Chen Zilong (1608-1647) was an official and writer in the late Ming Dynasty. His initial name was Jie, with the courtesy names Wozi, Maozhong, and Renzhong, and his nicknames were Dazun, Haishi, and Yifu. A native of Huating, Songjiang, Nanzhili (now Songjiang, Shanghai). He was a Jinshi in the tenth year of Chongzhen. He once served as a promotion official in Shaoxing. He promoted the military department to Shizhong based on his merits. He was ordered to die in Ming Dynasty. When the Qing troops fell in Nanjing, he contacted Taihu people's armed organizations to carry out anti-Qing activities. After the defeat, he was arrested and drowned himself. He was an important writer in the late Ming Dynasty, with high achievements in poetry. His poetry style may be tragic and desolate, full of national integrity; it may be elegant and gorgeous; or it may combine the two styles into one. He is good at Qilu, Qiyan Songxing and Qijue, and is recognized as the "Leader of Ming Dynasty Poetry". Chen Zilong is also a poet, a famous poet of Wanyue Ci and the leader of Yunjian Ci School. He is praised as "the first poet of the Ming Dynasty" by many famous ci critics in later generations.
Chinese name: Chen Zilong
Foreign name: Ch'en Tzu-lung
Alias: Chen Wozi, Chen Dazun
Nationality: China (Ming Dynasty)
Nationality: Han
Birthplace: Huating, Songjiang (now Songjiang, Shanghai)
Date of Birth: 1608
Date of death: 1647
Occupation: Poet, lyricist, prose writer, military officer
Representative works: "Anya Tang Manuscript", "The Complete Works of Chen Zhongyu Gong", "Jiang Leikan" , "Manuscripts of Xiangzhen Pavilion"
Honors: The leading poet in the Ming Dynasty, the first poet in the Ming Dynasty
Contents
Characters' lives and celebrities' romance
< p>Ambition of a man with lofty idealsSacrificed himself by drowning
Chen Zilong's Tomb
Biographies of "History of the Ming Dynasty"
Literary achievements in Ming Dynasty poetry
A generation of Ci masters
Masters of parallel prose
Famous policy commentators
Excerpted poems from works
Ci poems
Wen Fu
The characters with the same name and their lives and celebrities
Ambition of the lofty ideals
Marrying oneself by drowning
Chen Zilong's Tomb
Biographies of "History of the Ming Dynasty"
Literary achievements in Ming poetry palace
A generation of Ci masters
Masters of parallel verse
Famous policy commentators
Excerpted poems from works
Cyms
Wen Fu
Character of the same name
Expand and edit the life of this character
Celebrity romance
Chen Zilong's ancestors were farmers for the previous generation. His father, Chen Suowen, was famous for his literature in Jiangnan. He was a Jinshi in the 47th year of Wanli. A portrait of Chen Zilong was painted by Xu Zhang of the Qing Dynasty
From an official to a minister of punishment and work. Chen Zilong entered school at the age of six and worked diligently on classics and history, focusing on chapters and sentences. In the third year of Tianqi (1623), at the age of sixteen, he took the boy examination and ranked second. At that time, a large number of court officials were dismissed from their posts or arrested and killed because of their opposition to Wei Zhongxian. Chen Suowen was ill at home. Every time he read the newspaper in his residence, he sighed and taught Chen Zilong how to analyze evil and right and distinguish right from wrong. In the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), he successively became friends with Xia Yunyi, Xu Fuyuan, Zhou Lixun, Song Zhengbi, and some literati from Suzhou, Jiaxing and other prefectures. They exchanged academic ideas and discussed current affairs. Later, most of them became the backbone of the Jiangnan Party and Society Movement in the Ming Dynasty. . In the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), he served as a student member of Songjiang Prefecture. His father died of illness, and he remained at home as a filial piety, staying at home, reading a lot of books, and especially devoted himself to ancient Chinese poetry. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Chen Zilong was twenty-one years old and married the daughter of Zhang Guiduan, the magistrate of Shaoyang County, Baoqing Prefecture, Huguang. In the second year of Chongzhen, Chen Zilong was ranked first among the scholars. In that year, Xia Yunyi and Du Linzheng organized "several societies" in Songjiang. "There are several people who have revived their unique knowledge, and they know its divine meaning." The first three people to join the society were Zhou Lixun, Xu Fuyuan and Peng Bin. Chen Zilong "was just a young man. When he heard about this move, he came back with great enthusiasm. The gentlemen were surprised at his young age, but because of his talent and learning, he was already proficient in classics and history. His papers were astonishing, and he became the number of six sons." He was known as "the six sons of Jishe" in the world. Like other literary societies, Jishe started by making friends through literature, choosing confidants, and learning crafts. Later, as the political situation changed, it gradually evolved into a political force. After the establishment of Jishe, a model of eight-legged prose was engraved, "Selected Works of Renshen of Jishe", which collected the articles of six scholars, with sixty poems each. He also engraved the "First Collection", "Second Collection", "Third Collection", "Fourth Collection" and "Fifth Collection" of Jishe Yi, which greatly boosted the momentum of Jishe. As a result, Chen Zilong's reputation has grown day by day. "The industry is improving day by day, and the outdoors is full of people." In the autumn of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), he took the provincial examination and passed the examination. The following year, he went to the capital for the joint examination and was "deposed by a certain official in the province." Zhou Yanru suggested that the court re-examine the test papers of the deposed candidates. The court agreed and began to re-examine. Chen Zilong's answers were appreciated by Wen Anzhi and Ni Yuanlu, and Zhou Yanru "wanted to set aside differences." "etc." However, due to smears in Chen Zilong's paper, Zhou was afraid of being criticized by his political enemy Wen Tiren and gave up the admission. Chen Zilong then returned home and engaged in ancient Chinese poetry. [1] He also wrote tens of thousands of words, discussing the pros and cons of current affairs. He originally wanted to report it to the imperial court, but was stopped by Chen Jiru, a famous scholar in Songjiang at that time. In the spring of the seventh year of Chongzhen, he took the general examination again. Therefore, the person in charge this time was Wen Tiren. Wen Tiren extremely rejected Fushe members. This year, the number of Fushe members admitted dropped sharply, and Chen Zilong naturally failed. Suffering this severe blow, Chen Zilong was almost disheartened. He went home to thank guests behind closed doors, "concentrated on learning" and composed more than a hundred chapters of ancient poetry and music. Then, he studied and wrote in Songjiang Nanyuan, and wrote "Shiyutang Collection" and "Pinglutang Collection".
In the tenth year of Chongzhen's reign, he went north for the third time. He and Xia Yunyi were both Jinshi, and both were in the Bingke (Third Class A), and became foreign officials. Chen Zilong was elected as the manager of Huizhou Prefecture in Guangdong Province. Before he took office, he heard that his stepmother had died and he went home to attend the funeral.
Ambition of Patriots
At this time, the pressure from the Qing army outside the Pass and the uprising of the hungry people inside the Pass put the already declining Ming Dynasty in danger. At the same time, a group of intellectuals who were worried about the country and the people were attracted to Wang Yangming. Empty talk about learning has caused strong dissatisfaction in the country, and they loudly called for "application of knowledge and practical application" to change the cruel social reality. Chen Zilong is one of the typical representatives. During this period, he did two very significant things for the development of science and culture in ancient China. In the summer of the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), Chen Zilong, with a sense of urgency that "a gentleman's learning is more valuable than knowing the time; the urgency of the time is to worry about the future", together with Xu Fuyuan and Song Zhengbi, named the famous minister of the Ming Dynasty "who has experience in the world". "On affairs and state affairs", "extracting their elites", "picking up side-by-side references to aid the profound", and "aiming to collect facts", compiled into "Huang Ming Jing Shi Wen Bian", with 504 volumes and four supplements. roll. This book selection is based on the principles of governing chaos clearly, reserving similarities and differences, focusing on military affairs, and emphasizing economics. The content is very rich, including politics, military, taxation, finance, farmland, water conservancy, school culture, regulations and systems, etc., and is based on the contact with Chen Zilong at that time. There are many practical issues in Stone Carvings
[2], and marginal notes are added to some of the articles to express the editor's political views. The motivation and purpose of Chen Zilong and others in editing this book is to "prepare the rules for the next generation, and provide lessons for future generations". Through their own efforts, they try to reverse the "vulgar Confucianism is ancient rather than modern, and capture the Chinese." "Abandoning reality" is a bad trend of not being realistic. It is a book that "starts from historical reality, sums up the two hundred years of Ming Dynasty's ruling experience, and attempts to draw lessons from it to change the current reality and apply it to the world. The editing and publication of this book is a great contribution to that time. The style of writing and study was a serious challenge, and it also played a pioneering role in later Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and others' practical study of managing the world." Subsequently, Chen Zilong compiled Xu Guangqi's agricultural masterpiece "Agricultural Policy Complete Book". Xu Guangqi had the ambition to manage the world. "What he learned in his life was about studying nature and man, and all of them were focused on practicality. As for farming, he was especially attentive. It was the source of livelihood and education for the people and the foundation of the country's prosperity." Chen Zilong has always admired Xu Guangqi's personality and knowledge. In his early years, he visited him in Beijing to "ask about the affairs of the world." After Xu Guangqi's death, Chen Zilong obtained dozens of volumes of drafts of "Nongshu" from his grandson Xu Erjue and copied them day and night. In the twelfth year of Chongzhen (1639), "he felt that the essence of enriching the country and transforming the people was to eliminate the complexity and make up for the deficiencies." "Approximately three-tenths were deleted and two-tenths were added." Canran completed the "Agricultural Policy Complete Book" in sixty volumes. He also wrote "Fantasy", summarizing the basic purpose, main content of each chapter, ideological origin and Xu Guangqi's unique insights of "The Complete Book of Agricultural Affairs". At the same time, he expressed his own socio-economic views. Editing the "Huangming Jingshi Wenbian" and compiling the "Nong Zhengquanshu" were Chen Zilong's two most important contributions in practical aspects of managing the world in his life. It can also be seen from this how much he attaches to "managing the world", that is, real social and economic issues, especially agricultural production. After that, Chen Zilong once "didn't want to be an official" and "spread his house widely at home, showing that he had no ambition in all directions". However, in the face of the great peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty and the Qing army's advancing step by step, in order to save the national destiny of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Zilong finally gave up his personal life in the "Ming Jing Shi Wen Bian"
In June of the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640), he was appointed as the manager of Shaoxing Prefecture in Zhejiang Province, and soon began to act as the magistrate of Zhuji County. During his time as an official, due to the floods in his area for many years and the hungry people, in order to maintain the stability of the local society, he used both force and softness to suppress and appease. At the same time, he "struggled to protect the armor, set up the law of mutual heads, and issued the order of sitting together." Put down the riots of the hungry people; on the other hand, he personally took charge of relief work, helped the hungry people, set up porridge factories, set up pharmacies, provided care for the elderly and the young, treated the sick and sick, collected dead bones, and saved hundreds of thousands of people. In May of the 15th year (1642), under the control of Dong Xiangheng, the governor of Zhejiang, Chen Zilong supervised more than a thousand soldiers to Suichang County, Zhejiang, and actively participated in the capital suppression of Zhejiang, Gansu and Fujian provinces, and pacified Tingzhou, Fujian, which had been active at the junction of the three provinces for many years. The mountain people led by Qiu Lingxiao and his son rioted. In the spring of the 16th year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng's uprising army defeated Chengde and Nanjing suffered a great earthquake. He was appointed by Dong Xiangheng to plan armaments, build gates and forts in Yuhang and other places, renovate cities, cast cannons and store salt, and supervise the transportation of military supplies into Nanjing. At the beginning of the 17th year of Chongzhen, Chen Zilong was awarded military science for his meritorious service in recruiting Xudu, a student in Dongyang County, Zhejiang, to riot. However, after Xu Du surrendered, because Zhejiang Inspector Zuo Guangxian ignored Chen Zilong's repeated requests and violated the original promise that Xu Du would surrender as long as Xu Du surrendered, "he will not die". After Xu Du led his troops to surrender, he Xu Du and more than 60 people from his tribe were killed. Chen Zilong was very dissatisfied with this. He also heard that his grandmother was seriously ill, so he did not go to his post and returned home in March.
Drown into water to die
In the 17th year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng conquered Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself. The Ming Dynasty perished. Immediately afterwards, Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass, and Li Zicheng was defeated. When Chen Zilong was preparing to go north, he heard the news of Chongzhen's death. Soon after, King Fu Zhu Yousong supervised the country in Nanjing, and soon proclaimed himself emperor, which was the Hongguang regime in history. On the recommendation of Huang Daozhou, Chen Zilong served in the Hongguang court with the post of military affairs conferred by Chongzhen. Although the Military Affairs Bureau was only in the seventh rank, he could directly discuss the important matters of national defense. Chen Zilong was in power for more than 50 days, wrote more than 30 times, and put forward a large number of valuable suggestions. However, Emperor Hongguang was addicted to wine and sex, and had no intention of restoring the country, and only wanted peace.
Chen Zilong was extremely disappointed with the government. At the same time, because his outspoken words offended Ma Shiying, Ruan Dacheng and others, he was ostracized, so he resigned and returned to his hometown. The following year, the Qing army quickly moved south with the help of traitor generals. The Hongguang Dynasty was destroyed and King Fu lost his life. After resigning, Chen Zilong fled to Maobin. An old friend, Chen Hongfan, had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and sent people to appease him and Xia Yunyi. Xia Yunyi resisted and responded, but Chen Zilong avoided seeing them. There was also an old Ming general, Hong Enbing, who, along with Chen Zilong, "had always adhered to the disciple etiquette" and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. They called themselves "pacification envoys" and passed by Songjiang to ask for an audience. Chen Zilong also turned them away and insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty. In the leap month of June, counties in the south of the Yangtze River "competed to raise troops as a recovery plan", organized rebels, and launched a vigorous anti-Qing movement. Ming officials from Songjiang Prefecture also recruited troops in the city to fight against the Qing Dynasty. At this time, Chen Zilong, Xu Fuyuan and Chen Hu Yishi gathered more than a thousand people to station in Chen Hu, waiting for an opportunity to raise troops. Xia Yunyi wrote to Wusong to contact Wu Zhikui, the deputy commander-in-chief, and Lu Zhiyu, the commander-in-chief, who led 3,000 naval troops from Wusong to Mao Lake. The commander-in-chief, Huang Fei, led 1,000 ships and 20,000 naval troops from Wuxi to join them here. On the tenth day of the lunar month, Chen Zilong set up a statue of Taizu of the Ming Dynasty and swore an oath to revolt. Shen Youlong, the former governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty, called the governor the Minister of War. Chen Zilong said he was supervising the army Zuo Gaishizhong, and the military name was "Zhenwu". Although there were more than a thousand volunteers gathered by Chen Zilong, they had "nothing to do with their pay", and there were many fishermen from Maobin. They did not know discipline and had never fought. They were very unfit for use. Chen Zilong (8 photos) and Wu Zhikui's navy failed to attack Suzhou. . Huang Fei did not listen to Chen Zilong's dissuasion and moved his 20,000 naval troops to camp on the Huangpu River. Due to the narrow water channel along the way and unfavorable rotation, they marched for dozens of miles in a single line, with the head and tail not corresponding. They only lasted for two months and were defeated by the Qing army. On August 3, Songjiang City fell, and Shen Youlong and others were killed. Chen Zilong encountered Qing soldiers in the west of the city and had to escape, taking his family to Kunshan. Xia Yunyi drowned himself. Then, Chen Zilong took refuge in Jinze, Qingpu County, and finally entered Shuiyue Temple in Taozhuang, Jiashan County anonymously, where he was entrusted as a Zen monk and named Xinzhong, with the courtesy name Piaosu and Yingchuan Mingyi. Here, he studied Buddhism with Anseng Yanmen and completed his own Chronicle. In June of the first year of Hongguang, King Zhu Yihai of Lu supervised the country in Shaoxing. In leap six months, Tang Wang Zhu Yujian was granted the title of Fuzhou. The King of Lu appointed Chen Zilong as Minister of the Ministry of War to control the military canals of seven provinces; the King of Tang appointed Chen Zilong as the Minister of War and the Censor of Zuodu. In May, Chen Zilong supervised Wu Yiyi's army. Chen Zilong saw that he "underestimated the enemy, that all his staff and guests were frivolous people, that all the generals were just stealing and looting, and that the troops were not in order" and that "military discipline was weakening day by day", so he severed ties with him. In the autumn, Wu Yi was killed by the Qing army and the rebel army failed. At this time, Chen Zilong was often worried and sighed because he failed to restore his great cause. When I heard that eastern Zhejiang and Fuzhou were lost, they "didn't want to live, were alone, and wandered among the people." He cried and said: "The world will be at peace, but I can only bury my grandmother before she dies." In July, he sent his family back home, and in November, he buried his grandmother in Guangfulin. He also wrote a long book "Book of Reporting to the Duke of Xia" and burned it in front of Xia Yunyi's tomb, "telling the reason why I survived, so that I can live up to the expectations of Duke Xia". At the beginning of the second year of Yongli of Emperor Zhaozong of the Southern Ming Dynasty (1647 AD), when he was living in Guangfulin, he remembered that all his close friends such as Xia Yun had disappeared for a while. It had also been several years since Zhou Lixun's death, but he had not mourned him. He said with emotion: "I Who died because of this?" So he donated the land to bury him. In March, Xia Yunyi was buried. Chen Zilong wrote two chapters of the poem "The Burial of Xia Yuan Gong" and two poems "Hanshi" and "Qingming". This is his last work. Admiral Wu Shengzhao, a native of Liaodong, followed the Qing army to Jiangnan. In April 1647, Wu Shengzhao was squeezed out and conspired. Anyway, his subordinate Dai Zhijun was an old acquaintance of Chen Zilong. He actively supported Wu Shengzhao in raising an army, visited Chen Zilong privately, and repeatedly asked Chen Zilong to write letters to contact the Zhoushan garrison of the Southern Ming Dynasty Huang Binqing, who led the boat division as an outsider. answer. According to the later records of Chen Zilong's student Wang Yu, Chen Zilong believed that Huang and others "made false promises and lacked faith, and things will not work." He did not agree to Dai's request, and said: "There is no shortage of messengers in the shipping. You can do it for yourself. I will never stop it." . Dai left immediately, "naturally we no longer heard from each other." However, according to the records of Chen Zilong’s friend Song Zhengyu during his lifetime, Chen Zilong readily agreed and wrote a letter to contact Huang Binqing in person to actively participate in the uprising. Of the two theories, the one from the Song Dynasty is more reliable, because when Wang Yu continued to write Chen Zilong's chronology, in order not to cause trouble to Chen Zilong's widow and descendants, he deliberately denied Chen Zilong's participation in the uprising in the description. Song Zhengyu did not consider this when he recalled it, so he spoke frankly. On the 16th, Wu Shengzhao failed to raise his troops but was arrested and imprisoned. The Qing army slandered Chen Zilong and Wu as "conspirators" and sent troops to arrest them. Chen Zilong fled to Suzhou and changed his surname to Li to Dazun. At that time, General Bashan of Jiangning of the Qing Army, Chen Jin, the censor of the capital, and Tu Guobao, governor of Jiangning, conspired to take advantage of Wu Sheng's omen and "eliminate all the famous people in Wu", with Chen Zilong as the leader. In early May, they sent 500 soldiers to search the Susong area for five or six days. Finally, Chen Zilong was arrested in Wu County. Bashan and others interrogated him. He was "unyielding and his expression remained unchanged." Chen Jin asked him why he was an official? He said: "I am in charge of military affairs in the Chongzhen Dynasty." He asked again: "Why don't you shave your hair?" He said: "I only keep this hair so that I can see the late emperor underground." When he asked again, Chen Zilong stood upright and refused to answer. Then he held the boat and ordered the soldiers to guard it. On May 13, Chen Zilong was escorted to Nanjing. On the way, when he passed the Tangqiao Bridge in Songjiang, the guards were unprepared and he suddenly threw himself into the water and died. When he was fished out, he was already dead. The Qing army brutally killed him. Behead him and throw his body into the water. He was forty years old. The next day, Chen Zilong's disciple Wang Yu, sedan bearer Wu You and others found his body in Maozhu Port and buried him in a coffin.
Chen Zilong’s Tomb