question 2: how to comprehensively deepen and promote the reform of state-owned enterprises (1) take the reform of state-owned enterprises as the central link of economic system reform, take the establishment of modern enterprise system as the direction, and effectively change the operating mechanism of enterprises. Modern enterprise system is an enterprise system that adapts to the requirements of market economy and is standardized according to law. Its typical form is company system, and its basic characteristics are clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government from enterprises and scientific management. Establishing a modern enterprise system and realizing the separation of investor ownership and enterprise legal person ownership are conducive to separating government from enterprises, transforming the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises, cultivating diversified investors and strategically reorganizing state-owned enterprises.
(2) classified guidance, starting from doing a good job in the whole state-owned economy, "grasping the big and letting go of the small" and strategically reorganizing state-owned enterprises. "Grasping the Big" means grasping some large-scale enterprises and enterprise groups that are related to the lifeline of the national economy and reflect the national economic strength, and taking effective policies and measures to help the excellent and the strong in accordance with the requirements of the market economy, so as to improve their quality and competitiveness; "Letting small enterprises go" means releasing small state-owned enterprises by means of reorganization, association, merger, leasing, contracted operation, joint-stock cooperative system and sale, so that small state-owned enterprises can flexibly adapt to the market.
(3) according to the "three benefits" standard, explore and develop various forms of public ownership. Under the condition of socialist market economy, the forms of public ownership can and should be diversified, and all business forms that reflect the law of socialized production can be boldly used.
(4) combine reform, reorganization, transformation and strengthening management. In the process of state-owned enterprise reform, we should actively promote the flow and reorganization of state-owned assets so as to make rational use of resources; Combine reform with technological transformation, accelerate the technological progress of state-owned enterprises, encourage and guide social funds to invest in technological transformation of enterprises, and form a market-oriented new product development and technological innovation mechanism; Effectively strengthen the internal management of enterprises, strive to explore the enterprise leadership system and organizational management system in line with market rules and China's national conditions, establish a decision-making, implementation and supervision system, and form an effective supervision and restriction mechanism.
(5) Encourage merger, standardize bankruptcy, divert laid-off, reduce staff and increase efficiency, and implement re-employment projects. In order to speed up the reorganization and adjustment of state-owned enterprises, we should encourage superior enterprises to merge difficult enterprises; Enterprises with long-term losses and no hope of turning losses into losses should go bankrupt; Diversion of surplus personnel is also an important way to improve the economic benefits of enterprises, but it will bring temporary difficulties to some employees. The Party and * * * should take active measures to care for and arrange the lives of laid-off workers, broaden employment opportunities and promote re-employment projects.
(6) promote the supporting reform focusing on the establishment of social security system. Establish a social security system, implement a pension and medical insurance system that combines social pooling with individual accounts, improve social insurance and social relief systems, and provide the most basic social security; Establish an effective management, supervision and operation mechanism of state-owned assets to ensure the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets and prevent the loss of state-owned assets; Establish urban housing provident fund, speed up the reform of housing system, and create a good external environment for deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and adjusting the economic structure.
question 3: how to reform state-owned enterprises? First, the problems of * * * system and property rights that must be faced in deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises
1. Thoroughly reform the appointment and dismissal system and the employment system of * * * cadres. First of all, we should really abolish the administrative level of enterprises and the cadre treatment of enterprise managers, cultivate the entrepreneur market, improve the performance evaluation system of enterprise managers, and promote the rational flow of management talents; Secondly, it is necessary to implement civil servants' competitive posts within the * * * department, establish a performance appraisal system for civil servants, and improve their quality; Thirdly, we should actively explore a new mechanism for selecting and employing people to meet the requirements of the market economy, and combine organizational assessment and recommendation, introduction of competition mechanism and open recruitment to the society.
2. The reform of property right system is still the core issue of the reform of state-owned enterprises. The establishment of modern enterprise system must be based on clear property rights, otherwise any other reform measures will be ineffective or have little effect. A mature and perfect property rights system should include three aspects: first, clear property rights, that is, clear property ownership subject and its responsibilities and rights with legal person subject; Second, the flow of property rights, that is, property rights can be traded; Third, the internal property rights structure of enterprises is reasonable, that is, the main body of property rights within enterprises is diversified. At present, the reform of the property right system should focus on the following tasks:
(1) Actively promote the perfection of the shareholding system. First of all, we should correctly understand the leading role of the state-owned economy in the national economy, completely change the understanding that the shares in China, a joint-stock enterprise, should be absolutely controlled, and promote the diversification of enterprise property rights structure. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a perfect corporate governance structure, so that owners have their "position". The corporate governance structure is the core of the company system, and its foundation is the separation of ownership and management rights. The key is that the owner has his "position", that is, the institution that can clearly exercise his residual control right and residual claim right on behalf of the owner in the corporate governance structure.
(2) Take effective measures to promote the rational flow of property rights. Revitalizing existing assets and promoting the optimal allocation of assets of state-owned enterprises have been included in the focus of China's current economic work. One of the problems to be solved is to improve laws and regulations and standardize the operation of property rights trading institutions. In view of the current situation of multi-government, direct intervention and over-the-counter transactions in property rights transactions, we should first improve the laws and regulations on property rights transfer as soon as possible to promote the legal, standardized and orderly flow of public property rights; Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of property rights changes and the inspection of property rights registration; Thirdly, we should improve the functions of property rights trading institutions, strengthen the intermediary role of property rights trading institutions, and actively promote the free trade of property rights and the realization of national policy objectives. Second, combined with the strategic adjustment of state-owned capital, give full play to the macro-control function of * * *, and use administrative and economic means to formulate corresponding policies to adjust the investment direction and structure of state-owned assets, so as to achieve the adjustment goal in a planned and step-by-step manner. The third is to expand and improve the capital market. First, we should promote the expansion of the stock market step by step year by year, create opportunities for qualified enterprises to directly finance the market, and at the same time urge enterprises to carry out capital operation according to the inherent requirements of the capital mechanism; Second, it is necessary to further explore the ways and methods of state-owned shares' flow, eliminate the obstacles between state-owned shares, legal person shares and market tradable shares as soon as possible, enhance the mobility of state-owned shares, realize the benefits of the same shares, standardize the operation of state-owned shares, and effectively protect the rights and interests of state-owned assets owners.
second, deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises must face the problem of economic interests
as a cell in the social economy, enterprises must pay attention to and seek their own economic interests, which is the driving force and source of economic development from the perspective of social and economic development. During the planned economy period, the economic interests of state-owned enterprises and their employees in China have been ignored for a long time, and the prevalence of "big pot" and egalitarianism has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of enterprises and employees. This problem should be solved in the reform of state-owned enterprises. However, we must see that the neglect of the economic interests of state-owned enterprises is only one of the reasons for the long-term inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, and the practice of solving the economic interests of state-owned enterprises as the main line of reform is very debatable. We must note that state-owned enterprises, as a special enterprise form, must follow certain principles in their pursuit of economic interests. These principles can be summarized as follows: First, the ownership of state-owned enterprises belongs to the whole society rather than the enterprises themselves. This determines that the recipients of economic benefits obtained by state-owned enterprises should be the whole society, not the state-owned enterprises themselves. Second, state-owned enterprises bear the responsibility of ensuring social and economic stability and guiding social and economic development. Therefore, the goal of state-owned enterprise management has the consistency of economic benefits and social benefits, rather than a single demand for its own economic benefits. Third, to the country ... > >
Question 4: How to treat the reform of state-owned enterprises correctly? When it comes to the reform of state-owned enterprises for a long time, some people are very critical, even resentful: the reform of enterprises has caused the loss of state-owned assets, intensified the polarization between the rich and the poor, and damaged the interests of employees, resulting in various social contradictions, and a small number of people even lost confidence in the reform of enterprises. Indeed, the reform of the state-owned economy, which plays a leading role in the national economy, is bound to attract public attention.
it is undeniable that the reform will inevitably touch the interests of some people, but we should look at the reform in a dialectical way. Reform is a new thing, and there is no successful experience for us to learn from. Therefore, when we "cross the river by feeling the stones", there are bound to be a few stones that hurt our feet, but we can't stop moving because we touch our feet. Problems and contradictions are objective in the process of reform. Those who cross the river in front touch their feet can provide experience and lessons for those who cross the river behind. Those who touch their feet give some suggestions on the reform, but they will play a positive role in promoting the reform. When most of us cross the river smoothly, we should not exaggerate the problem of touching our feet unilaterally, but should see the achievements of crossing the river. Looking at the experience of state-owned enterprise reform, we should not be confused, but should strengthen our confidence and determination in reform.
State-owned enterprises in the early days of reform and opening up are called state-owned enterprises, but they are not real enterprises, but only a production unit. In the face of market competition, in the late 199s, "loss" became the biggest problem that troubled state-owned enterprises. In 1998, the loss of state-owned enterprises reached two thirds, and the total profit of state-owned enterprises nationwide was only 21.37 billion yuan a year. At that time, the central task of state-owned enterprises was to reform and get rid of difficulties. At present, the monthly profits of more than 1 central enterprises managed by the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission alone reach tens of billions or even nearly hundreds of billions. In 211, 38 central enterprises entered the world's top 5.
reform has provided a powerful impetus for the development of state-owned enterprises. From "extricating ourselves from difficulties" to "developing", the progress of state-owned enterprises is obvious to all. Behind the profit growth and strength enhancement of state-owned enterprises is the continuous deepening of state-owned enterprise reform. In recent years, the reform of state-owned enterprises has been promoted in an all-round way, and the state-owned economy has gradually withdrawn from the general field of competition and concentrated in basic, public welfare and pillar industries, and concentrated in advantageous industries and large groups and enterprises. The number of state-owned enterprises has been greatly reduced, and the vast majority of state-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in the general competitive field have undergone restructuring and withdrawn from the ranks of the state-owned economy. The proportion of state-owned economy in the whole national economy has been decreasing year by year, but the management system and operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises have undergone profound changes, and the benefits have increased year by year. The total profit has increased from 263.6 billion yuan in 22 to 1,498.9 billion yuan in 211. The ability of technological innovation has been significantly enhanced, and a number of innovative achievements with independent intellectual property rights and international advanced level have been achieved. The growth of the state-owned economy not only significantly enhances China's economic strength and international competitiveness, but also gives full play to its leading role and influence. After the outbreak of the international financial crisis, one of the important reasons why China can calmly cope with it and take the lead in realizing economic recovery is that it has a strong state-owned economy, which enables macro-control to better grasp and command the overall situation.
the fundamental purpose of reform is to liberate and develop productive forces. The reform and development of state-owned enterprises is a process of continuous exploration, practice and deepening. We must treat all kinds of contradictions in the reform correctly from the perspective of development, solve all kinds of problems in the reform with innovative methods, deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises, and provide inexhaustible motive force for the sustainable development of state-owned enterprises.
Question 5: How does China carry out the reform of state-owned enterprises? Personally, I think the reform of state-owned enterprises in China must be different from that in the West or the former Soviet Union. State-owned enterprises are enterprises owned by the whole people. I think we can set up a bank, which is called a national holding bank. 7% of the shares of state-owned enterprises should be held by banks owned by the whole people. 2% is held by * * *. 1% of the shares are held by the management of the company. Management shares are automatically held by management personnel during their tenure and cannot be transferred. After leaving office, it will be held by the next leader. The National Holding Bank has a National Holding Committee composed of representatives from all walks of life to represent the interests of the whole people. Leaders of state-owned enterprises are no longer appointed or removed by * * *. But open recruitment. Leaders of state-owned enterprises are supervised by the National Holding Committee and * * *. The profits from the bank controlled by the whole people are used for public welfare, such as subsidizing electricity price, water price and medical care. Finally, I want to emphasize that banks controlled by the whole people cannot be listed, that is, they cannot be held by anyone or state institutions. The main task of the national holding bank is to hold shares in state-owned enterprises.
question 6: use the knowledge of economic life to explain why the reform of state-owned enterprises is needed? How to reform state-owned enterprises? Deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises is conducive to enhancing the vitality of state-owned enterprises, adopting modern enterprise systems and coping with economic globalization competition and cooperation.
it is beneficial to improve the ownership of the means of production in China, to the rational allocation of resources, to the simultaneous development of various ownership economies, to the development of productive forces and to the healthy development of the national economy.
the reform of state-owned enterprises should improve the ownership of the means of production and give full play to its advantages, and adhere to the principles of three benefits. It is conducive to the development of productive forces, the improvement of people's living standards and the improvement of comprehensive national strength.
the reform of state-owned enterprises should be conducive to the consolidation of the leading role and pillar position of state-owned enterprises in the national economy.
the reform of state-owned enterprises should be conducive to the more successful operation of state-owned enterprises and the promotion of independent innovation and competitiveness.
the reform of state-owned enterprises should help them go global, enhance their international competitiveness, raise the level of opening up to the outside world and cultivate new advantages in international competition.
question 7: how to understand the reform of state-owned enterprises? The reform of state-owned enterprises is a "trial and error" process of "crossing the river by feeling the stones"
the reform of state-owned enterprises mainly focuses on several directions, such as adjusting the strategic layout, deepening the reform of shareholding system, improving the corporate governance structure, perfecting the state-owned assets management system and the leadership style of state-owned enterprises.
Question 8: How to treat the reform of state-owned enterprises? The reform of state-owned enterprises and property rights system in China was forced by the dual pressure of financial grain cut-off and bank loan cut-off, and the reform of state-owned enterprises has been constantly promoted in the debate. How to treat the reform of state-owned enterprises, different people have different opinions. But the practice of state-owned enterprise reform is the best answer. now