Brief introduction of Yuan Mei's life
Yuan Mei (17 16- 1797) was a poet and poetic critic in Qing dynasty. Zi Zi Cai, named Jian Zhai, was named Cangshan layman and Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in his later years. Yuan Mei was one of the representative poets in Ganjia period. Together with Zhao Yi and Jiang Shiquan, they are called "the three great poets of Qianlong". Jishi Shu, a scholar in Qianlong four years (1739), was awarded to the academician courtyard. Qianlong served as an official for seven years, and served as a magistrate in Jiangning and Shangyuan successively. His political voice was good and he was appreciated by then Governor Yin Jishan. At the age of 33, his father died, resigned and adopted his mother. He bought Sui Abandoned Garden in Jiangning (Nanjing) and renamed it Suiyuan. He built a house and settled down, which was called Suiyuan in history. Since then, he has lived a leisurely life here for nearly 50 years, engaged in poetry and prose writing, compiled "Poetry Talk" to find talents, and won prizes and awards, which was admired by the poetry circles at that time. At the age of 24, Yuan Mei took part in the imperial examination. The exam question is "endowed with jade pendant jingling in the wind". There is a quip in the poem that "if people are in doubt, every other day is like a river." However, the presidents believe that "the language involved is not Zhuang, and they will be placed in Sun Shan". Fortunately, Governor Yin Jishan stepped forward and avoided falling out of the list.
His works include "Xiao Cang Shan Wu Ji"; And Garden Poems (16) and Addendum (10); 24 volumes of New Qi Xie, followed by Qi Xie 10; Suiyuan menu 1 volume; There are more than 30 kinds of essays, letters, and menus accompanying the garden. The masterpiece of prose "Salute to Sister" is sincere and has a long history. Classical Chinese critics compare it with Han Yu's Ode to Twelve Lang in Tang Dynasty.
Advocate "the theory of spiritual nature". He advocates that a person should write his own personality when writing poems, and thinks that "from 300 poems to today, the people who preach poems are spiritual, regardless of piling up". Advocate to express one's mind directly and write one's own "temperament experience". It advocates the combination of "spirit" and "knowledge", takes temperament, intelligence and education as the creative basis, and takes "truth, novelty and liveliness" as the creative pursuit, thus combining innate conditions with acquired efforts to create good products, and holds that "poetry is written with a pen, such as beauty's hair, skin and smile, which are innate; Poetry and fu are used, such as beauty's clothes and jewelry, the day after tomorrow. " It advocates that literature should evolve and have the characteristics of the times, and opposes Tang Zong and Song. He ridiculed the verve school as "poor and arrogant", the style school as "puppet show", the texture school as "bone shop" and the Zongsong school as "begging for people to move". He also opposed Shen Deqian's theory of "gentleness and gentleness" and thought that "Confucius' poetry is credible and" interesting and resentful "; If you don't keep your word, you will be' gentle and honest'. "It is advocated that parallel prose and prose should be paid equal attention to, and parallel prose and prose, like the parity in nature, should not be neglected. The relationship between the same source and different currents, the coexistence of two peaks and the diversion of two waters. Poetry is fresh and meaningful, flowing freely. Landscape poetry is elegant and exquisite.
Yuan Mei's literary thought has the viewpoint of development, which has impacted the feudal orthodox literary view and formalism. In addition, he emphasized the existence value of parallel prose as American literature, which has certain positive significance. However, most of his poems are about trivial matters around him, full of romantic ballads and lacking social content, and some of them are often flashy or even superficial.
Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House published the Complete Works of Yuan Mei in eight volumes.
Year: Qing Dynasty
Author: Yuan Mei
Works: miscellaneous poems on the lake
Content:
Gelinghua blooms in February,
Tourists talk about immortals.
The old lady is different from tourists.
Don't envy immortals, envy teenagers.
Year: Qing Dynasty
Author: Yuan Mei
Works: Ma [1]
Content:
Don't sing the song of everlasting regret [2]
The world also has its own galaxy. [3]
Shihao village don't husband and wife, [4]
There are more tears than those in the eternal life hall! [5]
Precautions:
[1] Maweigang: Maweipo, in the west of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province. During the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled here and strangled Yang Guifei under the threat of military officers.
[2] "Song of Eternal Sorrow": a long narrative poem written by Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, describing the love tragedy between Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, mainly based on sympathy.
[3] Galaxy: Tianhe. In myths and legends, the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl are separated by the Milky Way and are not allowed to be together. These two sentences are: the joys and sorrows of the emperor's concubine need not be sung; There is also the Milky Way in the world, which separates thousands of couples in Qian Qian.
[4] Shihao Village: A village in the poem "Li Shihao" by Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, where there was a family under the tyranny of the Tang Dynasty, resulting in the destruction of the family. The historical background of Li Shihao is the Anshi Rebellion, that is, the writing time of Song of Eternal Sorrow.
[5] Eternal Palace: a temple in Huaqing Palace. Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei felt that Cowherd and Weaver Girl were separated by the Milky Way. On July 7, they made a vow of eternal love in the temple. It means eternal indifference. Couples like Shi Haocun should never be counted. The tears of ordinary people are much more than those spilled in the Palace of Eternal Life!
Translation:
There is no need to sing the joys and sorrows of the emperor's concubines; There is also the Milky Way in the world, which separates thousands of couples in Qian Qian. Couples like Shi Haocun can never be counted. The tears of ordinary people are much more than those spilled in the Palace of Eternal Life.
Elephant trunk/whip/used in combination with coins
Advocates of spiritualism in Qing Dynasty were indifferent and free-spirited, and did not like being an official. He resigned in his prime, lived in seclusion in the garden, enjoyed himself, and never came back to be an official. He devoted his life to literature, wrote poems and wrote poems, and was brilliant, especially in style. The book Suiyuan Food List has a unique comment on tea and is an expert who knows and loves tea.
Yuan Mei, born in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 17 16), was called the owner of Suiyuan. Yuan Mei was born and entered the county school at the age of twelve. At the age of twenty-four, he was a scholar, and he was appointed Jishi Shu of imperial academy. After reading what he wrote, Shi Yizhi, a college student, praised him as the reincarnation of Jia Yi. Yuan Mei knows Lishui, Jiangpu, Shuyang, Jiangning and other counties through the almanac. They are deeply loved by the people because of their abundant talents and love for the people. However, his nature is dim. Although he lives in a temple, his heart is attached to the mountains. In addition, he believes that being an official is to improve people's happiness, not just a higher page for bosses and ministers. He resigned at the age of 33. Qian Ceng, a good friend, wrote a poem praising him: "After crossing the river, you are worthy of being a real celebrity, and when you leave the hospital, you look like an old monk;" After serving for ten years, towels and wild clothes correspond. He also made a couplet: "If you don't be a senior official, you will be unhappy and lazy;" It is difficult to become an immortal Buddha, and I love reading poetry and books. (self-deprecating) Lianzhong showed interest in studying and had no intention of making a living in the government. In the poem "Ode to Chopsticks": "Laugh that you are busy and send him to others; I'm sour and salty. Can you know the taste? He deeply satirized the absurdity that the world was sent to meet, but lost itself in the pursuit of fame and fortune.
Rebuilding the old system of Suiyuan and devoting to literary creation
Yuan Mei is a person who values the interest of life. He loves Jinling spirit. When he was appointed as the county magistrate of Jiangning, he bought the garden at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning with 300 gold. Suiyuan used to be a brocade garden (that is, the Grand View Garden written by Cao Xueqin). At that time, "the garden was tilted and decadent, ... flowers withered and the spring breeze was inexhaustible." "Abandoned for a long time, after Yuan Mei bought it, it was rectified. Because it "killed countless barren land with its abundance, it took the opportunity to take pictures." So it is called "Suiyuan". In his Miscellaneous Poems, he described the landscape with gardens: "Building houses is not small, and there are not many pools; A small house can't cover the mountain, and a big pool is not as good as a lotus. This fish is a foot long and jumps in the clear waves during the day; Know that I love lotus flowers and dare not open the net. " So poetic, people can't stop, no wonder Yuan Mei complacent, amorous feelings, no longer play the idea of being an official. There is no wall around the garden. In good times, tourists are everywhere, and Yuan Mei allows them to come and go freely without control. She even wrote on the couplet: "Let the crane go to the mountains to look for birds, and let anyone look at flowers all the time." 」
Yuan Mei was a litterateur in Qing Dynasty and an advocate of "the theory of spiritual nature". He took literature as his lifelong career. Soul is also temperament. He believes that "a poet has a human temperament, and there is no poem outside his temperament." He also said: "All those who preach poetry are spiritual, regardless of piling up. He believes that poetry is the inner voice and the true expression of temperament. The article is best at parallel prose, winning the physique of the Six Dynasties and enjoying the reputation of articles for decades. He also looks like a composition. He is frank and frank, hates sitcoms, but attaches great importance to friendship. After the death of his friend Shen Fengsi, Yuan Mei offered sacrifices to sweep the grave every year, never stopping for 30 years, and his friendship with his friends was profound and touching.
Yuan Mei devoted himself to writing all his life, and wrote many books, including Poems and Poems of Fang Shan, Poems with Garden, Essays with Garden, and Food List with Garden. Among them, Suiyuan Food List is a book that systematically discusses cooking techniques and northern and southern dishes. The book is divided into fourteen aspects, including information list, warning list, seafood list, miscellaneous list, dim sum list, rice porridge list, tea and wine list and so on. In the instruction table, he said clearly at the beginning: "The way to learn, the foresight, and the diet should be the same, so make an instruction table. This article can be used as a general rule of diet, and the warning is simple: "For politicians, it is better to eliminate a shortcoming than to promote an advantage. If you can eliminate the disadvantages of diet, you will think more than half and make a warning list. This article happens to be the same as the notice.
It is worth mentioning that a "Tea and Wine List" comments on famous teas in the north and south, and also records a lot of tea-made foods, which is quite distinctive. Among them, there is a kind of "noodle tea", that is, after the noodles are boiled with coarse tea juice, sesame sauce, milk and other condiments are added, and the noodles exude a faint tea fragrance and taste delicious; Tea legs are ham smoked with tea. Its meat color is fiery red, its meat is delicious and its tea fragrance is overflowing. It can be seen that Yuan Mei is a person who has a good knowledge of tea and diet.
Travel around famous mountains and rivers and enjoy good springs and water.
After sixty-five, Yuan Mei began to visit famous mountains and rivers, Tiantai, Yandang, Siming and Xuedou in Zhejiang, Huangshan in Anhui, Lushan in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Fujian. He naturally tasted famous teas from all over the country and recorded them one by one. He described Changzhou Yangxian tea as follows: "The tea is dark blue, shaped like a sparrow tongue and like giant rice, and its taste is slightly stronger than Longjing." Referring to Dongting Junshan tea, he said, "The color and taste are the same as those of Longjing, with slightly wider and greener leaves and the least picking." In addition, such as Luan Yinzhen, Mei Pian, Maojian Tea, anhua tea, etc. , has also been reviewed.
In addition, he also wrote many tea poems, such as the poem "Try Tea": "Fujian people's tea is like farming, carrying thousands of cars; I walked into the world of tea and was deeply impressed. Describe the situation that Fujian people generally grow tea, and it seems that they have entered the world of tea. " "Miscellaneous Poems on the Lake": "There are two flat chapters in the misty stone house, crossing the water and wearing flowers to ride the sunset; 10,000 pieces of Lv Yun Spring, with a cloth skirt and tea sleeves. It is particularly striking to describe a tea-picking girl with a red cloth skirt picking tea in the sea of "ten thousand pieces of Lv Yun". "On Yuliang Road": "The distant mountains are green and low, and the stream before flowing water meets the stream after; Every time I stay here for a long time, the tea pickers disperse in the sunset. It can be seen that when he travels, he not only appreciates the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, but also pays attention to the local "tea culture", which shows his love for tea.
On the unique and wonderful method of judging tea and Tibetan tea
When Yuan Mei was 70 years old, he visited Wuyishan and was particularly interested in Wuyi tea. His previous impression of Wuyi tea was that "tea tastes bitter, just like drinking medicine", so he never liked Wuyi tea. However, in the fifty-first year of Qianlong (AD 1786), after visiting Wuyishan, he came to Manting Fengtianyou Temple and other places, but his impression of Wuyi tea was completely changed. He recorded the situation at that time in the "Suiyuan Food List Tea Wine List": "Monks and Taoists compete for tea. The cup is as small as a walnut and the pot as small as a citron. I can't bear to swallow it every time I pour it. Smell its fragrance first, then taste it, chew slowly and be considerate. Sure enough, it's fragrant and sweet. After drinking one cup, try one or two more cups to relieve impatience and comfort. Longjing is clear, but its taste is very light. Although envy is good, rhyme is poor. Jade and crystal are completely different in nature. Therefore, Wuyi enjoys a world-famous reputation, which is really unsatisfactory. It can be cooked three times, but the taste is still unfinished. Tea experts gave a detailed and vivid description from the teapot and tea set used to the steps, feelings and characteristics of Wuyi tea. A good cup of tea can really cleanse the dust and soothe the irritability.
Yuan Mei thinks: besides good tea, it must be collected properly in order to preserve it for a long time. Besides good spring water, temperature control is also an important knowledge to make a pot of good tea. He also has a wonderful description of this: "To cure tea, you must first hide water, and the water needs to reach Hui Quan. Why do people set up a post office?" . But spring water and snow water can be hidden, and new water is hot and old water is sweet. Taste the tea all over the world, headed by the top of Wuyi Mountain. However, there are still not many tributes, and the situation is folk! He thinks, he thinks, to make good tea, you need good water first, and here he once again praises the tea produced in Wuyishan as the best in the world.
Then he went on to mention the collection method of tea: "Secondly, there is nothing like Longjing and Qingming. The former is lotus plumule, which is too tasteless, so it is better to use it more." Make a flag and a lens before the rain, as green as jasper. The collection method must be wrapped in small paper, and each package should be packed in a lime jar. Ten days later, the ancient ash should be changed and a paper cover should be put on it, otherwise the gas will come out and the color and taste will be completely changed. It can be said that the research is quite in-depth As for the cooking method, he also has a unique trick: "When cooking, use strong fire and cook with a heart-piercing pot. After rolling for a long time, the taste of water will change! " Stop twisting and soak, and the leaves will float. Drink it as soon as you soak it, and the taste will change when you cover it. News can't be released from time to time. Pei Zhongcheng of Shanxi said, "I went to Suiyuan yesterday and only had a good cup of tea. Alas! 」
Yuan Mei doesn't want to seek fame and fortune in officialdom, so he can be as carefree and carefree as live high, so he can live to be 82 years old and live a long life.