Tao Yuanming has been standing as a hermit in the literary world of China poetry. Later generations conceived a recluse poet who was indifferent to fame and fortune and loved rural life with works such as Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Peach Blossom Garden and Farewell Poetry. This far-reaching and lofty image has continued the tradition since ancient times.
Yan Yanzhi (384-456) in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty mourned and praised Tao Yuanming's life virtue in the article "Zheng Tao Shi Li" (Zheng Shi: a man with great respect and knowledge but no official position), which opened the end of the traditional view of Tao Yuanming, and almost all the history books of later generations followed Yan Yanzhi's view. Famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, such as Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, all praised him in their poems. Among them, Bai Juyi's praise is particularly warm. He imitated the genre of Tao poetry and created sixteen small Tao Yuanming poems to praise Tao Yuanming. In Song Dynasty, Su Shi also wrote more than 100 poems of "Harmony with Tao", which fully showed his admiration for Yuan Mingde and his poems. Therefore, Tao Yuanming stands tall in history with his "hermit image" and "poet image". For this reason, in the eyes of the world, Tao Yuanming's inner realm must be complacent, uncontroversial, annoying and resentful.
In fact, this is not entirely correct. I read an article recently, and the author saw from his poems that Tao Yuanming also had his troubles and contradictions, so as to explore his inner world. This paper points out that later generations neglected that he was still a husband, father and minister. Few people even ask: How did Tao Yuanming play these roles for public and private interests? Tao Yuanming mentioned in Shu Yu Yan Zi that "I feel sorry for my son's words, and I am ashamed of my son?" . He said that he was once moved by Wang Ruzhong's wife's words, so he lived a poor life with a broken quilt. He was not ashamed because his son also lived a hard life. He took this opportunity to encourage his son to be Yan, Yi, Yi and Tong. He was forced by life to be an official several times, but he also returned soon, although he often felt guilty: "My family is poor, and farming is not enough for self-sufficiency. Innocent room, no millet in the bottle. " But he can't sacrifice his own interests for them, so he only hopes that his son can follow his father's example and be happy in poverty. Old man: Of course, he was disappointed. )
In addition, he lamented in the poem of responsibility: "Although there are five men, they are always poor in writing. Shu is twenty-eight years old, lazy and horseless. A Xing Xuan Tzu Chi scholar, not Wen Shu. Duan Yong is thirteen years old. I don't know if he is six or seven. Tung Tzu is nine years old, but he misses pears and chestnuts. If the sky is so lucky, it will be in the cup. " So he was very upset and had to drown his sorrows in wine. It is natural for a father to expect his son to inherit his stepfather's ambition, but it is really a blow to expect despair. "Yan Zi et al." also mentioned that "the wife has no room, and the husband has no room, which is difficult to hold." Unfortunately, there are no people like Yang Zhong and Zhong Qiu in the neighborhood, and there is no wife like Lao Laizi at home. Press: Lao Laizi's wife lived in seclusion in Lao Laizi. The king of Chu asked him to be an official, but she stopped him, so * * * hid in Jiangnan. Tao Yuanming longed for such a wife, but he didn't. In short, the gap between husband and wife seems to be visible. The most important thing in ancient women's life is to find a good marriage, have a stable home, retire from office several times, and their income is extremely unstable. On several occasions, they had to beg from others. In a difficult life, it is inevitable that a wife will feel inhuman. Old man: No wonder Mrs. Tao, a clever woman can't cook without rice. )
Therefore, from Tao Yuanming's point of view, the greatest pain is that his family does not support his ideals and psychologically alienates him. Having said that, this family once brought him a temporary pleasure: "I am looking forward to Yu Heng, carrying joy and running." Welcome, son, waiting for the door. The three paths are barren, and the pine chrysanthemum still exists. Take the children into the room. There are wine bottles. "Homecoming Words" describes himself as a tired bird returning to the forest, which is what he did when he resigned from Peng and returned to the field.
But most of the time, Tao Yuanming is still immersed in his own world and is troubled by a strong sense of loneliness, which can be seen everywhere in his poems:
In "Drinking Four"
He said, "Birds that have lost their habitat are still flying alone at dusk, wandering endlessly, and their voices turn to sadness every night." This "lost bird" only chooses the "solitary pine" left in the strong wind to inhabit, and the loneliness of the bird alludes to the poet's situation everywhere.
In One of the Poor,
In the middle, it is likened to a lonely cloud: "Every family has a difficult experience, and the lonely cloud is alone." It is said that the world has its own needs, but like a lonely cloud in the sky, it dissipates helplessly and unconsciously, leaving no trace and no influence. It can be seen that the family can't make up for the emptiness inside.
Therefore, big
Many times, Yuanming is associated with wine, piano, books and chrysanthemums. For example, in Shu Yu Yan Zi, it is said: "Learn less piano books, I love leisure, and when I open books, I am happy to forget all about eating and sleeping." It can be seen that he has a rich spiritual world and has built an invisible boundary between disturbing the world and life oppression. Tao Yuanming's official career began at the age of 29 and in the winter of 41. In the thirteen years before and after, he resigned five times and then took office again. The first official was about 29 years old (393) and was an official in Jiangzhou, his hometown (the official in charge of education). His motivation for being an official was "being poor in the countryside", so he began to offer wine to the country, but because he could not work, he "returned home in a few days". The second official career was in the sixth year after resigning from Jiangzhou's post of offering wine, at the age of 35 (399).
At that time, near Beijing Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), the most powerful military group of the Jin Dynasty, namely the Beifu Legion led by General Liu Laozhi, was guarded. Yuan Ming was appointed as a regiment soldier and resigned every other year to return to his hometown. On the way, I wrote a poem "The Boxer returned in May, and Lin was adjusted due to wind resistance"; The third official was in the same year or the following year when he resigned. This time, he was the staff of Huan Xuan, commander-in-chief of Jingzhou Xifu Legion. Soon, Huan Xuan was killed, and Yuan Ming was transferred to the general of Jianwei, Liu (son); Being an official for the last time, he was appointed as the county magistrate of pengze county. In 405 (4 1 year old), he took office in August, resigned in November, retired from his hometown, and has never been seen since.
Tao Yuanming has been an official for less than two years. During his time as an official, he often missed the countryside. For example, during his tenure as Huan Xuan's staff, he wrote "Xin Chou in July, he went to Jiangling for a night outing" and said that "business songs are none of my business, and Iraq and China are coupled with farming"; When Ren joined the army, he wrote "I was four years old in March, and went to Qianxi to join the army as a sword", as well as "I have a dream in my garden, and I have been separated for a long time", all of which revealed his yearning for seclusion and his mentality of loving each other here. In fact, he spent the first half of his life in this contradiction.
For the "clumsiness" that is difficult to coordinate with the secular world in his life, he often shows two different attitudes: "Open up wasteland in the south and stay in the garden." "Returning to the Garden" means abandoning the intelligent and upright attitude towards life and being conceited by loneliness and Gao Shou; But in other works, he satirized this attitude towards life: "Everyone is in his place, and only when he is stupid does he get lost. This is also a helpless thing, and it is also a slap in the face for Tao. " The eighth miscellaneous poem almost gives people a feeling of grovelling and lamenting.
This paper also quotes Tao Yuanming's contradictory writing in many aspects, which fully reveals the extremely complicated inner world. For example:
Tao Yuanming sometimes praises poverty and sometimes praises wealth. His Drinking and Guo Zhuben are works of the same period, but the scenes described are quite different: "Making friends with hating Taiwan, the grass has no vestibule" and "The garden is full of flowers, and the old valley still exists today". It's hard to imagine that this is the life of the same person.
His inner contradiction is also manifested in his understanding and obsession with the question of life and death. For example, he wrote:
"Talk about riding to the end, destiny rejoices and revisits doubts", "Come home again"
"The waves are getting bigger and bigger, and I don't like it or fear it", a poem that is inseparable.
"What's the point of recovery after a long time?" "Drinking alone in the rain"
These poems are eager to sing the field of philosophy. The inevitability of life and death did not make him depressed, but in the rest of his works, he showed the fear and trembling when death approached:
"I am always afraid of exhaustion and physical strength." "Return to the former residence"
"Looking for explanations of various things, life is not tiring" "Ode to One of the Poor"
"There is nothing since ancient times, and the heart of reading is anxious." "September 9, Ji You"
Tao Yuanming's attitude towards incorruptibility or condescension is often ambiguous. Sometimes he flatly refuses to show nobility, and sometimes he accepts it calmly and is not ashamed, so that two poems, Ode to the Poor and Begging, coexist in Tao Yuanming's works.
Tao Yuanming is indifferent and enthusiastic about a long history. In Eleven Men Who Drink, he thinks that fame after death is worthless. In imitating Gu Er, he seems to attach great importance to righteousness, leaving a good reputation not only before his death, but also after his death.
Tao Yuanming is called a hermit in his poems, but he often has shortcomings in many aspects of his life. According to secular standards, he is not the head of the family who gives his wife food and clothing, nor is he a good servant who "does this job well". The ups and downs of his official career reveal the hidden contradictions in his character, and his seemingly carefree character masks the loneliness and depression in his psychological background.
Of course, this is just a family statement. It's up to you whether you agree or not.
It is understood that Tao Yuanming
At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine thatched cottages, the eaves behind the elm Liu Yin and the front of the peaches and plums". Up to now, "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" among the moxibustion population should be a portrayal of this period. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. In the fourth year in Yixi, his family caught fire, and after moving, life became more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. In short, he resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor rural life, and his interest in poverty and chastity deserves admiration. I also appreciate Mrs. Tao standing behind her. As you can imagine from the above clip, whether she likes it or not, she has been silently taking care of and supporting this family. Yuan Ming was able to indulge in wine, chrysanthemum, poetry and literature, and wrote so many excellent works.