Images in classical poetry often contain rich meanings, complex feelings or profound philosophies. The poet's subjective feelings are expressed by images, and the subjective "meaning" and the objective "image" are isomorphic, forming a poetic "image" with great aesthetic feeling.
Poetic images can be character images, including objective images and subjective images (objective images are the characters described by the author, such as Zhou Yu in Looking Back on Red Cliff, and subjective images are the lyrical protagonists created by the works, such as the image of "I" in Lin Yuling), as well as the events extracted by the poet from social life (action images, such as "Knocking on chess pieces and falling to death" in Passers-by).
Image analysis, it is important to grasp the moral behind the image, that is, "the image outside the image, the scene outside the scene." For example, a rooster crows on the Maodian Moon in Morning Walk, and several simple images show the image of a busy traveler. In Yulin Ridge, where to wake up tonight, Yang Liuan, the breeze and the waning moon, the poet expresses the sadness of parting through images such as willow, breeze and the waning moon. Therefore, it is not comprehensive to guess the poet's feelings only by poetic images when appreciating poetic images. The choice of images often shows the poet's feelings, likes and dislikes, sadness and joy, such as "the vine is old, the west wind is slender, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world" in the courtyard sand Qiu Si. Through six groups of deliberately chosen images, the poet shows the fatigue of the journey, the helplessness of wandering life and the yearning for his hometown.
When guiding students to analyze the images of poetry, we should first let them have some image reserves, such as "the waning moon" often means missing, and "willow silk" means leaving. After accumulating a certain number of images, students will form a preliminary image appreciation, but students often form a "stereotype" at this time. Whenever they encounter similar images, they will make a unified explanation, and the images are relatively simple, so students should be distinguished, especially the different meanings of similar images in different poems. Only in this way can students truly grasp the true meaning of poetic images.
Second, the language of poetry
Language is the carrier of poetry expression. To analyze the language of poetry, we should start with words, understand the meaning of poetry language, understand the implication and implication, and then grasp the linguistic characteristics of poetry expression. Poetic language has the characteristics of conciseness, implication, lyricism and jumping, and more importantly, the contextual meaning of poetic language. Different contexts can make ordinary words play an irreplaceable role, such as "an affair is full of spring", and Wang Guowei commented that the word "noisy" makes the realm come out. Why is an ordinary noisy word used so well here? Because it describes the scene of spring blooming, it is similar to the word Nong in the 2003 national college entrance examination "Clouds Break the Moon for Shadows" and the words Yan and Leng in Wang Wei's "A Stream Singing Qushi, the moonlight is cold and blue", so it is called the "poetic eye" of the whole poem. The word "swallow" is a verb and the word "cold" is an adjective. Here, "swallowing" and "cold" are anthropomorphic rhetoric. The spring water was blocked by rocks, which sounded like a whimper, while the moonlight shining on pine trees was even colder because of the darkness of the forest. The words "Yan" and "cold" vividly represent the quiet and lonely scene in the mountains, so this word is the eye of the whole poem.
When students analyze the language of poetry, the biggest problem is that they are too general and have too many cliches. Some just wrote something like "the language of poetry is vivid and delicate" because they didn't understand poetry, which exceeded their meaning. Therefore, in the process of training, students should be guided to decompose poetry in detail, that is, to express readers' understanding of poetry content and its meaning clearly. Then let the students know which word is the "poetic eye" of the whole poem and what role it plays. This will guide students to analyze, and students will not feel unable to write. In other words, according to the contextual meaning of words, there will be a clear idea.
Therefore, no matter what the topic requires, the most important person who analyzes language will not be at a loss if he combines poetic context with context.
Third, evaluate the writing skills of poetry.
Classical poetry uses a few fixed words to express some characters and scenery, so as to express some emotions. Only highly concise language can not fully achieve the purpose of expressing emotions, but also requires certain writing skills.
1, rhetorical device. There are many rhetorical devices in poetry, such as metaphor, personification, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, symbol and sleepover. For example, the skillful "metaphor" technique used in The Book of Songs has been widely used in later generations, such as Yuefu poems. For example, in the first two sentences of "Peacock flies southeast", "Peacock flies southeast and wanders five miles" is taken as a symbol of the separation of husband and wife in Jiao Zhongqing.
Rhetoric in poetry is often not difficult to see, but it is difficult to understand the role of rhetoric in poetry. In teaching, some students just pointed out what rhetoric was used in this poem, but did not mention the function, which actually reflected that the appreciation ability was not high enough. Therefore, it is necessary for students to understand the common rhetorical devices in poetry and the role these rhetorical devices play in poetry, so as to answer them comprehensively and concretely in actual appreciation.
2. expression. There are four main ways to express poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which the focus of assessment is description and lyricism. Description methods include dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, and lyricism includes direct and indirect lyricism. In teaching, it is difficult to grasp the "combination of reality and falsehood", which some people call "combination of reality and falsehood". It is difficult to decide what is virtual and what is real. In fact, truth is relative to reality, and "what is true, what is not" is the most fundamental principle. Specifically, the "emptiness" in poetry includes three categories: (1) the world of immortals and ghosts and dreams, such as Li Bai's dream of ascending to heaven in Tianmu Mountain fairyland. (2) Past scenes, which are scenes that the author has experienced or happened in history, are not in sight now. For example, Li Yu's Young Beauty said that "the jade carving fence should still be there, but Zhu Yan changed it", in which "the jade carving fence" is a virtual scene. (3) imagine the future. This virtual scene has not happened yet, and his feelings will continue to extend into the future. For example, Liu Yong's Yulin Order, "Where to wake up tonight, there is a waning moon on the bank of willow", is the imaginary scene after parting. The so-called "real" scene is much simpler. "Real" refers to the real images, facts and reality that exist in the objective world.
In appreciation, directly asking what expression is rarely used in a poem is often indirectly asking the function of one or two sentences, the essence of which is asking the function of expression. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly tell students the nature of such questions and how to answer them in teaching.
3. Other expression skills. There are mainly foil, support, ambition and ambition.
This contrast is a kind of Chinese painting. In poetry creation, it refers to intentional description from the side as a foil. In Jiang Zhai Shi Hua, it is said: "Write mourning with joy, mourn with Syaraku, and its sorrow and joy are multiplied", which well expresses its function.
Entrusting ambition with things is a means of expression, mainly for poets to express their noble feelings through things, such as plum blossoms and chrysanthemums, and to express their upright and upright character through pine trees. Of course, the feelings entrusted by the author in the poem should be analyzed in detail.
The so-called dying Zhang Xianzhi means that the poet expresses his views and attitudes at the end of the article. Poetry generally has a fixed pattern, for example, it is basically a scene before emotion, or emotion is integrated into the scene, and the end shows one's ambition implicitly or explicitly. As long as you understand this, you will have a clear direction to answer the author's views and attitudes on some topics and will not be caught off guard.
Fourth, grasp the author's thoughts and feelings in poetry.
One of the principles of China's ancient poetry creation is "poetry expresses aspiration", and some people even think that "there is hope in life, but there is no hope in death", which shows the importance the ancients attached to poetry. To sum up, there are five common thoughts and feelings in ancient poetry.
First, when you are worried about your country and hurt it. Including exposing the fatuity and decay of rulers, such as Du Mu's Crossing the Qing Palace; Reflect the pain of leaving chaos, such as Du Fu's "Spring Hope"; It shows sympathy for people's sufferings, such as Bai Juyi's Selling Charcoal Weng.
Second, make contributions to serve the country. There are mainly the desire to make contributions, the determination to defend the country, the sorrow of being unable to serve the country, the pain of the decline of mountains and rivers, and the lament that the years have passed and the ambition is hard to pay, such as Su Shi's "Water turns around, Chibi misses the past".
Third, homesickness and homesickness. Including the melancholy of travel (Liu Yong is good at expressing the feelings of this kind of travel), missing relatives and friends, homesickness at the border, and cherishing people in the boudoir, such as Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart.
Fourth, say goodbye. It mainly shows the feelings of parting between relatives and friends. Farewell is a very important theme in ancient poetry, and poets often express their feelings of retention and frankness through farewell.
Fifth, the perception of life. This is a kind of poetry that cannot be classified into other poems, including sentimental landscapes and pastoral scenery, such as most of Wang Wei's poems; Yesterday's ups and downs, such as Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane; Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present, such as Xin Qiji's "Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia"; There are also youthful sorrows, such as Li Qingzhao's "Like a dream, it rained last night and the wind suddenly"; The depression of frustrated official career, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel and so on.
When evaluating the ideological content of works, we need to know some necessary knowledge of literary history. In teaching practice, the outstanding problem is that students lack knowledge of ancient literature, and their understanding of poets is limited to those simple notes in textbooks, which often tends to form a monotonous and rigid impression of poets. For example, appreciating Du Fu's poems, regardless of subject matter, is concerned about the country and the people. Poems like Moonlight are obviously concerned about the country and the people. As the old saying goes, "Know people and discuss the world", if students can be guided to read more relevant books at ordinary times, teachers can consciously talk about the history of literature in class, which is of great benefit to students in doing this kind of poetry appreciation questions.