sunset" and "sunset" be changed? I usually write Chaoyang when I am in a good mood. Why did he write Sunset in a different way? Sunset, sunset like blood, very sad, so use "sunset". Can the word "circle" be changed? The word "circle" cannot be changed. Why? If we are in a big city, can you see the yen depreciate? I can't see it. Because the sun just set in the west, blocked by a tall building, then set in the west, blocked by that mountain, and blocked by a tree, we can't see the round sunset. Only in the desert, in the big desert, in the desolate place in the northwest, the sun rises roundly, sets roundly in the middle, sets roundly in the west and sets roundly. The word "circle" gives people a very prominent feeling. "The long river falls into the yen." In other words, the ancients were very particular about the use of words, and there were many other famous sentences. For example, there is a poem called "Walking in the Morning", in which two sentences say that "the cock crows in Maodian, and there is no frost on the bridge". How many words are there? 10, how many kinds of scenery have you written? Wrote six kinds of scenery. 10 can write six kinds of scenery. All of us wrote thousands of words, and none of them described clearly. He said Chicken, Maodian, Moon, Man, Banqiao and first frost. Why? Because it has few words, it must be concise, accurate and artistic. In the word 10, the author vividly shows the tourists a morning frost in a wild shop, which is a difficult artistic conception, that is, the language is particularly refined. In addition, the language of poetry, we say, is the most refined, accurate and vivid language. Therefore, this language, when the author writes poetry, can only be obtained through tempering, that is, through tempering.
Ancient people paid great attention to language training when writing poems and songs. The so-called "language is not surprising and endless" and "you concentrate all your existence on a piece of silk" are Du Fu's words, saying that I write poetry, "language is not amazing and endless". If the language is magical, I will change it. When I write a poem, every sentence is bleak management, bleak management. The third breakthrough point of poetry appreciation is "formal beauty" and "formal beauty" China's ancient poems are the most formal and formal. In the long-term development process, various laws and systems have gradually formed. Combined with the characteristics of China's language and writing, ancient poetry has a musical beauty and architectural beauty in form, which is pleasant to read, cadenced and full of architectural beauty. You see, our poems are very regular and neat, with seven words in one line, just like the poorly designed building we built. It is square up and down, and the arrangement of five-character poems is the same as that of a building. Western poetry or foreign poetry, pyramid or step, also has its arrangement form. In this sense, our poetry is very regular. Of course, it has long and short sentences like words, and it is also a form and a form, so it shows a kind of musical beauty and architectural beauty. Then this kind of formal beauty is unique in the poetry garden of the world. This is a unique form of China's poetry. Then China's classical poems were shaped into "four-character poems" in the early stage. As we all know, the earliest stereotype of The Book of Songs is "four-character poem", that is, four words and one sentence. However, there are no special requirements for instruments. During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, "five-character poems" and "seven-character poems" rose. During the Qi Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, it was found that Chinese characters had four tones: Ping, Shang, Xia and Ru. Therefore, some people study the coordination of sound, rhyme and tone in poetry according to the law of these four tones and double tones of Chinese characters. "Yongming Style" has a far-reaching influence on the formation of later metrical poems, later parallel prose, words and songs. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, metrical poems and quatrains appeared on this basis, also known as "metrical poems". China's poems really talk about meter, which began in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, it had a development process. We say that in the following year of the Qi Dynasty, we discovered the four tones of Chinese characters, namely, ping, Shang, Qu and Jin. From here to the Tang dynasty, it was really formal to talk about the plan. Then from then on, this new poetic style, this metrical poem, and later lyrics and songs, this rhythmic rhythm, that is, sentence speed, word speed, tone in each sentence, tone of words, rhyme at the end of sentences, antithesis between sentences, and the structural rules of the whole poem, all have certain formats. Therefore, metrical poetry has become a basic form of ancient poetry in China, including poems, words and songs. Then poetry has certain metrical requirements, such as ups and downs in reading, priorities, priorities, length, cadence and harmony, which makes it richer. The expressive force and artistic beauty of poetry, then when it comes to the requirements of classical poetry, it is the requirements of this form, and its requirements are very strict and complicated. But its basic requirements, I think, are mainly three aspects. One is the requirement of "level tone", and "level tone" is the tone of words. The second is the requirement of "rhyme". What is rhyme? The third is the requirements of "antithesis", "antithesis" and "antithesis", so these are relatively complicated and strict, so contemporary young people are generally not encouraged to write such old-fashioned poems. Of course, your level of cultural knowledge is relatively high, and you can write poems after reading more. But in the past, as President Mao Zedong said, young people were encouraged to write new poems, but not old-fashioned ones. He doesn't mean that we don't advocate writing. In what sense, this kind of metrical poem is more restrictive, because we should focus on lyricism. If we want to express our feelings freely in lyric, but this form is limited, I can't abide by my rules. That poem is not like a metrical poem, and it is not good either. Therefore, we generally encourage everyone to write new poems and free poems. Then, but especially, to appreciate classical poetry, you must know something, not necessarily write, but understand. How should I understand it? This is not what we can make clear in this class.
You can find some books about poetry and meter to read after you go down, so I won't say much. In short, I have already talked about why we should appreciate classical poetry and what aspects to start with. I talked about three aspects, namely, the beauty of artistic conception, language and form. In a word, China's excellent poems and songs in ancient times are highly ideological and superb artistry, and deserve our serious study and critical inheritance, so as to enhance our cultural literacy and improve our ability to know, summarize and reflect life. Lay a solid foundation for adapting to the new challenges of the new era. I think that's all I want to tell my classmates today. Thank you.