In spring, it is common that pairs of domestic swallows are busy building nests, flocks of swift are flying back and forth in the air, and Zhang Zhu catches insects with his big mouth; But after autumn, sometimes I never see it again, but there are scenes of wild ducks and swans rippling on the water. In early summer, the cuckoo's voice pierced the sky, as if urging people to "harvest quickly." But after autumn, it disappeared again. Because of their migration habits, these birds appear regularly all year round. According to this habit, birds can be divided into three categories.
1. Resident birds live in the same area all the year round, and there is no migration. Such as crows, magpies and sparrows.
2. Migratory birds change their residence due to different seasons. Wintering in the south in winter, flying to the north in spring and autumn to breed, such as home swallow, wild goose, wild duck, swan and so on. These birds are called "winter migratory birds" in the wintering area, "summer migratory birds" in the breeding area, and the birds passing by during the round-trip migration are called "travelers".
3. Wandering birds generally have no fixed habitat, and often change their habitats with the changes of food in different environmental areas in the same area, such as woodpeckers and mountain doves. They live in the mountains in summer, and migrate to Yuan Ye for food in winter.
Migratory birds migrate in different ways, distances and speeds. Some species only migrate between the north and south of China or between China and neighboring countries, such as egrets and white-naped cranes that breed in the northeast of China, and they only fly to southern Japan for the winter in autumn; Some species have to fly long distances and cross mountains and oceans to reach their destinations. For example, the Red-footed Falcon, which breeds in the northeast of China, passes through Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu and Fujian provinces in China, and then flies south over the Indian Ocean until it overwinters in eastern or southern Africa. Bird migration usually flies below 900 meters, while birds fly around 100 meters. The migration speed is mostly 40 ~ 80 kilometers per hour, which is faster at night than during the day and faster in spring than in autumn. This is because they have to feed, drink water or be disturbed by other environmental factors during the day. In spring, they fly to the breeding ground to find a mate, choose a nest area, build nests, hatch eggs and raise their young. Through research, the main reasons for migratory birds' migration are as follows.
1. The influence of the glacial period During the glacial period, most of the northern continent of the earth was covered by glaciers, and a large number of insects and plants died. In order to survive, birds were forced to migrate to the south many times, and every time the glaciers melted, they moved back to their birthplace. Over time, the instinct of birds is formed and passed down.
2. The selection of birds in breeding grounds requires sufficient food and necessary safety conditions. The land in winter is not suitable for nesting and breeding, so they return to their hometown every spring.
3. The migration of physiological birds depends largely on the results of endocrine produced in the body.
In a word, these three reasons are not isolated, but interrelated and restricted. It is very interesting to study bird migration's work. It needs to accumulate a lot of relevant information and carry out a lot of scientific research work, which needs to be discussed by future generations, so as to understand the objective world and master the migration law of birds. At present, the study of bird migration phenomenon mostly adopts the method of annual rings. Put an aluminum alloy anklet (Figure 4- 1a) on the tarsal part of the bird (Figure 4- 1b), and the ring is engraved with the ring platform and serial number mark. The size of the ring varies with the thickness of the bird's leg. Each ring number has a card, which records the ring number, bird's name, gender and age, ring position and date, etc. Release the bird with the anklet. When they are arrested again, the bird catcher will report the anklet number, date and place of arrest to the ring station, and then release the birds immediately. If a dead bird with an anklet is obtained, the anklet should be removed together with the date and place of capture. Over time, we can get some valuable information about bird migration's route, time and individual ecology. In addition, we can also use advanced and effective methods, such as spraying bright dyes on bird feathers for observation, or wearing miniature radio transmitters on large birds for tracking, and so on. These methods can also obtain valuable migration information. It is not enough to study bird migration's work only by one country. It depends on the cooperation between bird workers from all over the world and the vast number of bird lovers. Birds have no nationality. They migrate for a long time, often from one country to another, or even from one continent to another. For example, 1 Arctic terns with anklets were released off the coast of North America, and 90 days later, they were in Africa 14500 kilometers away. 1 terns ......
What migratory birds are there?
Your problem is too big. There are many migratory birds. Assumption is more common in our country.
Goose, also known as wild goose, is an excellent air traveler. Every autumn and winter, they fly in droves from their hometown Siberia to the south of China for the winter. The following spring, after a long journey, they returned to Siberia to lay eggs and breed. The flying speed of geese is very fast, which can fly 68 ~ 90 kilometers per hour. It takes a month or two to walk thousands of kilometers. During the long journey, these geese were well organized. They are usually arranged in the shape of "people" or "one". When they fly, they keep making "honk, honk" calls. This cry of geese plays a signal role of caring for each other, calling, taking off and stopping. The reason why geese line up is because this team can save effort when flying. When the geese in front flap their wings a few times, there will be an updraft, and the geese in the back will follow. You can use this airflow to fly faster and with less effort. In this way, one after another, geese naturally form a neat "human" shape or a "one" shape. In addition; It is also a manifestation of herd instinct that geese are arranged in neat herringbone or zigzag. Because it is conducive to defending against enemy damage. Goose is always "captain" by experienced old geese, flying in front of the team. During the flight, the leading geese are physically exhausted, so they often exchange positions with other geese. Young birds and weak birds are mostly inserted in the middle of the team. An experienced old goose always acts as a sentry when stopping by the water to look for aquatic plants. If the lone goose flies south, it is in danger of being eaten by the enemy. Scientists have found that flying geese in a row can reduce the air resistance of geese behind them. This encourages athletes to keep up with the leading players in the long-distance race. The common geese in China are Hongyan, Douyan and White Goose. The Goose Team consists of 6 or multiples of 6. The geese are a group of families, or a group of families.
Besides, the habits of some migratory birds in China are actually the same as geese.
1. Summer migratory birds, such as spotted geese and osprey. , breeding in arid grassland in western Inner Mongolia, arid or desert in Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia, semi-desert grassland and plateau meadow grassland. When migrating, you can go south along the mountains of Anima, such as Qing, Bayan Kara and Qionglai, from Hengduan Mountains to the west of Sichuan Basin, and from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to Indo-China Peninsula. Migratory birds in the * * * area can migrate southeast along the Tanggula Mountain and Himalayas in the east. It is estimated that most large and medium-sized migratory birds may also fly over the Himalayas to spend the winter in India, Nepal and other regions.
2. Migratory birds breed in grasslands in eastern and central Inner Mongolia, western North China, Shaanxi and other places. In winter, they can cross the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountain along Taihang Mountain and Luliang Mountain to enter the Sichuan Basin, and pass through the eastern Daba Mountain to spend the winter in Central China or other areas.
3. Including migratory birds that breed in northeastern China and eastern North China, such as mandarin ducks, mergansers and snipes. They may go south along the coast to Central China or South China, and even Southeast Asian countries. Or go directly from the coast to Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Australia for the winter.
Why do birds have migratory habits?
Bird migration's reasons are very complicated. It is generally believed that this is an instinct of birds. This instinct is not only the result of genetic and physiological factors, but also the result of long-term adaptation to external living conditions, which is closely related to changes in living conditions such as climate and food.
Migratory birds are very sensitive to climate change. As soon as the climate changes, they begin to migrate. In this way, we can avoid the cold in winter in the north and the heat in summer in the south. Climate change also directly affects the food conditions of birds.
The migration of birds is by no means easy. Usually, after flying over the vast sea and tall mountains, its weight will be reduced by half, and a large number of young birds born in that year can't escape the fate of dying during the migration or after reaching the migration terminal. During the migration, there is no time to feed, sudden storms, vast waters, etc. They devour these creatures all the time. At the same time, there is also a crisis in the migration time sooner or later. Too early means that the living environment in the north is still covered with snow and ice, too late will be threatened by storms, and there are countless human disturbances: tall buildings, radio antennas, lighthouses and chimneys, collisions with planes and so on. , are lurking in the long bird migration.
When do birds migrate?
Migration (qiān xǐ) generally refers to the long-distance round-trip migration between the breeding ground and the wintering ground in spring and autumn every year.
The current research results show that many birds migrate seasonally. Of the 589 species of birds that breed on land in Palaearctic realm, 40% species, with a total of about 5 billion birds, fly to the south for winter every year, not including the birds that migrate in this area. There are 160 species of passerine birds bred in Canada, among which 120 species migrate, accounting for 75%.
Birds often migrate in a certain formation along a certain route. The distance of migration is near and far, from several kilometers to tens of thousands of kilometers. The longest journey is the Arctic tern, as far as1.8000 km. This bird breeds in the Arctic, but flies to the Antarctic coast for the winter. In the process of migration, birds generally don't fly too high, only a few hundred meters, and only a few birds can fly over Mount Everest. When moving, the flight speed is 40 ~ 50 km/h and the continuous flight time can reach 40 ~ 70 hours.
Many birds must store enough energy before migration. This is an adaptation to a long flight. The main way to store energy is to deposit fat. Fat not only provides energy for migratory birds, but also the water produced during fat metabolism can be used by the body. By storing fat, many birds greatly increase their weight and even double it. For example, the black-capped white-cheeked warbler in North America and the water reed warbler in Europe generally weigh about 1 1 g, but before migration, they can reach about 22 g, and the deposited fat can be used for their flight 100 hours.
Bird migration's reasons are very complicated. It is generally believed that the migration of birds is an adaptive behavior to the periodic changes of environmental factors. Seasonal climate change is the main reason for migratory birds' migration. Due to climate change, food shortages often occur in the cold winter and tropical dry season in the north, which forces some individuals in the bird population to migrate to other food-rich areas. This behavior was finally fixed by the power of natural selection and became an instinct of birds.
Migration has brought many benefits to birds, mainly in the following aspects: (1) Birds always live in the most suitable climate and have rich and diverse food sources, which is conducive to maintaining their vigorous metabolism; Migration can also create the most suitable conditions for raising offspring, because raising offspring requires a lot of food; (3) The north can hatch the most eggs, with a long season and abundant insects, so the parent birds can have the opportunity to fully collect food; (4) There are few enemies in the north, and the appearance of this annual fragile juvenile black will not promote the formation of enemy population; ⑤ Migration can greatly expand the activity space, which is conducive to reproduction and occupation; ⑥ It is beneficial to automatic balance and can avoid climate disparity; ⑦ Migration provides opportunities for birds to spread to new distribution areas, and also provides opportunities for different individuals to contact and mate, so it is also of great significance in evolution.
Many birds are born and can be learned. Harris's experiment of changing parents can prove this point. He exchanged the eggs of silver gulls and black-backed gulls, so he got 900 young birds raised by his upright relatives. The results of ring records of these young birds show that; The silver gull flew to France and Spain with its adoptive parents, while the black-backed gull moved to its wintering place on the European continent like its biological parents, although its adoptive parents stayed in Britain for the winter.
The migration behavior of birds is also produced in this process. Because the environment is constantly changing, nature has always been in the process of development and change. Even today, migration behavior still forms and disappears among these birds. For example, the wild canary was once a resident bird in the Mediterranean. In the past few decades, the distribution area has expanded to the Baltic region of continental Europe. Now this bird is still a resident in the Mediterranean, but it has become a migratory bird in the new distribution area.
References:
baike.baidu/view/8036
Which birds have the habit of migration?
Two words: migratory birds
The most famous are geese, swallows, swans and so on.
Do birds migrate every season? Hurry up! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
It depends.
Because there are many kinds of birds.
Birds that don't migrate with the seasons are called resident birds.
Resident bird: a bird that can be seen all year round in a certain place. Birds that live in an area all the year round and do not migrate with the seasons are called resident birds. They usually live in their birthplace (or breeding ground) all the year round. The resident birds in China are sparrows, crows, Chinese Pulsatilla, magpies, thrushes, osprey, woodpeckers and eagles. Birds that migrate with the seasons are called migratory birds, birds that migrate in spring and summer are called summer migratory birds, and birds that appear in autumn and winter are called winter migratory birds; Usually not, but occasionally it is also called a lost bird; Those who only migrate on a small scale in winter are called floating birds.
I hope I can help you. Please discuss with us if you have any questions. -
What is bird migration's position and theory?
This has always been a mystery in nature. Scientists have observed through environmental records, radar, flight tracking and remote sensing that birds often rely mainly on vision to determine their flight direction through the positions of the sun, moon and stars in the sky. In addition, topography, rivers, thunderstorms, magnetic fields, polarized light, ultraviolet rays, etc. Are the basis for birds to fly thousands of miles without getting lost. Recent studies also show that there are nerve cells in the cortex of bird beak that can distinguish magnetic fields, and nerve cells called pineal gland play an important role just like vertebrates' sensory organs for light. Many electrophysiological experiments on mammals and homing pigeons show that some pineal cells can respond to small changes in magnetic field strength.
According to the observation and experimental results, people can divide the bird orientation mechanism into two categories: visual orientation and non-visual orientation.
1, visual direction (visual direction)
(1) solar direction
(2) Stellar direction
(3) Landmark positioning
2. Non-visual orientation.
(1) geomagnetic direction
(2) auditory orientation.
Bird migration refers to the large-scale, regular, extensive and seasonal movement of bird population between its summer breeding area and wintering area. The basic characteristics of this movement are periodicity and orientation, and it is often carried out in large groups. People are generally concerned about the following questions: ① How do birds migrate and what are the reasons for migration? (2) How did bird migration originate? ③ How do birds orient during migration? In recent years, due to the application of many modern experimental techniques, the research on bird migration's behavior and directional navigation mechanism has been deepened and achieved initial results.
Why do birds migrate every year?
Wild geese fly south, and autumn goes back to spring. Throughout the ages, people have been infected by the landscape of bird migration and written many beautiful poems. However, for a long time, human beings don't understand why those geese, wild ducks and egrets have to fly around and live in different places. People just call these birds migratory birds according to the phenomena related to climate change. Because they come and go when the seasons and climate change.
Almost all migratory birds migrate at the same time every year. The information that triggers their migration is not only the arrival of warm or cold climate. In fact, it is the complex interaction between external * * * (including climate) and internal "biological clock" that dominates the migration of birds, so that birds can know that it is a certain season of the year and decide whether to start migration.
Migratory birds generally calculate seasons according to the amount of light they feel, and respond to the extension of days in spring and the shortening of days in autumn. Scientists used artificial methods to prolong and shorten the day, forged a fake season different from that at that time, and conducted experiments on migratory birds. The results show that when the daytime is extended to the equivalent of spring, these tested birds do show signs of eager migration; When conducting the opposite experiment, birds believe that autumn has come, and they also show signs of eager migration. However, when the birds of the same species are placed in an artificial cycle and environment with a day and night length of 65,438+02 hours, although these birds are not affected by the extension or shortening of the daytime, they still match the natural seasons and show signs of eager migration. Obviously, they also have some other types of internal timers, which are not affected by the photoperiod phenomenon and have been counting the days themselves.
I hope it helps you.
Why do migratory birds migrate?
Many animals migrate, and the migration distance of birds in spring and autumn every year can range from several hundred kilometers to tens of thousands of kilometers. Birds can fly over areas such as deserts or oceans where it is difficult to stop to rest or replenish energy, so they are considered to be the most successful animals in evolution to cope with migration.
Birds migrate regularly on a large scale every year, which has attracted human attention long ago. Why do migratory birds migrate? Where did it come from? Where are you going? Will all ethnic groups migrate? Why do some birds migrate farther than others? What mechanism makes migratory birds start to migrate at almost a fixed time every year? How do migratory birds move in the right direction in the vast sky? And so on, has always been a topic of great interest to scientists. Behavioral ecology studies the ecological significance of animal behavior; Behavioral ecology often uses costs and benefits to explain why certain behaviors occur. To answer "Why do migratory birds migrate? We can also explain it from the perspective of behavioral ecology.
The advantage of breeding birds in temperate regions is that the days in summer are long and the nights in temperate regions are short, so young birds can be fed and nurtured in longer days, avoiding the competition between nests and food when breeding in tropical regions with many species. In addition, in summer, the number of insects in temperate regions is more abundant than that in tropical regions, while there are fewer natural enemies in temperate regions, and the predation pressure of natural enemies is relatively low. However, due to the cold winter climate, temperate regions often face the problem of food shortage. In tropical areas, on the other hand, the breeding season is faced with fierce competition between nesting sites and food resources, and the predation pressure of natural enemies is also relatively high, but the climate in winter is mild and the food resources in winter are much richer than those in temperate areas. Migratory birds breed in temperate regions in summer and winter in tropical regions in winter, and both places have advantages. In that case, why don't all birds become migratory birds? The answer is that immigrants must pay the price. For example, the migration process needs to consume a lot of energy, and may encounter bad weather, the migration direction is wrongly positioned, and it is necessary to adapt to an unfamiliar new environment and compete for resources with other migratory birds and residents in the region. At the same time, when all birds adopt a behavior pattern with high income (migration), the competition will become greater, and the behavior pattern with low income (non-migration) will become relatively favorable. Therefore, there will be different behavior patterns in evolution, and an evolutionary stability strategy (ESS) will be achieved. This is why some birds migrate and some birds don't.
Furthermore, individuals of the same ethnic group who do not migrate in winter may have to endure the crisis of food shortage, but they can occupy better breeding nests as soon as possible before the next breeding season, thus increasing the success rate of breeding; On the contrary, migrating individuals can obtain more abundant food sources in warm wintering areas, but there are risks of migration and the possibility of poor breeding nests. Whether to migrate or not is a question of individual survival and reproductive strategy. If the reproductive success rate of migrating individuals is much higher than that of non-migrating individuals, evolution will tend to migrate. On the other hand, if the reproductive success rate of migrating individuals is much lower than that of non-migrating individuals, the evolutionary direction will not be conducive to migration behavior; If the reproductive success rate of the two strategies is similar, then both behavior patterns will remain in evolution.
On the whole, we can summarize the following table according to the breeding and survival characteristics of birds in temperate and tropical regions. The success rate of reproduction is high in temperate regions, but the survival rate of adult and sub-adult birds is low in the face of severe winter climate. There is great competition in tropical areas, and the success rate of reproduction is low, but the survival rate of adult and sub-adult birds is high. Migratory birds have to pay a price in the process of migration, so the survival rate of adult birds and sub-adult birds is moderate. At the same time, because they will return to the north temperate zone to breed later than the local resident birds, good nests will be occupied by resident birds first, and the reproductive success rate is moderate (Gill 1990).
Temperate resident, tropical resident
The reproductive success rate is high, medium and low.
The survival rate of adult birds is low and medium high.
The survival rate of sub-adult birds is low, medium to high.
Bird migration's reasons are very complicated. It is generally believed that this is an instinct of birds. This instinct is not only the result of genetic and physiological factors, but also the result of long-term adaptation to external living conditions, which is closely related to changes in living conditions such as climate and food. Migratory birds are very sensitive to climate change. As soon as the climate changes, they begin to migrate. In this way, we can avoid the cold in winter in the north and the heat in summer in the south. Climate change is still straight. ......