Nalan Xingde (1655— 1685), the eldest son of Pearl, a university student in Wuyingdian, was originally named Chengde, whose real name was Rong Ruo, whose name was Lengjiashan, Manchu, and Manchu was from Zhenghuangqi. There are 349 Nalan Ci poems, first named the side hat, then the drinking water, which are now collectively called Nalan Ci.
Although Li Yu and Nalan Xingde are separated by more than 700 years, they have many similarities in their creative styles. They are like tandem wheels, which promote the development of China's Ci. Li Yu's ci, especially his later ci, swept away the charm and got rid of the wind of euphemistic tunes, with sincere feelings, rich content, simple form and natural and fresh style, which broke through the flower country and changed the study of ci from the late Tang and Five Dynasties to Li Yu as the first. Nalan Ci, with its mournful and vigorous style and natural and skillful artistic techniques, held high the banner of Ci in the early Qing Dynasty and was named "the first poet of the founding of the country" by Kuang Zhouyi. The relationship between Li Yu's ci and Nalan's ci has been noticed by many critics in Qing Dynasty. For example, Chen Weisong said in "On Ci": "Nalan Ci, sad and stubborn, won the legacy of two masters in the Southern Tang Dynasty." 1[P34] Zhou Qizhi said in Zhong Songci: "Nalan Rong Ruo and Li Zhongguang are also behind." 2[P6 1] Kuang Zhouyi's "Hui Feng Hua Ci" says: "Poets who drink water are so heavy-handed." 3[P44] Nalan Rong Ruo once said: "The words between flowers, such as ancient jade, are expensive and not applicable; Song ci is applicable but of low value. Li Houzhu has both, which is even more confusing. " 4[P343]
This paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between Li Yu's ci and Nalan's ci.
1. The tragic life experience, the temperament and talent of literati * * * have created their sad ci style.
Li Yu is a filial person who is good at writing, painting and calligraphy. He has no intention of fighting for power and profit, but he lives in seclusion. However, he was helpless. Because the second to fifth sons of Li Jing died early, Li Hongji, the eldest son of the Crown Prince, died on the way to seize power with his uncle. As the sixth son, he unexpectedly ascended the throne in the tightly organized feudal society. However, from Li Yu's words, we can see his yearning for Tao Yuanming's pastoral life:
"Waves full of snow, peaches and plums are silent.
A pot of wine and a rod of nylon. How many people are there in the world? "5[P3 1] and
"Waves full of snow, peaches and plums are silent.
A pot of wine and a rod of nylon. How many people are there in the world?
A spring breeze, a boat, a silk thread and a light hook.
Flowers are full of Zhu, wine is full of Europe, and you are comfortable in the waves. " 5[P 17]
The two poems "Fisherman" truly show Li Yu's seclusion. He is not greedy for fame and wealth or politics. As Yuan Mei said, this talent is really unique, poor and unlucky to be king. However, Li Yu, as the king of a country, lacks the qualities of wisdom, courage, tenacity and tenacity that a monarch should have, and is more of a sentimental poetic temperament of a scholar. When Li faced the crumbling Southern Tang Dynasty, he had to compromise, steal peace, become a vassal of the Song Dynasty, and indulge in debauchery and lyricism in an attempt to escape the cruelty and helplessness of reality. So Li Yu wrote a lot of poems in the early stage.
At the beginning of the evening makeup, there is snow, and the spring palace is filed.
The water was blown away by the flute and the song was played again.
Who smells better in spring? Drunk patting the railing is delicious.
Don't turn the candle red when you return, and wait for Ma Ti to clear jathyapple. 5[P23]
However, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin's phrase "Don't let others snore, sleep on one side of the sofa" broke the scholar's dream of being the king of a country. Since then, Li Yu has changed from a monarch to a prisoner, and his ci writing style has also changed a lot. A beautiful and soft style in the past has turned into an infinite sadness, desolation and tragic mood as a prisoner. For example, Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" said: "When words arrived in Li Houzhu, their horizons began to widen and their feelings deepened." 5[P25] The pronoun emperor is finally in "the old country can't bear to look back on the bright moon" and "how much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward." After feeling, I gave the owl a life. Nalan Xingde, though the son of the Pearl, was the prime minister in power in the ruling and opposition parties, with outstanding talents, and was highly valued by Emperor Kangxi, who worshipped him as the first-class bodyguard in front of the temple. Follow Emperor Kangxi to hunt in the north all the year round and enter the palace. This position looks beautiful, but it is not as good as the county magistrate. This "disguised house arrest" made Rong Ruo brilliant and enthusiastic, but it was difficult to achieve, and he could only lament. ("Farewell to Sun Friends") At that time, Pearl was in the whirlpool of party struggle, and it was difficult to get the protection of royalty. This made Nalan walk on thin ice, although he witnessed the closeness of the dragon face and the warmth of the sky. This contradictory and painful mood, which others don't know, is reflected in his poems and naturally becomes a bitter voice. What is even more distressing is the untimely death of his congenial wife Lu, which made Nalan deeply grieved and added a tragic color to Nalan's short life, just like the wonderful encounter with Li Yu's beloved princess a few weeks later.
Perhaps, the two became victims of feudal autocracy, a feudal rule ordered by "family and the world" and a condescending feudal authority, and their life choices were already out of their control.
Second, the similarity of the content and style of words: write the love of a pure heart.
Wang Guowei said: "Poets are people who never lose their childlike innocence. Being born in the palace and growing up in the hands of women is the shortcoming of the late Lord as a gentleman and the strength of the poet. " [5]p26 Indeed, his early life cultivated his childlike innocence, which is rare for a poet. Wang Guowei also said: "Objectivity is only human nature, and we should not read more about the world. The deeper you read about the world, the more varied the materials will be. So are the works of Water Margin and Dream of Red Mansions. Subjective poets don't have to read the whole world. The shallower they look at the world, the truer their temperament. Li Houzhu also. " [5]p27' s views on the life of the late master are ups and downs, which should be "secular" and "deep", but his ci works, whether in the early or late period, were written with a pure heart. As his famous poem "Young Beauty":
When is the spring flower and the autumn moon, how much is known about the past! The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the bright moon.
Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. How much sadness can you have? Like a river flowing eastward. 5[P44]
Compared with the ephemeral impermanence of the old country and Zhu Yan, the natural eternity of spring flowers, autumn moons and carved jade fences makes the inevitable pain vast and overwhelming, and tells all the grief of a king who died in the country for readers to read. Although there is no experience of national subjugation, I really tasted the sadness of national subjugation. This is the best testimony of Li Houzhu's childlike love.
In the creation of Ci, Nalan Xingde's learning and imitation of Li Houzhu is not only related to his life experience, but also related to his theoretical proposition. He advocates that everything is rooted in temperament and pursues individuality. He said: "Poetry is the voice of the heart, and it is also in the temperament." (Miscellaneous Knowledge in the Green Water Pavilion) Wang Guowei also made a pertinent evaluation of Nalan Xingde in "Words on Earth": "Nalan Rong Ruo views things with the feelings of nature and expresses his feelings with the tongue of nature. When I first entered the Central Plains, I didn't have a Chinese flavor, so it was really like this. He has been the only one since the Northern Song Dynasty. " [5]p78 and Nalan Xingde's mourning for his wife is the best interpretation of his childlike innocence. 1674, when Nalan Xingde was 20 years old, he married the daughter of Lu Xingzu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. She/kloc-was born in Gresford at the age of 0/8, with a dignified nature. After marriage, the two couples showed great love, and the happy life of their wedding inspired his poetry creation. However, only three years later, Lu died in childbirth, which brought great pain to Nalan Xingde. Since then, there have been many lamentations, especially the grievances of bosom friends. The heavy mental blow made him repeatedly show endless lovesickness and disappointment in his later mourning poems. Golden Melody: Thoughts on the Death of Husband;
When was this hatred? Lost step, cold rain rest, buried flowers. I had a long dream for three years. I think I woke up. Material also has feelings, and the world is tasteless. Not as cold and lonely as the dust on the night platform. The card issuer made a promise, but then abandoned it.
If there are Pisces in Chongquan. It is good to know him, who he has been suffering from, and who he is relying on. I turned around from midnight, and I endured listening to Xiang Xian's excuse. When it's over, he'll know himself. I'm afraid it's unlucky for both of them, and they're going to live in the wind and sleep outdoors again. Clear tears, confetti.
Every word reveals the thoughts of his dead wife. "I've had a dream for three years, and I should wake up from a long dream." After three years of infatuation, you dare not face the reality that your wife is dead, but still think it is a dream. Although this word is not as good as Su Shi's "Recalling Dreams on the 20th Day of the First Month of Jiang":
Ten years of life and death are two boundless. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears, it is expected that heartbroken every year, on the moonlit night, short pine hills.
However, Su Shi missed his wife, and every word was dripping with tears and every sentence was bleeding.
The late Lord expressed his feelings, but he didn't see the tears of the emperor. He only heard a heavy sigh from his chest, which made people feel that his inner feelings were surging and rolling. The lyricism of Nalan Xingde is manifested in color, which makes people see his grief-stricken modality and experience the poet's inner feelings. Words like Li Houzhu and Nalan Xingde are very similar in style, which can be summarized as "passionate and stubborn".
Third, emotional symbols are similar.
Susan Langer believes that the symbols used in art are metaphors and symbolic. Li Yu and Nalan Xingde are both masters in the use of language. Li Yu's early poems were rich in color, but his later works of national subjugation were all changed, washed away and pure and natural; However, Nalan ci has always been elegant and elegant, with long clouds and fresh water. However, a large number of * * * agreed symbols appeared in the words of the two poets, which aroused people's hearts and caused emotional shock. Among them, symbols such as "dream", "worry" and "tears" appear frequently. Take "sorrow" as an example: in Li Yu's poems, there are many words about sorrow. "Mo Geng stayed home and revealed that China was cold and sad." ("Autumn Warbler") 5 [P15] "The waves invade the sorrow and ripple lightly, and the chaotic mountains congeal the color." ("Send Twenty Brothers of Deng Wang from Xuancheng, Mu Yi") 5[P2 1] "There are thousands of pieces in the cloud cage, and the rain hits the boat and tears flow." ("Crossing the Zhongjiang River to Watch Shicheng Cry") 5 [p18] "It is always difficult to get rid of it, and a person is very painful. Deep autumn rain is lonely and the disease increases. " ("Mourning Poems") 5[P22], "The gaunt years are already very bad, and depression is good for self-injury. The wind invades the diseased bones and the rain mourns. " ("The Feeling of Illness") 5 [P23], "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward. (Yu Meiren) 5[P44], "If you keep cutting, you will still be confused. Is to keep your sadness, especially a smell, in your heart. "("Hui Huan ") 5[P46], the word" sorrow "is extracted from one's own life experience, and it is a specific emotion in a specific environment without any traces of carving. The true venting of emotions has rich and substantial connotations. This kind of implicit and meaningful word has been passed down through the ages and still shines brightly in the long river of history. However, Nalan Xingde's poems are full of clouds. According to statistics, among Nalan's 349 existing poems, the word "melancholy" has appeared as many as 90 times, such as "the west wind sings in the weft, and people can't sleep. Just last autumn, how to cry. "("The Second Bodhisattva ") 7[P33]," Save the land without the people, the shadow is exposed. " ("Walking on an Autumn Night") "It's not as lonely as the dust on the night stage. I made a promise and gave up. "(< >) 7[P56]," After singing the autumn grave, don't rest, spring shrubs recognize amphibious butterflies. "(Recent Love) 7[P6 1] The reason why Nalan is worried about morality is not as simple as that of Li Yu. His worries are manifold. First of all, in the early Qing Dynasty, the contradictions and struggles within the supreme ruling clique were always fierce, and Nalan's father Nalan Mingzhu caused many crises and hidden dangers to himself and his family. Secondly, Nalan Xingde is knowledgeable and ambitious, but his ambition is always difficult to achieve. Being a bodyguard not only can't realize his ambition, but also forms an embarrassing bondage for him, making him "walking on thin ice." "Of course, Nalan Xingde's unfortunate marriage experience is also an important cause of his anxiety.
In a word, Li Yu and Nalan Xingde used their talents, love and hate, blood and tears, and even their lives to write a series of sad, beautiful and sad swan songs, which stirred the hearts of readers from generation to generation for thousands of years.
Moreover, he himself said that he admired "Li Yu", so his ci was later influenced by "Huajianji".