Cao Cao is always sad, Cao Pi is graceful and restrained, and Cao Zhi is both talented and beautiful "(Yuan Xingpei's History of China Literature).
Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (196-220). The works represented by Cao Cao and his son reflect social unrest and people's livelihood, and at the same time show the ideal and ambition of unifying the world, which has distinct characteristics of the times. The lofty political ideal, short life lament, strong personality and strong tragic color constitute the features of this era. Cao Shi, the ruler of Wei State, and his son both loved and rewarded literature, recruited many scholars and gathered many writers around them. They directly inherited the realistic tradition of Han Yuefu folk songs and set off a poetic climax.
It refers to the poetic style of Cao Shi's father and son, Jian 'an Seven Sons and others in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Three Cao (Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Seven Zi (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Angelababy, Serina Liu), literary giants in the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty, inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, generally adopted the five-character style, and became famous for their heroic style, forming a history of generous and sad masculinity. No matter "Cao Shi and Son" or "Seven Children in Jian 'an", they all live in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture. "Style of character" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism, which has been the main standard of literary criticism since the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty.
Literary works in Jian 'an period, especially poems, are the most prominent. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times. "Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he led all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to listen to donkeys before his death, so we all asked him to see him off." So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
Although the literary works in Jian 'an period also paid attention to rhetoric and literary talent, they still maintained the true colors of Yuefu folk songs, unlike some later literati poems that pursued rhetoric excessively. In addition, Liu Xie also emphasized that the good combination of rhetoric modification and character is the best part of the article.
For example, Cao Zhi's poems are not only gorgeous, but also harmless to the character. Therefore, when people advocate Jian 'an character, they not only affirm its character, but also affirm the combination of its character and algae decoration. Therefore, from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, people who advocated Jian 'an style, despite their different views, basically pointed to some shortcomings in the literary world at that time, such as too flowery rhetoric, too difficult words, weak style of writing, empty or complicated content, dark feelings and so on. , and asked the works to be lively, full of content, full of emotion, distinctive and vigorous style, which played a beneficial role in the history of literature.
Meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty-
Meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is a special term for literary criticism in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which refers to the overall style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Yan Yu's Cang Hua and other works spoke highly of the poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, pointing out that the poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were characterized by "vigorous brushwork and vigorous weather" (answer to Lin 'an Empress Zhu Shu) and expounded this in his poems. Later, according to Cheng, a poetic theorist in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, vigorous and vigorous (sometimes called vigorous) is often regarded as the style and style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is called the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Magnificence is indeed the style and feature of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The poetic style of the Southern Dynasties and even the early Tang Dynasty was mostly elegant and delicate, with exquisite words and lacking vitality, which was sublated by poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, some poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty were simple and feeble, such as Da Shicai, Bai Juyi, Jia Dao and Yao He, which lacked grandeur. Some tend to be vigorous, such as Han Yu, but due to the deliberate pursuit of adventure and lack of naturalness, bold and unrestrained poetry is indeed a prominent feature that distinguishes poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty from poetry in the early Tang Dynasty and the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Yan Yu most admired the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and Li Bai and Du Fu were the most admired in the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Cang Shihua's comments praised the magnificent poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as the legendary rare birds and animals, ZHρ, who crossed the river like an elephant. Yan Yu also stressed that poetry should be written naturally, without revealing axe marks, that is, the so-called "antelope hanging in the horn, without trace to be found" (Cang Shi Hua Bian), and thought that poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was outstanding in this respect. Yan Yu strongly advocated the poetic style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, not only because the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty were really well written, but also because of its historical background. Jiangxi Poetry School, which had the greatest influence in Song Dynasty, took some poems of Du Fu in his later years and those of Han Yu and Meng Jiao as research objects. Thin, hard, energetic, lacking natural beauty. Yongjia Siling Poetry School, which was popular in the late Southern Song Dynasty, adopted Jia Dao and Yao He, and was narrow-minded and lacked grandeur. Yan Yu strongly advocated that poetry should be based on the method of prospering the Tang Dynasty, aiming at criticizing the contemporary poetic style and making up for its shortcomings.
Judging from the overall characteristics and main tendencies, the poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty can be described as magnificent. Generally speaking, most poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are vigorous, but some poems, especially the pastoral poems of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, are natural but not magnificent. After all, such poems are only a few in the poetry circle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is a macroscopic generalization.
There are two reasons for the formation of meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. First, the lofty sentiments and ambitions of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Faced with the situation of strong national strength and prosperous economy and culture at that time, poets were generally open-minded and high-spirited and hoped to make contributions. They like to describe the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland, the magnificent scenery on the border, the fierce fighting and their lofty aspirations. They pursue the magnificent poetic scene of "Whale and the Blue Sea" (in Du Fu's "The Play is Six Poems"). This formed the poetic style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The second is to inherit and carry forward the excellent poetic tradition of the previous generation. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty tried to sweep away the ups and downs of the poetic style from the Southern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty, paid attention to the study of ancient Chinese, Wei and Jin poems and Yuefu poems, and paid attention to carrying forward the beautiful and vigorous poetic style in the Jian 'an era at the end of Han Dynasty. Judging from the inheritance relationship of poetry itself, the vigorous characteristics of Tang poetry are derived from this.
Some poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty fully reflected the times of the prosperous Tang Empire, but the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was different from that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty in the history of literature refers to Xuanzong and Suzong in the Tang Dynasty, which lasted about fifty years. In the late Xuanzong period, political corruption led to the decline of the national situation, and the chaos of peace and prosperity in history led to social unrest and people's livelihood. However, the late Tang poetry represented by Du Fu is still full of majestic characteristics. For example, Du Fu's poem "Looking at Yue" was written in the early Tang Dynasty, which of course shows his grand ambition of "reaching the peak and the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.". . His poem "Climbing the Ci 'en Temple Tower with Gentlemen" written on the eve of An Shi Rebellion shows the precariousness of the Tang Dynasty empire and the anxiety of the poet, but it is still vigorous and powerful. In his later years, Du Fu wrote "Climbing the Building" and "Ascending the Mountain", which showed the decline of the Tang Dynasty invaded by foreigners and the poet's dying mood, and the realm was still magnificent. There are many such examples. Du Fu's poems of this kind in his later years are often praised by poetic theorists in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as masterpieces of describing the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Many poems written by Li Bai in his later years after An Shi Rebellion also have bold style. Great changes have taken place in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, but the mentality formed by Li, Du and others in the early stage has not disappeared, and the beautiful and provocative poetic style they pursued has not disappeared, so they can still write many provocative poems.
The Tang Dynasty was the golden age in the history of China's poetry, and its heyday was the peak in the history of Tang poetry. It is magnificent and has high aesthetic value.
Juvenile spirit-
Mr. Lin Geng gave us some answers, at least some enlightenment, in his prose collection "Metrics of New Poetry and Poetization of Language". From free verse to nine-character verse, we need chapters such as Meteorology in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty, Youth Spirit and Random Thoughts on New Poetry: Transplanting and Soil, which condensed Mr. Lin Geng's most important opinion on the issue of new poetry-"I think beauty, real beauty, is youth. Why is Tang poetry the pinnacle of poetry? Because she has' youth spirit', she is' fresh'. What is' fresh'? It is youth. ..... So I advocate' youth spirit' "; Juvenile spirit refers to a unique mental state of teenagers, which is pure, full of vitality and brave in creation. "The pre-Qin and Tang Dynasties are both times full of youthful spirit, and they are also the most brilliant and desirable times in China's history. It brings people unlimited space and the spirit of liberation, and creates splendid culture and art. An era full of youthful vitality is the most promising era. " He also said, "The value of Tang poetry lies in that it inspires people from all aspects of life with the freshest feelings. Its rich mental state and simple language attainments are the most perfect achievements in the history of China's classical poetry. " He told us the road of nationalization of China's new poetry.
The feeling of cloth-
Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai": "If you anoint yourself, more money will harm others. Cloth can be used for life, enough to spoil Lu. " The original sentence means: oil can ignite, so it is self-seeking; A person with too much money may be killed; Pet Lu is not enough to make a living, but cloth can support a lifetime.
Student situation: Most students don't know or are not sure about the exact meaning of "Jian 'an Style", "Prosperous Tang Dynasty", "Juvenile Spirit" and "Feelings in Cloth". At the same time, if you haven't read Lin Geng's articles "Meteorology in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty" and "Youth Spirit", then students' understanding of these four phrases can only be literal, and it is difficult to understand them consistently. In fact, these four phrases describe Mr. Lin Geng's backbone, broad mind, high-spirited spirit and Du Fu's whole world heart. Fourth, he also took "Buyi" as the root, took teenagers as the stem, and took the mind and nature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Jian 'an style as the table. Contact with each other, one way needs to know the other three.
If most students take "youth spirit" as the topic, we should highlight the high fighting spirit and fresh adventurous spirit of young people. Start with passion and end with energy. The idea is actually very simple, but the language should be true. For example, a few articles with the theme of "feelings in cloth" focus on profundity and simplicity, such as Lao Du's Breath. Start with a draw and end with the world in mind. As for the "Jian 'an style", it is more generous and sad, with a tragic beginning and a simple ending. The most difficult thing is "Meteorology in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty", which is magnificent, starting from the whale sea and ending with wind and frost, refining words, antithesis, parallelism and exaggeration, all of which are indispensable. Therefore, treat it as a beautiful article, so as to be enjoyable.
The next interview leads an online teacher to write a composition for reference and comparison;
"Youth spirit, cloth feelings"!
"The wind of Jian 'an, the weather of the Tang Dynasty; Teenager spirit, clothes and feelings ",this is the composition topic of Peking University's independent enrollment last year. Seeing this topic, my heart moved: wonderful!
Although it was a few words, it deeply touched me. I remembered Mr. Liang Qichao's famous saying: "Young people are wise, and the country is rich and strong;" A strong teenager makes the country strong, and an independent teenager makes the country independent. Juvenile freedom means national freedom, and juvenile progress means national progress; Teenagers are superior to Europe, countries are superior to Europe, teenagers are superior to the earth and countries are superior to the earth.
Over the past 100 years, this article has touched countless people with its high-spirited passion and ardent patriotism. Such an era of "the sick man of East Asia" needs such high-spirited articles, and such a turbulent era needs such passion. It is indeed a time of peace, but shouldn't students have such "youth spirit"? Shouldn't there be such an ambition to embrace the world? Because our motherland belongs to "teenagers" in the final analysis; Whether the motherland can prosper and whether the society can be peaceful and stable depends on the teenagers in the final analysis. Teenagers are the future of the country and the hope of the nation. How can a hopeless flower support a hopeful nation? Suddenly, my ear rang again, moist and excited: "just a classmate and teenager, in the prime of life;" The scholar was furious, reprimanded Fang Qiu, pointed out the mountains and rivers, and encouraged the writing. The dirt is Wan Huhou. " It is with the mind of "pointing out the mountains and inspiring the deaf" that he can shoulder the heavy responsibility of saving the world. It is with this heroic spirit of agitation, high spirits and self-confidence that he can join the revolution in countless years to come.
What is "youth spirit"? The spirit of teenagers should be self-confident, high-spirited and heroic; It is patriotism, righteousness and national consciousness. The spirit of teenagers should not be decadent, lazy and old-fashioned; What's more, it should not be narrow-minded, selfish, evil, wicked and heartless!
And who does the spirit of teenagers depend on? One is a parent and the other is a teacher. Chinese teachers are a special group. Chinese teachers shoulder the special task of humanistic education. Should Chinese teachers and Chinese teaching guide students to be more "boyish and have feelings about clothes"?
The ancients said: "The wind and rain sound the sound of reading, and the sound is in the ear;" Family affairs and state affairs, everything cares. " Our education, our Chinese exam, often seems to be just "hiding in a small building into a unified, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter", close the door to make love and close your eyes. Do we teach students to pay too much attention to self-development and lack the consciousness of caring for the world? Are our students becoming more and more selfish and narrow-minded, more and more sophisticated and numb unconsciously?