First of all, Li Bai is a rare great writer at all times and in all countries. I'm going to talk about him in more chapters. This paper mainly talks about Li Bai's life, Li Bai's thought, Li Bai's thought of poetry and ode, etc.
The economic foundation determines the superstructure, and the prosperity of economy lays the material foundation for the prosperity of literature. It should be noted that the economic base and the prosperity of literature are not necessarily in direct proportion. There have also been some historical storms in history. Its economy may not be very developed and its politics may be turbulent, but it has made brilliant achievements in literature. There are also such periods, such as literature in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
But there is a certain relationship between economic development and literary prosperity. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was the economic prosperity, convenient transportation and social stability that provided a solid material foundation and a good social environment for the prosperity and development of Tang poetry. This is the guarantee for Li Bai, Du Fu and other poets to roam freely in the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, the material condition for Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan to sing in the flag pavilion, and the rich material foundation is an important reason for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Not unique, but at least important.
0 1 Li Bai's family background and life
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose real name is Taibai, was named a violet layman. My ancestral home is Longxi (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province), and I was born in Broken Leaves in Central Asia. At the age of five, he moved to Changlong County (now jiangyou city, Sichuan Province) in Mianzhou, central Sichuan.
Li Bai went to Jiangyou, Sichuan at the age of five and spent nearly twenty years in Sichuan at the age of twenty-four, so the first period of his life, that is, before he was twenty-four, was such a period of studying at home.
The first period (70 1-724) is a period of studying at home.
Li Bai's family is very rich, so he received a good education since he was a child, but it was not all traditional Confucian education. This is different from Du Fu, Han Yu and Bai Juyi. He learned a lot and accepted the ideas of various schools.
For example, he said: "At the age of five, I have a good education, and at the age of ten, I look at a hundred schools. I have been familiar with it since Xuanyuan. I have been studying classics tirelessly, and I have been working tirelessly since this spring. " ("Pei Yun History of Upper Anzhou"), Liu Jia is something like Taoism and Taoism. Five-year-olds can read this, and ten-year-olds can read a hundred schools of thought.
He also said, "Fifteen strange books are written to show that they are like a mirror." He reads and writes all kinds of strange books as long as you can find them. This is of course very powerful, which is in line with Sima Xiangru's. Of course, he is very conceited.
At the same time, he is also a "good swordsman, and he is a vassal." Li Bai likes fencing very much, in order to prepare himself for becoming an official in the future. While studying in Shu, I also went to Qingfeng Mountain with the chivalrous Zhao Kun, and I was very interested in Taoist things. Later, he and his Taoist friends visited Mount Emei.
So Li Bai learned a lot when he was young, but he had a strong idea of saving the country.
Li Bai is very willing to be an official and do great things for the country, but like Gao Shi, he is unwilling to take the normal imperial examination. He once paid tribute to Yizhou secretariat. Su Xiang also thought that Li Bai was very talented, but he didn't recommend him to be an official. So before he turned 24, he just stayed in Zhou Shu, socializing with his friends, that is, preparing for going to Sichuan.
During this period, he wrote poems, but did not form a personal style.
The second stage (724-742) is a long roaming period, from 24 to 42 years old.
About 18 years, probably spent in roaming.
Because Sichuan is still too small for him, he walked out of Sichuan with the ambition that "a gentleman must have the ambition of all directions", so in the twelfth year of Kaiyuan, he "fought his sword to serve the country, resigned his relatives and traveled far".
He has money at home, spends money lavishly, doesn't care and leads a dissolute life. It is said that in less than a year, he scattered 300 thousand, which is really like spending money. It is said that he has been to Lushan Mountain and Dongting Lake, and finally married the granddaughter of the Prime Minister in Anlu, and since then he has started a roaming life of seeking official positions centered on Anlu.
In his own words, he drank wine and settled down for ten years.
Li Bai is certainly willing to be an official and a big official. Li Bai is ambitious, but he doesn't want to take the imperial examination. He is taking a shortcut from seclusion to official career. Therefore, he roamed the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, covering Dongting, Jiangling, Lushan, Jinling and Yangzhou, and paid tribute to many local officials. He doesn't worship officials, he is an equal and acts arrogantly.
But at the same time, we also do some begging things, say some begging words, and sometimes even pat our ass. This is human nature, and there are some.
But on the whole, he is still arrogant and unruly.
This desire to be an official did not come true, so in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Li Bai secretly went to Chang 'an to find a job and an official, and met some people, including Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, but failed to be an official.
This is really going quietly, returning quietly.
He has been to Chang 'an and then to Taiyuan. He said that he saved Guo Ziyi in Taiyuan when he was young. Later, in order to learn sword, his family moved to Jining, Shandong. In Shandong, he once lived in seclusion with some literary friends and Shandong celebrities Kong, Han Zhun, Pei Zheng, Tao Mian in the bamboo stream at the foot of Culai Mountain in Tai 'an. Six people are called "Six Arts of Zhuxi".
Therefore, these eighteen years can be said to be the period when Li Bai roamed for an official position, but it didn't succeed.
Characteristics of poetry creation in the second period;
During this period, with the increase of experience, I created more and more content. However, the outstanding works are lyrical poems about mountains and rivers, which are fresh and natural in style, but not yet mature.
The third period (742-744) was the period of worshipping Hanlin.
Li Bai is over forty years old. He has gone to many places, but he has not been an official. His poems are ok. He is famous. So in the first year of Tianbao, Taoist friend wujun recommended him to Beijing.
At this time, Li Bai was ecstatic and wrote a poem called: "Laugh at the sky and go out. Are we Artemisia people? "
Therefore, he went to Beijing with high expectations. Xuanzong did not summon him immediately. During this period, he often interacted with He, a famous poet in Beijing at that time. He Zhangzi called Li Bai a fairy, saying that Li Bai was a fairy in the sky and was banished to the world after making mistakes.
It is said that he is a poet, but the main source is here.
They talked very speculatively. He also recommended Li Bai in front of the court, including Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, whom he had known before, so that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty solemnly summoned Li Bai. It is said that Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty stepped forward to meet Li Bai, so he was treated with high courtesy.
So his first life was to write some amusement poems to read Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei. Of course, this life is also brilliant. Li Bai was also very proud at first, but when he settled down, he was far from his ideal.
Therefore, after a long time, Li Bai was not satisfied with this kind of life. Li Bai stayed in Chang 'an for two years. Because Li Bai likes drinking, unlike some famous restaurants at that time, like Zhang Xu, Du Fu wrote Eight Immortals of Drinking, including Li Bai.
"Li Baiyou hundred doujiu poems, changan to sleep in a restaurant, but the son of heaven told him not to get on the boat, claiming that he was Brewmaster. "
To make matters worse, however, Li Bai's arrogance offended the near ministers and empresses of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, especially when he wrote three Qing Ping Tunes, which was hated by Yang Guifei.
Compared with Yang Guifei, Zhao was slandered by Gao Lishi, so Yang Guifei hated Li Bai. There is also Gao Lishi and Gao Lishi, who have drawn Li Bai, but they have no taste in their memory, so they are also bitter. In addition, there is Yang, the new minister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He is Yang Guifei's brother. This group of people are close relatives, and Li Bai has already offended them. Of course, he is also jealous of Li Bai and bears a grudge.
These three men were repeatedly slandered in front of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Therefore, Li Bai has never been reused politically, so the emperor actually gave him some money and sent it to other places, which actually drove him out of the capital. The dual experience of being proud and frustrated in Beijing resulted in his dual character of vulgarity and arrogance.
During Li Bai's two or three years in Chang 'an, what he got was not happiness, but a deeper understanding of society, life and human nature, and at the same time he fell into a deeper and more intense ideological contradiction. People and things, officials and names, ideals and reality have had fierce conflicts.
During this period, his poetry creation entered a climax and maturity, and made a breakthrough in content and style.
The fourth period (744-755) is a roaming period again.
Another decade of roaming has begun.
After being driven out of Beijing by the emperor, Li Bai began to wander around Liangyuan East Road again. Tianbao traveled with Du Fu and Gao Shi for three to four years during the Liang and Song Dynasties, and had a happy time, which was remembered throughout the ages and became a much-told story in the literary world.
Later, he traveled to Qilu with Du Fu and forged a profound friendship.
In the eleventh year of Tianbao, he traveled to Jimen Youzhou in the north and then to Jiangnan.
In this way, his experience of running around made him deeply feel isolated from society. "I have nothing to do, and the world abandoned me."
He said that people in the society have abandoned me now, so the feeling of loneliness, grief and indignation is beyond words.
Characteristics of poetry creation in the fourth period;
During this period, Li Bai's poems and songs combined the expression of personal misfortune with criticism of social darkness, and the expression of his arrogance and arrogance with criticism of the ruling class, which was the peak of his creation.
Many of his important works were created during this period.
The fifth period (755-762) was the period of living in Jiangnan.
So Li Ning was called "rebellion", and Li Bai was offended by "rebellion" and wanted to kill him. Under the full guarantee of Guo Ziyi, the emperor was merciful and was released by Yelang, an old rascal. He is very happy. He saved his life and was released from prison. At this time, he wrote a famous poem "Xiajiangling".
Early in the morning, I bid farewell to Jiangling city, which is high into the sky, thousands of miles away, and the boat is only one day away. The cries of apes on both sides of the strait are still unconsciously crowing in their ears, and the canoe has passed the heavy green hills.
At this time, he was nearly sixty years old when he was released from prison. He spent most of his later years in Anhui and Jiangsu, and he was still obsessed with state affairs. After the country rebelled, he wanted to join the army to counter the rebellion and fell ill on his way back.
"I heard that Li Taiwei sent millions of chi to the southeast ..." Although the poem is not well written, Li Bai's heart of serving the country is still very touching. Since then, Li Bai was in poor health, and a distant uncle attached to him became a county magistrate and died in Dangtu, Anhui.
The characteristics of poetry creation in the fifth period;
During this period, when the country was in danger, Li Bai "sighed in the middle of the night, often worrying about the big country" ("Tian En Liu Yelang recalled the past and gave Jiang Haoshu"), and wrote a series of works with a strong sense of reality, which formed another climax of his poetry creation.
There has always been a popular saying about Li Bai's death. It is said that Li Bai stood by the quarrying river, looked at the palace robes given to him by the emperor, got drunk and went to catch turtles in the river, but fell into the river and drowned.
This is obviously nonsense, but people never tire of it, and they have talked a lot throughout the ages. This is just the persistence of boring literati.
Li Bai did die of illness. Dangtu county magistrate Li Yangbing is Li Bai's uncle. Li once mentioned that he was ill in bed. At this time, Li Bai can't get up. Can he catch the tortoise?
Li Bai's life is very bumpy, and it can also be said to be a tragic life.
Li Bai's Thought and Political Attitude
Li Bai's thought has diversity and complexity. This is because Li Bai's education is complicated and his life is changeable, which forms the diversity and complexity of his thoughts.
As far as he is concerned, of course, he is ambitious. "Shen's words, seeking the skills of the emperor, striving for their wisdom, are willing to assist them, making the Atlas area big and the county clear", which is obvious.
Some people say that this is bragging, of course, this is the poet's wild, even if it is bragging, it is also blowing the atmosphere and shaking the earth.
Gong Zizhen once talked about the complexity of Li Bai's thought, which is very practical. "Zhuang and Qu Yuan can't be one, take it as the heart and start with confession." The so-called heart is an ideal ambition. Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan joined together to form an ideal ambition, starting with Li Bai.
This shows that the loyal monarch of Confucianism actively joined the WTO, the carefree Taoism, inaction and immortality, and the knight errant are all wonderfully unified in Li Bai.
Li Bai's various thoughts.
The expression of Li Bai's Confucianism;
The manifestation of Li Bai s Taoist thought;
Li Bai s Ren Xia Thought;
He said little about Ren Xia, and he was a few people. It is estimated that he also boasted.
This is a combination of Confucian contributions to the world and extensive debates by strategists. I always have confidence in my talents and future, hope to establish outstanding achievements quickly, and admire figures such as Xie An and Lu Zhonglian.
The Influence of Li Bai's Thought and Politics on Poetry
Li Bai's thought is extremely complicated, and its corresponding point is "retiring after success".
He pursued achievements all his life, but judging from Li Bai's life, politically, his ideal failed and he was a tragic figure. In literary creation, he has made outstanding achievements and is a great poet.
He pursued success all his life and retired all his life, but when he died, he didn't achieve anything or retire. He regards the emperor as a colleague and even wants to be the emperor's teacher, "treating him like dirt" and treating people with the same status as him as dirt.
His life was extravagant and extravagant, and because of this, it was unacceptable to the emperor and the secular. Of course, Li Bai himself is deeply touched by this, but his nature is nothing more than this. So we should understand Li Bai as a whole.
Li Bai's poetic concept and theory.
Li Bai inherited Chen Ziang's literary ideas and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still insists on temperament and will go back to the ancients. Who is it? " (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan.
Theoretically, Li Bai tends to be retro, taking retro as his own responsibility and retro as innovation. He opposed the magnificent poetic style of the Six Dynasties and advocated restoring the elegant and upright tradition of poetry. He innovated the general direction of poetic style and advocated the "halal" aesthetic style, which was of great insight and practical significance.
Li Bai is a general who advocates the poetic revolution in the history of poetry. He advocates the poetic innovation of Chen Ziang, which is a continuation of history.
He insisted on the innovative direction of poetry, and his poetry theory and practice made great contributions to correcting the development direction of Tang poetry and opening up the atmosphere of Tang poetry generation.
10 Li Bai in Du Fu's mind
In order to understand Li Bai easily, I will introduce a few more poems to talk about Li Bai from the perspective of Du Fu.
Therefore, we can understand Li Bai from the spiritual essence.
Du Fu knew this buddy Li Bai well. He grasped the characteristics of Li Bai from the poet's point of view, from the emotional point of view, and from the spiritual point of view, thus knowing Li Bai, he could grasp the thought and personality characteristics of this great poet as a whole.