First, the test center analysis
Examination direction
1. Appreciating the artistic effect of a word in a poem is to appreciate the eye of the poem (refining words);
2. Taste (meaning and expressive effect) and understanding (meaning, color, mood, etc. ) common words;
3. The generalization of language style (style, color, realm, mood, etc.). ).
The language appreciation required by NMET mainly revolves around the word "understand", that is, to understand the thoughts, feelings and expressive functions expressed by language, and to appreciate and comment on the beauty of language to a certain extent. This paper focuses on how to understand the language of poetry to a certain extent.
Second, the method of refining words
1. Find out the key words and understand the meaning of the poet's refining.
In order to refine words and meanings, ancient poets in China deliberately set keywords in some places. These keywords are often the "poetic eyes" in the whole poem or sentence, which should be distinguished in detail.
2. Appreciate the key words that affect poetry.
There are some words worthy of special attention in many poems, which usually add a lot of color to the whole poem and even become the eyes of the poem. The poet Miracle wrote a poem "Early Plum", and there is a saying: "In the former village of Zita Law, a few branches opened last night." Zheng Gu changed the word "number" to "one" because the title was "early plum blossom". If a few branches are opened, it means that the flowers have been blooming for a long time and cannot be regarded as "early plum". Miracle admired Zheng Gu and called him a "word teacher". Verb refinement is the main content of ancient poetry refinement. Another example is the word "Noisy" in "Man Chun, the branch of an almond". A word "noisy" describes the spring that the poet feels vigorous.
3. Make a written expression after overall analysis and synthesis.
Steps: (1), first analyze the artistic conception of the whole poem, find out some key images, and understand the will and emotion of the poem.
(2) Find out the key words, and think about their position and function in the whole poem, and think and analyze them from the perspectives of artistic conception, technique, expression and emotion.
(3) Organize writing, pay attention to the hierarchy of expression and the conciseness of language, and it is best to summarize it.
Fourth, the list of knowledge (1) Examples of refined words in classical poetry
On a large scale, the refining of classical poetry can not be divided into two aspects: refining content words and refining function words.
1, refine quantifiers.
After careful selection and refinement, quantifiers can produce rich and meaningful poetry under the urging of poets. In Geng Xin's Fu on Xiao Yuan, "one inch and two inches of fish, three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "indulging in reading". "In the former deep Xue Cun, some branches blossomed last night." Zheng Gu changed "several branches blossom" to "one branch blossom" in the poem "Early Plum" by monk Miracle, so Miracle worshipped Zheng Gu as a "word teacher".
2. Refine adjectives.
Poetry is the subjective expression of social life. It is essential to draw a picture, turning abstraction into concreteness and invisibility into materiality, so that people can listen to its voice, see its people, touch its objects and experience its surroundings. A considerable part of this task is undertaken by adjectives. There are two situations that deserve special attention in refining adjectives in China's classical poems. One is the overlapping use of adjectives, and the other is the use of adjectives indicating color at the beginning and end of sentences. Wang Wei's "Wang Chuan Su after a Long Rain" has the saying that "the secluded marsh flies in the shade of egrets, and the summer trees are like yellow gulls", and Guo has the method of "Mo Mo Yin Yin, overlapping words, which not only imitates the scenery, but also sings relaxed words, and remembers them in four words". Before it rains, flowers appear first, and after it rains, there are no flowers at the bottom of the leaves. Butterflies flying over the wall should suspect that spring scenery is in the neighbor's house. This is Wang Jia's "eye view". Wang Anshi changed these two sentences to "bees and butterflies have climbed over the wall, but they think spring scenery is in the neighbor's house." Besides changing "butterfly" to "bee" and "should be", the key to refining Chinese characters lies in "flying".
3. Refine verbs.
A poem is a word composed of some poetic images according to a certain artistic conception, which can really form a distinctive image that turns beauty into rhyme. Mainly concrete verbs that express dynamics. Because a noun in a poem is often just an object to be stated, it has no expressive force, but it can give the subject a vivid form, mainly a verb that often acts as a predicate. In this way, the refinement of concrete verbs has become the main content of China's classical poems. For example, the word "vomit" is the most common verb, which is easy to see without any surprise. Du Fu has a pair of couplets, which read "Four more mountains spit on the moon, the water is bright at night", and Su Dongpo appreciates it very much. I think besides the dynamic function of the adjective "Ming" as a verb, the word "spit" is wonderful. Cha Shen Xing of the Qing Dynasty probably couldn't forget his feelings here. He wrote in the poem "Moving the Taoist Temple to Enjoy the Cool": "In the first month, the bells in the city were born, and the lights were gradually spit through the water curtain." He wrote about the night scene when the lights and water were shining at the beginning of Deng Hua, turning silence into movement and writing strange words. The dynamic use of the word "spit" really makes Du Fu and Chen unable to specialize in beauty.
4. Refine function words.
The use of function words seems to be far less important in the creation of new poetry than in classical poetry. In classical poetry, function words, after proper tempering, can achieve aesthetic effects such as dredging literary style, opening and closing echoes, melodious twists and turns, activating emotional charm, and turning stagnation into flow. If the words "harmony" and "harmony" in Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Teng-ting are removed, the famous sentence "The sunset is lonely in Qi Fei, and the autumn water is * * * the sky is one color" will be greatly discounted.
(B) knowledge of language style
"Style" refers to the different creative characteristics caused by the author's life experience and artistic accomplishment. For example, Li Bai's poems are fresh and elegant, Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated, Tao Yuanming's poems are diluted and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are picturesque, Han Yu's poems are mysterious and strange, and Bai Juyi's poems are popular and distinctive. For another example, according to the ci theorists, Su Shi and Xin Qiji's ci are bold and unrestrained, while Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao's ci are graceful and restrained. Understanding its style and characteristics means understanding the beauty of language and its connotation.
◇ Romanticism: Good at expressing the passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often using exaggerated and passionate language and magnificent imagination.
◇ Realism: Pay attention to accurately and delicately describe the imagination according to the original appearance of life.
◇ Bold school: Bold momentum, bold artistic conception.
Graceful school: the language is beautiful and subtle, lyrical and lingering.
1, bold: Su Shi, Xin Qiji
Graceful and graceful: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Li Qingzhao
Meaningful: Li Yu, Liu Yuxi
Nature: Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun
Fresh and elegant: Li Bai
Frustration and frustration: Du Fu
Powerful and tragic: Qu Yuan
Distant and quiet: Tao Yuanming
Jingmei: Wang Wei
Magnificent and heroic: Wang Changling
Powerful and majestic: Cao Cao
Broad-minded and handsome: Du Mu
2. Palace-style poetry: sentimental.
Pastoral poetry: tranquility and serenity
Landscape Poetry: Fresh and Beautiful
Frontier poems: sad and generous
Allegory poem: depression and anger
Poetry: magnificent
Nostalgia: deep and long-lasting
Farewell poems: meaningful
(C) A brief introduction to common terms of language style
1, vivid
Vivid language, concrete image
(1) The language of the characters is personalized, and the words are like people; (2) Realistic, vivid and lifelike description; (3) Use a variety of figures of speech, vivid and vivid; ④ Pay attention to the choice of words and the transformation of sentence patterns.
Analyze the reasons or manifestations of its vivid image with examples.
Step 2 be simple and natural
Language is naturally unpretentious and less embellished.
From the heart, from the heart, sincere feelings; It is understood as words, fresh and natural, not piled up, less embellished, not artificial, true and simple, and easy to understand. "Clear water produces hibiscus, and it is natural to carve."
For example, explain the performance (sketch, oral English, popularization) and outline the benefits.
3. Implicit hints
Language is profound, implicit and not explicit. What is said here is what is said there.
Quote but not send, contain but not show, want to stop, full of meaning, implication, between the lines, deep and heavy, deep and implicit, "without saying a word, it is romantic."
Illustrate with examples, reveal its rich connotation, and briefly analyze its causes (symbol, pun, hint, etc. ) and benefits.
4. Humor and wit
The language is witty, alert, vivid and interesting.
The use of exaggeration, irony, parody, pun and other means to highlight the characteristics of things, expose the essence of things, full of irony, enhance criticism and persuasion, make people relaxed and happy, can not help laughing.
Give examples, explain intentions and analyze benefits.
5, solemn and elegant
The language is plain and steady, serious and solemn.
Use typical written language and reject slang and common sayings; Commonly used archaic words and idioms; Use more proper nouns and terms; Long and complicated sentences. Solemn and serious, solemn and upright, deep and heavy, righteous and strict.
Give an example, explain the reason and intention, and briefly talk about the benefits.
6, fresh and bright
Language is clean and clear.
The language is straightforward, not beating around the bush, decisive, straight to the point, hit the nail on the head, beaming, refined and popular.
Give examples and analyze the benefits of features.
7. Gorgeous and gorgeous
The language is bright and gorgeous.
Gorgeous rhetoric, exquisite decoration, delicate expression, meticulous body and object, poor appearance, multi-purpose rhetoric, exquisite skills, rich in association and imagination, magnificent, rich in content and full of expression.
Give examples and analyze the benefits of features.
8. Harmonious melody
Language has musical beauty.
Rhyme collocation, well-proportioned rhythm, even and flat collocation, cadence and delicate rhythm; Use reduplicated onomatopoeic words, whole sentences and four-word phrases. It is catchy to read, pleasant to hear and full of music.
Give examples and analyze the reasons and benefits.
10, integration and dispersion
The whole sentence (duality, contrast, parallelism, repetition, truth, etc. ) are mixed with scattered sentences.
Language is neat, symmetrical, overlapping, circular, strewn at random, vivid and colorful, which makes it look rich in literary talent, full of literary talent, full of emotion and hearty.
Lead out the whole sentence, analyze its language aesthetic feeling, and briefly describe the wonderful combination of integrity and dispersion.
(D) examples of commonly used terms in language style
1, simple, simple and natural
It is characterized by choosing exact words to state directly, or using simple drawings without modification, which is true, profound and approachable. Language strives for plainness, does not pursue flowery words, and shows the characteristics of simplicity, but plainness contains profound meanings. For example, Jia Dao's See the Guest: "I asked your students under a pine tree," and he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine." However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? "The whole article is 4 sentences and 20 words, which is not difficult. For example, "under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely." "The weather is getting better every day, and the birds are back." (Tao Yuanming's drinking)
2. Implicit, meaningful and euphemistic.
Poetry is full of aura. The aura of poetry lies in meaning and "short words and long feelings". There is always a "blank" between the lines to inspire people to think and understand. It contains profound meaning, but it is hidden. This style often does not directly express the meaning, but is hidden in the image, allowing readers to imagine and think. For example, Li Shangyin's "Sending North on a Rainy Night": "When you ask about the return date, the rain will rise in the autumn pool in the evening. When * * * cut the candle at the west window and talk about the late rain. " Couples who live far apart miss greetings, their feelings at that time and their desire for long talks at home are all obvious and hidden in the blank. For example, "The bridal chamber stopped the red candle last night to pay homage to uncle and aunt in front of Xiaotang." After makeup, I asked my husband with a low eyebrow. Is thrush fashionable? "(Zhu Qingyu's boudoir offering to Zhang Shui Department")
3, fresh and bright, fresh and elegant
This style often uses beautiful language to create beautiful artistic conception and express happy feelings. Its artistic realm is like the clear willow color after heavy rain and the trembling crystal drops on the lotus leaf. "The leaves are dry and rainy, the water surface is clear and round, and the wind and the lotus blow at one stroke" (Zhou Bangyan's Su Lian Gai). For example, Yang Wanli's "Xiao He just showed his sharp corner, and a dragonfly had already stood on his head" ("Little Pool"). The language is novel and unconventional, giving people a fresh and beautiful pleasure.
4. Vivid image
The language of poetry is often touching because of its vivid images. For example, Su Shi's "Shake Over the Air, Hit the Shore, Roll Up Thousands of Snow" ("Red Cliff Nostalgia") is both a poem and a painting, vividly showing the magnificent scenery of Red Cliff, with great momentum and an open realm.
5. Gorgeous and elegant
For example, "Rizhao incense burner produces purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs in front of Sichuan." Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days. "Most of Li Bai's poems are colorful, beautiful, unpredictable, beautiful and elegant.
6. Elegant and exquisite
This style often embodies the characteristics of "curvy, delicate and soft", with a winding path leading to a secluded place, lingering emotional appeal and fine lyricism like spinning silk. For example, "the wind has stopped the dust and the fragrant flowers have run out, and I am tired of combing my hair at night." Things are people, not everything, and tears flow first. It is said that Shuangxi Spring is not bad, and I plan to make a canoe. " I'm afraid I can't bear too much worry, because I'm sailing on a boat with two streams. "(Li Qingzhao's Wulingchun)"
7. Humor and irony
In poetry, it refers to humorous, witty or spicy style and interest. For example, "bamboo cigarettes are sold for nothing, and the ancestral home locks the river." "Before the ashes were cold and the Shandong chaos, Liu Xiang didn't study." (Jason's Book Burning Pit)
8. Full of vigor and vitality
Boldness refers to the greatest strength and momentum of qi. Its characteristics are: strong bones, magnificent mountains and rivers, devouring the universe, open-minded, magnificent, magnificent, magnificent. In specific works, some are ambitious and resolute, such as Liu Bang's Song of the Wind; Some are generous and sad, such as Xiang Yu's Gaixia Song; Some are open-minded and full of lofty sentiments, such as Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea". Boldness is the era style of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which embodies the prosperous scene and vitality of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Changling's "The Great Wall" (the bright moon in Qin Dynasty, the custom in Han Dynasty) is magnificent and magnificent; Wang Zhihuan's "The Embankment" (the Yellow River is far above the white clouds) has rich imagination and broad realm; Meng Haoran's "Clouds and Clouds Rising in the Valley, Besieging Yueyang City" ("Lindongting") is magnificent; How sublime and magnificent Wang Wei's "Lonely Smoke in the Desert, Long River Falling in the Yen" ("Let it get stuck in traffic jams") is! What can really be called "vigorous" are frontier poets represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can.
9, unruly
Bold and unrestrained is called bold and unrestrained. Its characteristics not only show the characteristics of the poet as the subject, but also show the characteristics of the depicted object as the object. As far as the subject matter is concerned, the emotion is stirring and the style is high; Imagination is strange and exaggerated; Ambitious and broad-minded; Suck into the universe and pull up mountains and rivers; Arrogant and rough, wild and unrestrained. As far as the object is concerned, it is often huge in size and strength, showing its unique grandeur and sublimity, or showing a vast and boundless scene, so it is magnificent, magnificent and ethereal. Li Bai is a master of the uninhibited school, which is characterized by intense emotion, high style, strange imagination and exaggeration. "Don't you see how the water of the Yellow River flows down from the sky into the ocean and never comes back?" ("Into the Wine") magnificent, a thousand miles; "The grass is green and white, and the west is restored to the east." ("Antique") depicts the rapid passage of time and the speed of personnel change, in one go, seamless; "Yanshan snowflakes are as big as seats" ("Popular in the North") "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is long." Although exaggeration is unreasonable, it makes sense. Su and Xin are the most outstanding representatives of the unrestrained school of Song Ci. Su Ci pays attention to integrating impassioned, tragic and desolate feelings into Ci, is good at writing people and chanting things, and wins with heroic images, majestic momentum and vast and magnificent scenes. Nian Nujiao Nostalgia Red Cliff is his masterpiece. 10, depressed
Depression refers to the profundity, richness, anxiety and suggestibility of emotions. "Sinking or not floating, it is not thin." Du Fu's poems are extremely rich. Sadness is the main content of Du Fu's poems. His sorrow is not only personal, but also national, national and people's. Therefore, this kind of sadness has rich emotional levels, which makes him depressed and gain deep feelings and lofty values. His "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "Car Shop" and "Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind" are all melancholy masterpieces.
1 1, compassion
Touching the scene, hurting people when seeing things, tragic and generous, this is called sadness. Generally, poets lament the ever-changing diseases, the speed of youth passing away, the seriousness of people's disasters, the ups and downs of fate and the anger of unfulfilled ambition, while those who are concerned about the country and the people and are generous and sad look at them with sadness. It can be seen that compassion is the voice of the times and the cry of the poet. Faced with the turbulent reality, the poet expressed compassion out of a serious sense of responsibility. Chen Ziang's poems are famous for their sadness. Youzhou rostrum is the most exciting elegy.
12, Jun Shuang
Just handsome, handsome and fluent. The representative poet is Du Mu. His poems, whether ancient or modern, are full of lofty sentiments, talking about history, lamenting the disadvantages of the times, summing up lessons, worrying about the country and the people, having great ambitions to support the sky, and feeling that there is no way to serve. On the other hand, they are bold and unrestrained, chic and romantic, elegant and carefree, and refreshing. Such as "Crossing Huaqing Palace": "Chang 'an looks back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand doors. Riding the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi. "In a subtle and ironic style, it profoundly exposed the life of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He was extravagant, extravagant and extravagant, and lived a life of drunkenness.
13, diluted
Dilution, that is, harmony without difference, contains the characteristics of leisure, calmness, indifference and far-reaching. Wang Wei's landscape poems have the characteristics of leisure, tranquility, lightness and remoteness. He is a master of dilution. Such as "people idle osmanthus, the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." "When the moon rises, birds are frightened. Sometimes they sing in the deep stream." (Bird watching) "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I heard a voice. Sunlight, entering a small forest, reflected from the green moss to me. " (Abatis) Here, there is no noise of the city, no human disputes, no external interference, only the tranquility of nature and the vitality of mountains and rivers. Poets indulge in enjoyment, admiration and intoxication, throw themselves into the embrace of nature and become an organism of nature. 14, broad-minded means bold, open-minded, elegant and noble, with Su Shi as the representative writer. Su Shi's ci is not only bold, but also broad-minded in style. Su Shi, who has great talent but poor talent, should not only adhere to the tradition, but also conform to the current situation; It is necessary to "do your best" and "know your destiny" so that his character has typical "broad-minded" characteristics. Poems such as "Life is like a dream, and the moon is full of respect" ("Nian Nujiao's Red Cliff Nostalgia") and "The Old Man Chats with Juvenile Madness" ("Hunting in Mizhou, Jiangchengzi") are obviously broad-minded.