[Edit this paragraph] Li Yu:
Li Yu (937-978), the monarch of Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, was of Han nationality. His rule was (96 1-975), his name was Jia Cong, and his name was Zhong Yin. Lotus lay man Xuzhou (now Jiangsu) people. The sixth son of Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he succeeded to the throne in the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1), and was called the late master in history. In the eighth year of Kaibao, the country broke the Song Dynasty and was captured to Bianjing, where he became a general and disobeyed orders. Later he was poisoned by Song Taizong. Although Li Yu is politically incompetent, his artistic talent is extraordinary. Li has certain attainments in books, paintings, songs, poems and essays, especially in ci. The content can be mainly divided into two categories: the first category was written before the Song Dynasty, which mainly reflected the palace life and the love between men and women, and the subject matter was narrow; The second category is that after the Song Dynasty, Li Yu was deeply saddened by the national subjugation, and his memories of the past were full of his own feelings. The achievements of his works in this period far exceeded those in the previous period. Among them, masterpieces such as Young Beauty, Langtaosha and Night Cry were all made at this time. In this period, most of the ci poems were based on sadness, mainly describing the scene of dreaming from afar, and expressing infinite nostalgia for "the old country" and "the past". Li Yu occupied an important position in the history of China's ci poems and was called "the emperor of eternal ci poems". It also has a great influence on future generations. He inherited the tradition of Huajian poets since the late Tang Dynasty, but reflected a certain artistic conception with universal significance in real life through a concrete and sensible personality image, which promoted the creation of ci and expanded the field of expression of ci. Li Yuwen is rich in writing, poetry, books and painting. His ci poems are mainly included in two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] 1. general survey
Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. It is entirely accidental that Li Yu, who has no intention of fighting for power and profit, longs for seclusion. He is helpless, and he is also the king of national subjugation engraved on the historical archives. Merits and demerits have become the track of history ...
When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo, paid tribute to the Song Dynasty many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu wrote to the North many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing, where she will be sealed and not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. According to the records of King Song, the beggars' sect was poisoned by morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang.
He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later ci poems reflect the pain of national subjugation, with expanded themes, profound artistic conception, sincere feelings, fresh language and great artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, in the house arrest career of "Everyday Lacrimosa", the king of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's Ancient and Modern Thorns). It is precisely these late ci poems that "the unfortunate poet of the country is lucky, and the words of vicissitudes of life come into play", which are desolate and tragic, and have far-reaching artistic conception, laying the groundwork for Su Xin's so-called "bold and unrestrained" school. As Wang Guowei said in Ci on Earth, "Ci came to Li Houzhu and began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. The late Lord has a collection that has been lost. There are 46 words, of which only 38 words can be confirmed by previous works or others.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. life
Li Yu is "kind and filial, good at writing calligraphy and painting, rich in forehead and teeth, and heavy in eyes." , is the sixth son of Excavate, Yuan Zong of Southern Tang Dynasty (Lord of Southern Tang Dynasty). Because Li Jing's second to fifth sons all died early, Li Hongji, Li Yu's eldest brother, was actually his second son when he was the Crown Prince. Li Hongji was a jealous man, but Li Yu, who was sedate at that time, was afraid of Li Hongji's suspicion and did not dare to participate in politics. He reads just for fun every day.
Li Hongji died shortly after poisoning Li Jingsui in 959. Li Jing intends to make Li Yu a prince. Zhong Mo said, "From the protection, I am cowardly, Buddhist and inhuman." Being kind, courageous and dignified, it is very suitable to be an heir. "Excavate great anger, made an excuse, the Zhong Mo relegated to the country, exiled to Raozhou. Li Yu was made king of Wu, a scribe and a politician, so he lived in the East Palace.
96 1, in the second year of Song Dynasty, Li Jing moved to Nanchang, made Li Yu the crown prince to supervise the country, and left him in Jinling. After the death of Li Jing in June, Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling.
Li Yu is "arrogant and extravagant, good at showing off, talking loudly and not caring about political affairs."
After Song Jun destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty in 97 1 year, Li Yu changed his name to Jiangnan Master to show that he did not oppose the Song Dynasty.
In 973, Song Taizu ordered Li Yu to go to Kaifeng, but he refused to go because of illness. Song Taizu sent Cao Bin and his army to attack Nantang.
In 9741February, Cao Bin conquered Jinling.
After fifteen years in office, he was called Li Houzhu and the Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty.
In 975, the city was broken, and the queen came out naked, and was taken to Bianjing, where she was sealed by a letter. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County.
In 978 (the third year of Taiping and Xingguo), Xu Xuan was ordered by Song Taizong to visit Li Yu, and Li Yu sighed at Xu Xuan: "I regret killing Pan You and Li Ping by mistake!" . Song Taizong was very angry about Xu Xuan's withdrawal. According to Wang Luo's memoirs in the Song Dynasty, Li Yu was finally poisoned by Song Taizong for writing such words as "The old country is unbearable to look back on" and "A river flows eastward". Some people say it's Chinese medicine, nux vomica. After taking it, the central nervous system is destroyed, the whole body twitches, and the head and feet shrink together [7], which is extremely painful. After Li Yu's death, he was buried in North Mangshan, Luoyang. He was heartbroken a few weeks later and died soon after.
Li Yu "was born in the palace and grew up in the hands of women", "sexual forgiveness, bullying injustice", he gave up killing. After his death, Jiangnan people heard that "all lanes are crying and fasting."
[Edit this paragraph] Writing background
After being captured, he was named the disobedient Hou of Kaifeng Prefecture and worshipped General Zuo as a bully. According to historical records, Zhao Guangyi repeatedly forced Zhou Xiao to stay in the palace. Every time I go back after Xiao Zhou, I cry and scold. In pain and depression, Li Yu wrote famous songs such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River, Midnight Song and Young Beauty. Ancient painters also painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, and Shen Defu wrote Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky in Ming Dynasty: "In the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong painted Xiao Zhou after Xiling was lucky, with a hoe on his head, pale face and fat body. After the worship, the limbs were delicate, and several imperial envoys held them and frowned after a week. " Feng Haisu of Yuan Man wrote a poem on the map: "Li Huakai, left in the south of the Yangtze River, was also forcibly folded by the king; Blame the golden wind rushing to the ground, and the imperial garden is full of red and purple. " (Zhou Xiao is E Huang's younger sister. Later, she was named Mrs. Zheng and ordered to visit the palace regularly. Zhou Xiao is a stunning beauty, and Zhao Guangyi (Song Taizong) is drooling over her beauty.
[Edit this paragraph] 3. domestic
children
son
The eldest son, Prince Qingyuan, Qi Huangong Zhongyu.
The second son, Qi Huai, presented the king.
Empress and empresses
After ...
Houzun Saint, Zhao Hui, Houguo, Zhou Ehuang
After the country, Zhou Jiamin (Zhao Huimei)
imperial concubine
yellow
Yu Yu Liu Zhu
Imperial secretary Joe's
[Edit this paragraph] 4. achievements of art
Li Yu has made great achievements in art, the most famous words are Yu Meiren and Langtaosha Ling. He is good at calligraphy and painting. Regarding his calligraphy: Gu Tao's Qing Louis, Ceng Yun said: "The ancient master's good book is as vigorous as cold pine and frost bamboo, and it is called Jin Cuodao. If you write in big letters and don't write in silk, you can be satisfied. It is called' pinch of books' in the world. " As for his paintings, Guo Zhi Ren Lun Shi in Song Dynasty said: "Li Yu, the queen of Jiangnan, only knows how to support herself and is good at painting and calligraphy. It is far better to taste the forest stone birds than the regular flow, higher than the accident. " Unfortunately, there are no calligraphy and painting handed down from generation to generation. The style of Li Yu's ci is divided into two periods with 975 as the boundary. His early ci style was beautiful and soft, and he didn't break away from the habit of "flowers". According to the content, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to describe the magnificent palace life and the affair between men and women, such as Bodhisattva Man and Ying Huan. Due to the great changes in life, his later poems made the king of national subjugation become the "southern king" in the eternal ci world (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's "Ancient and Modern Ci"), which is exactly "the unfortunate poet of the country is fortunate, in terms of it. These sad and tragic late ci poems with profound artistic conception laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and became a great master in the history of ci poems. As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. For example, Yu Meiren and Langtaosha made Wang Guowei think: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful; Wei Duanji's words, bone show also; Li Shiguang's writing is also beautiful. "Moreover, he also said," Ci has become a master's word and a scholar-bureaucrat's word. Zhou Jie Village is placed under Wen Wei, which can be described as reversing black and white. " This last sentence is aimed at what Zhou Ji said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Jiecunzhai": "Heshi is a beautiful woman on earth, who is good at strict makeup and light makeup, and does not hide the national color. Fei Qing, strict makeup; End yourself and make up lightly; After the Lord, rude and confused. ".Wang believes that this kind of comment is in Yang Wen's suppression of Wei. There is also a view in academic circles that the original intention of Zhou Ji is that Li Yu is not as good as Wen Listening Cloud and Wei Zhuang in terms of neat words and sentences. However, as far as the vividness and fluency of ci poetry are concerned, the former is obviously more vigorous and natural, and "carelessly does not cover up the national color." Li Yu's ci got rid of Hua's frivolity. His words are true, his language is vivid, his image is vivid, his personality is distinct and his feelings are sincere. After the national subjugation, his ci has a wide range of themes and profound meanings, surpassing the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty and becoming the first graceful ci in the early Song Dynasty. Later generations revered him as "Ci Sheng". Li Yu's Ci has inherited the tradition of Hua Jian Ci poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and was influenced by Li Jing and others, which promoted the creation of Ci. Its main achievements are as follows: ① Expanding the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous writings were mainly erotic and shallow in content. Even if it contains a little hug, it mostly adopts figurative techniques, which are hidden but not revealed. However, most of Li Yu's works are straightforward, pouring out his life and feelings of the country and expressing his true feelings. Therefore, Wang Guowei said, "When Ci came to Li Houzhu, its vision began to widen and its feelings deepened, so it became a musician's ci and a scholar-bureaucrat's ci. "(Shi Shuo Xin Yu) ② has a high generality. Li Yu's ci often reflects a certain realm of universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images. There are many famous sayings, such as "The small building was easterly last night, so my country can't bear to look back at the bright moon in the middle of the month" ([Yu Meiren]), "When the water goes and spring comes, it's all in the world" ([Langtaosha]), "People naturally grow up and hate water" ([Meet each other]) and "Being far away from hate is like spring grass and living further" ([Qingpingle]). ③ Language is natural, refined and expressive. His writing is not gorgeous, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature. (4) originality in style. Hua and Southern Tang poets are generally good at euphemism, while Li Yu is good at euphemism. For example, Haodang in Yulouchun, Wu Ye Tune, Androgyny in Xiong Qi and Kuyin (see Tang Fu Thorn by Tan Xian), and If a pony is born in Yu Meiren (Zhou Jiru said by Nalan Xingde, "Flower words are like ancient jade, which are valuable but not applicable, but Song poems are applicable. "(Miscellaneous Notes of Lushui Pavilion) Li Yuji has been lost. There are forty-four words. Only 38 works can be confirmed. His veteran said that he had 30 volumes of anthology and 100 essays. Li Yuji 10 is included in Reading in the County Zhai, and Nan Tang 10 is included in History, Art and Literature of Song Dynasty, both of which have been lost. There are two main characters, 1 Volume South Tang, in Zhi Zhai Shu Lu to solve the problem. At present, there are 34 Li Yu's poems in Mohuazhai (1620) in the forty-eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, among which Looking at Jiangnan can be divided into two. Shao Changguang recorded another 65,438+0 poems in the post-Qing period, and Wang Guowei supplemented nine poems of the Southern Tang Dynasty in modern times, but there seem to be many problems. According to the opinions of most modern scholars, only 32 poems can be identified as Li Yu's. In Qing Dynasty, Liu Ji wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty, and Wang Zhongwen wrote Two Essentials of Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhan Antai's Li Jing Li Words has detailed annotations. For his deeds, see History of the New Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Ma Ling and Lu You, and Chronicle of Two Masters of Southern Tang Dynasty written by Xia.