The format of literature review generally includes:
Introduction of literature review:
It includes the reasons for writing literature review, significance, scope of literature, title of text and summary of basic contents;
the text of literature review:
is the main content of literature review, including the history (seeking the development course of research problems), current situation, basic content (seeking the progress of understanding), analysis of research methods (seeking the reference of research methods), solved problems and existing problems, focusing on the current impact and development trend in detail, which will not only enable researchers to determine the research direction, but also facilitate others.
conclusion of literature review:
conclusion of literature research, summarizing my own research opinions, existing different opinions and problems to be solved;
Appendix to literature review:
List the references and explain the materials on which the literature review is based, so as to increase the credibility of the review and facilitate readers' further retrieval.
1. Literature review should not be a repetition, listing and general introduction of existing literature, but a critical analysis and comment on the advantages, disadvantages and contributions of previous research. Therefore, literature review should include the dual meanings of comprehensive refining and analysis and comment.
literature review model 1: "problem-exploration-communication" research on primary school mathematics teaching mode
... we browsed hundreds of teaching modes on the internet, downloaded more than 2 articles about teaching modes and studied more than 5 articles. To sum up, China's classroom teaching models can be divided into three categories:
(1) the traditional teaching model-"teacher-centered theory". The main theoretical basis of this kind of teaching mode is behaviorism learning theory, which has been the mainstream mode of school teaching in China for a long time. Its advantages are ... its disadvantages are ...
(2) the modern teaching mode-"student-centered theory". The main theoretical basis of this kind of teaching mode is the constructivist learning theory, which advocates student-centered teaching ideas, teaching design, teaching methods and teaching management. Since the 199s, with the application of information technology in teaching, it has developed rapidly. Its advantages are ... its disadvantages are ...
(3) the teaching mode of complementary advantages-"leading-subject theory". This kind of teaching mode is teacher-led, student-centered, taking the advantages of behaviorism and constructivism learning theories and abandoning their shortcomings, which is the sublation of "teacher-centered theory" and "student-centered theory". "Dominance-subjectivity" teaching mode embodies dialectical materialism epistemology, but there is no effective and operable teaching method and mode in teaching practice.
The traditional teacher-centered primary school mathematics teaching model can be expressed as "reviewing and introducing-imparting new knowledge-summing up-consolidating exercises-assigning homework". This teaching mode undoubtedly restricts the students' role as the main body of learning. Nowadays, the more advanced mathematics teaching mode in primary schools can be expressed as "creating situations, asking questions-discussing problems, proposing plans-exchanging plans, solving problems-simulating exercises, applying problems-summarizing and perfecting understanding". This teaching mode strives to attach importance to the leading role of teachers and the main role of students, which is accepted by teachers and applied in teaching practice. However, this teaching mode limits students' learning to the classroom, and the way of learning is mathematics for the sake of mathematics. It does not combine mathematics with life, and it does not put students' learning mathematics in a broad time and space of life. Students' ability to solve problems by using mathematical knowledge from multiple angles and ways is limited, especially the development of students' ability to creatively solve mathematical problems in life is limited, which is not conducive to cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability. To this end, we put forward the topic "Research on the teaching mode of primary school mathematics-question-exploration-communication".
in model essay 1 of literature review, the researcher has a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the relevant research fields, and made a critical analysis and comment on the relevant literature. For researchers who are engaged in a certain subject, consulting literature helps them to grasp the development history and present situation of their research field as a whole, the main research achievements, the controversial places, the latest research direction and trend, the fields neglected by researchers, and suggestions for further research work.
literature review model essay 2: research on self-study methods of rural middle school students
1. research status abroad
there are many self-study methods abroad. Skinner, an American psychologist, put forward the procedural learning method, which makes learning relatively easy and is beneficial to students' self-study. The trial-and-error learning method created by American psychologist Thorndike mainly solves the problems in learning. There are also super learning methods, such as searching, asking, reading, taking notes, reviewing, suggesting and so on.
2. Research situation in China
In ancient China, we attached great importance to the study of self-study methods, including "reviewing the past and learning from the present" and "learning from the present". Mr. Ye Shengtao, a modern educator in China, advocated the cultivation of students' self-study ability. Comrade Lu Zhongheng, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, first put forward the "self-study counseling teaching method", which is the main advantage of this method. Wei Shusheng's Chinese teaching advocates improving learning efficiency by improving students' learning consciousness ...
The above research experience at home and abroad provides valuable experience for our research.
according to model article 2 of literature review, this topic review lists the discussions and practices of representative experts and scholars at home and abroad on self-study methods, and summarizes the advantages of some contents. After choosing the major research direction, before determining the specific research topic, consulting a large number of documents to understand the relevant research situation will help researchers to define the research content through comparison and analysis, determine the research scope of the topic, and better control and grasp the topic. However, the literature review lacks critical analysis and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of the theories and practices held by each expert and scholar, especially the comprehensive refining and analysis of the research status at home and abroad.
second, the literature review should be concise, avoid quoting a lot of original texts as far as possible, make the author's views clear in his own language, and draw general conclusions from the original documents.
the purpose of literature review is to point out the current research status, problems that should be further solved and future development direction through in-depth analysis of past and present research results, and to comment on various research results according to relevant scientific theories, combined with specific research conditions and actual needs, and put forward their own views, opinions and suggestions. It should be pointed out that literature review is not a simple introduction and listing of previous research results, but a scientific research work that systematically summarizes the progress of a certain research field at a certain stage after careful reading by the author, and puts forward his own opinions in combination with the specific situation and actual needs of his own region.
Third, literature review is not a database. It should closely focus on the "problems" of the subject research, and ensure that the existing research results are directly related to the subject research, and its content is closely organized around the subject, which can not only systematically and comprehensively reflect the history, present situation and trend of the research object, but also reflect all aspects of the research content.
literature review model essay 3: experimental research on the ways and methods of mental health education in rural primary and secondary schools
A review of the research status of this topic at home and abroad: In 1998, the International Mental Health Association emphasized "the definition of health"
The initiator of the mental health movement was C. Bierce of the United States. Maslow's humanism emphasizes "self-realization"; Ferram put forward the "new person theory"; Ault put forward the theory of "mature person" ...
The United States was the first country to offer psychological counseling, which was regarded as a part of school education, and the Ministry of Education of the former Soviet Union promulgated the "Regulations on Psychological Counseling in Soviet Ordinary Schools" in 1984; Japan also actively introduced psychological counseling from the United States ......
China's mental health education started late, and it started in some areas and schools in the 198s ...... The real start of primary and secondary schools was in the early 199s. China Youth Research Center and China Youth Development Foundation conducted a large-scale survey in the whole country, and announced the results on June 7, 1997, which aroused the shock of Chinese people, especially the education sector ... < P > In mid-1988, the Central Committee issued the "Notice on Reforming and Strengthening Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools". On December 2th, 1989, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights and Interests of the Child .................................................................................................................................................... It should be said that from the early 199s to the mid-199s, mental health education in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai was at the forefront of the country. In 1994, the Shanghai Education Commission issued relevant documents and published relevant teaching materials on mental health education in primary and secondary schools. But they put most of their energy into urban students. At the same time, Xicheng District of Beijing has become a "psychological education center". Teacher Ding Rong took the lead in doing a lot of work, but she still focused on urban students. There are great differences between rural students and urban students in living, learning and other conditions, and there are also great differences in the level of mental health, but so far no one has put forward the shaping experience of the ways and methods of psychological education in rural primary and secondary schools. Therefore, the ways and methods of psychological education in rural primary and secondary schools are worth studying.
As can be seen from the model essay 3 of literature review, the members of the research group have read a lot of materials. However, there are few reviews on "ways and methods of mental health education"; There is not much analysis on the mental health difference between rural students and urban students. The characteristics of "rural areas" are unclear, and "methods and ways" are unknown. This will bring trouble to the later research direction and design.
Fourth, the literature review should be comprehensive, accurate and objective. It is best to use opinions and arguments for comments from a single document, and try to avoid using others' explanations or reviews of the original documents.