General knowledge of China's ancient poetry literature 1. General knowledge of poetry (1. Classification of ancient poetry) There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (also known as ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry), ci (also known as poetry, long and short sentences, lyrics and lyrics) and qu.
Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. There are four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, etc.).
Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to regular arrangement, there are definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. It has two types: quatrains and metrical poems. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains), and metrical poems are divided into five-character metrical poems (five rhymes), seven-character metrical poems (seven rhymes) and arranged rhymes.
Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. According to the number of words, it can be divided into three forms: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Zhong Diao (within 59-90 words) and Long Diao (above 9 1 word). The tone of the word is fixed, the sentence is fixed, the word is fixed, and the rhyme is positioned.
Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).
(2) Knowledge of Poetry and Music ① Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and poems before the Tang Dynasty are all classical poetry.
(2) Rhyme and quatrains (also called truncated sentences) The difference between rhymes and quatrains is mainly in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not.
There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets. The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling.
Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded. (3) There is no strict difference between songs, lines and quotations of ancient poetry genre.
Generally speaking, syllables and metrical forms are relatively free, including five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa Line" and "Li Ping Quotations". (4) Yuefu and Xinle Yuefu were originally the official names in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became poetic names.
Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle Building was built in the early Tang Dynasty.
In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi. ⑤ The difference between title and epigraph: The title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the title of the word.
Such as "Niannujiao? In Nostalgia at Red Cliff, "Nian Nujiao" is the inscription and "Nostalgia at Red Cliff" is the title, which shows that the word is a lyric and the place is "Red Cliff". A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title.
A word is divided into two sections, the upper section is called "Shangque" (or "Part I") and the lower section is called "Xiaque" (or "Part II") (Que means the end of music). Sanqu Sanqu is a kind of song played in harmony, which rose in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and degenerated from words.
Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers.
Poetry contains only one tone, and the number of sets is one set of multiple tones in one tone, which is a coherent set of tones in opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. ⑦ Yuan Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong tune in Song, Jin and Jin Dynasties, and it is a traditional opera art form integrating singing, guest singing, dancing and acting.
Generally, each book is 40% off (or 50% off or 60% off) in structure, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. Each fold is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune. Zaju can be divided into two types: Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). For example, the yuan is the script, and the third discount is the "Gong Zheng" tune. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" is the guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics).
The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman. Second, China ancient poetry school 1. Landscape pastoral school.
Mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, through the praise of natural scenery, or reveals the feelings of unwilling to go with the flow, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty.
2. Frontier Poetry School. Taking frontier life and war as the theme.
Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao. 3. Free and unfettered.
As a major school of Ci in Song Dynasty, its works are bold, artistic conception is vigorous, and its ci is full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and their representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yongyu Le Jing Kougubeiting Nostalgia.
4. Elegant school. As a major school in the Song Dynasty, the language of his works is beautiful and subtle, and the feelings expressed in the words are tactfully lingering, or have a relaxed and lively artistic conception, or deep bitterness. The subject matter is narrow, mostly based on personal experience, love between men and women and landscape scenery.
The representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui. Third, ancient China.
2. What is the literary common sense of Taohuayuan?
Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia 1. A brief introduction to Tao Yuanming's life (about 365-427), the word Liang Liu, number Wu Liu, was known as Mr. Jing Jie in the world, and later changed his name to Qian. He was a poet, writer, lyricist and essayist at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was born in Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was a small official for several years. Related works include Drinking, Returning to the Garden, The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Gui Xi Ci, Peach Blossom Garden Poetry and so on. 2. Muluozhou is the source of peach blossoms, which has been expressed in the poems and songs of literati in past dynasties. 3. There is also a novel by XuanYuanJian. After Sean helped Liu Bang win the world, he retired and lived in seclusion with the water mirror.
3. The literary knowledge of Zuiwengting
Ouyang Xiu (1007 ~ 1072), a native of Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan), was a writer, politician and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Xun and Su Zhe were called Su San, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong (who had worshipped Ouyang Xiu as a teacher). Because there is a thousands of books, a volume of epigraphy, a piano, a game of chess, a pot of wine and an old man at home, it is called "June 1st". They call themselves "drunkards" because he "drinks less and needs to get drunk", which means that he gets drunk easily and highlights an "alcoholic". So I got the word "Weng". Posthumous title Wenzhong, commonly known as Ouyang Wenzhong and Jizhou Yongfeng (now Jiangxi Yongfeng), together with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ceng Gong, Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe in the Tang Dynasty, are called the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Injong, tired of knowing the imperial edict, tired of Hanlin bachelor. Yingzong, the official to the secretary of the Council, and political affairs; Zongshen dynasty, moved to the ministry of war history, with Prince Shao Shi as the official, and died as Wenzhong. He advocated innovation in politics and literature. He was not only a supporter of Fan Zhongyan's Qingli New Deal, but also a leader of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is also happy to be rewarded and punished. Su Shi's father and son, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi are all from his family. His creative achievements are also brilliant. Poetry, ci and prose are the best of his time. His prose is fluent in reasoning. Poetry style is similar to prose, emphasizing momentum, smooth and natural; His poems are profound, graceful and graceful, and inherit the legacy of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He and Song Qi jointly compiled the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties alone. He also likes to collect epigraphy and compiled the Collection of Ancient Records, including Ouyang Wenzhong's official document, the poem Walking on the Rocks and the famous Preface to Drunk Pavilion. After his death, Ouyang Xiu was buried in Liu Yitang, the name of Xinzheng (now Xinzheng, Henan) in Kaifeng. Ouyang Xiu wrote a lot in his life and made great achievements. Besides literature, he also studied The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals by studying Confucian classics. He was able to stick to what his predecessors said and had unique opinions. As a pioneering work, epigraphy has compiled thousands of epigraphy artifacts and inscriptions from Zhou Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties, and written more than 400 articles in ten volumes, referred to as "Collection of Ancient Records", which is the earliest extant epigraphy work. You Wei has made great achievements in historiography. In addition to revising 250 volumes of the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he also wrote the History of the Five Dynasties (the New History of the Five Dynasties), summarizing the historical experience of the Five Dynasties as a warning. This article is selected from Selected Essays of Ouyang Xiu (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997 edition). Su Jiao Edition, selected from Wen Zhong Ji. Jilin Special Issue, selected from The Complete Works of Ouyang Xiu Center: Five Years Celebration in Song Renzong (1045). Fan Zhongyan and others were dismissed for participating in politics, and Ouyang Xiu defended them and was demoted to Chuzhou for two years. After taking office, he was depressed, but he was able to play the style of "lenient and simple without disturbing" and achieved some results. Drunk pavilion. The author especially likes to enjoy the feast in the mountains. The word "le" runs through the whole text and contains complicated and tortuous contents. One implies that a feudal local governor can "have fun with the people", while the other hides unspeakable difficulties behind his sentimental scenery. In his prime of life in his forties, he claimed to be a drunkard and traveled a lot. Coupled with his "drinking less and getting drunk more" and "being unhappy", it shows that Ouyang Xiu used the joy of mountains and rivers to banish the suffering of exile. Background: The Preface to Drunk Pavilion was written in Li Qing, Song Renzong for six years (A.D. 1046). At that time, Ouyang Xiu was appointed as the magistrate of Chuzhou. Ouyang Xiu came to Chuzhou after Li Qing was demoted in five years. Before his demotion, he served as Taichang Cheng Zhi Jian Yuan, You Yan Zheng Zhi Gu, and Hebei Governor. The reason for his demotion is that he always supported Han Qi, Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and others to participate in the Northern Song Dynasty's reform movement, but opposed the conservative Lv Yijian and Xia Song. Han Fan and others as early as five years before January in Li Qing. Ouyang Xiu was accused of a relative's crime and was dismissed and demoted to Chuzhou. Ouyang Xiu practiced lenient policies and developed production in Chuzhou, so that the local people lived a peaceful and stable life, with more than one year, and the scenery was intoxicating, which made Ouyang Xiu feel extremely happy. But at that time, the whole Northern Song Dynasty was dark, treacherous and powerful, and some people were interested in reform. Seeing that the country's accumulated disadvantages cannot be eliminated, the scene of decline is increasing day by day, which makes him feel heavy anxiety and pain. This is his mood when he wrote the preface to the drunken pavilion, with sadness and joy. These two aspects are mixed in his works.
4. Junior high school literature common sense
I haven't arranged much. Let me tell you something about the ancient literature of China in junior high school.
According to the dynasty, hehe, the general knowledge of China ancient literature in junior high school is always reviewed. Yuan Xianbing, the author of Changjiang No.1 Middle School in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, commented on the genre name, characters, dynasty number or the work "Childlike Fun". Shen Fu's Sanyan, Six Chapters of a Floating Life and The Analects of Confucius in Qing Dynasty are the top ten quotations of Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Zi Yuzi Sage Yasheng: China's great thinker and educator in ancient times, I want what I want, Mencius, watching the sea, although turtles live for a long time, the poems of Cao Cao in the Eastern Han Dynasty (Wei Dynasty), Meng De, a statesman and strategist poet, a five-character poem by Wang Wan in the Tang Dynasty, a spring outing in Qiantang Lake, a scene of cutting wheat, a feeling of looking at the moon, and seven-character poems by Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty, lotte, and a stop at the mountain. Nan Xiangzi Xin Qiji's Song Poetry "Young and Peaceful", the long and short sentences of Jia Xuan's Chronicle Notes of Jia Xuan's Poems, and the Southern Song prose compiled by Ma Zhiyuan famous opera writers Tian Jingsha, Yong Xue, Chen Taiqiu and Friendship Period. Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Guo Zhuang, You are pregnant on the early cold river, and a message from Dongting Lake. The five-word pastoral poems of Tang Prime Minister Hao Ran, Meng Xiangyang Ji, Meng Haoran Ji, Zen after Breaking the Mountain Temple, I often hear that Wang Changling moved the dragon to the left, Emei Mountain Moon Song, Farewell to Friends, and Listening to the flute in Los Angeles on a spring night. On a rainy night, I send a message to my friends in the north. Li Shangyin's quatrains "One Mountain" and "Yuxi Life is Good" are called Xiao's poems by Fan Nansheng and Du Mu. Bo Qinhuai, Chibi and Du Mu's quatrains "Mu Zhi", Fan Chuan's Selected Works, "Huanxisha", "Broken Array" and Yan Shu's poems in the Northern Song Dynasty are the same words. No. Chengzhai, Chengzhai Collection, Dream, Wuling Spring, Zuihuayun, Li Qingzhao, Song Xiaoling (ci),No. Yi, Shuyu Ci, Li Qingzhao Collection, proofreading books, Zhu and the Southern Song Dynasty,No. Hui 'an philosopher, educator and writer Sun Quan compiled Mulan Poetry, which was one of the best folk songs in Yuefu in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and was edited by Sima Guang, who presided over the chronicle of the Northern Song Dynasty. Pu Songling's novels in Qing Dynasty are immortal, such as Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Miscellaneous Poems in the Mountains and Zhu Shu by Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Zi Shu by Wu Yun in the Southern Dynasties, Selected Works, Zhuliguan and Chuangguan, Wang's five-character quatrains, Collection Notes and Sending Yuan Er to Anxi. Note: Xixi in Chuzhou, Wei Su Ji, Going Down with the Flow, Wang Yue, Farewell to Du Fu's appointment in Shu, Spring Hope, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Three Poems of Qiang Village, Climbing the Building, Du Fu's Poems "The Beauty of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry", and Du Fu's Poems "Detailed Poems" Zhu Wanggongji of Yuan Gong, posthumous title and Vicky Xue Ming of the nuclear ship said Jing Qing. Zhang Chao's New Notes on the Early Jade, A Journey to the Avenue, Dai Sheng's Confucian classic The Book of Rites Three Gorges, Li Daoyuan's northern Wei geographer's Essays, Xie Zhongshu, Tao Hongjing's letters and essays are all famous. Huayang lived in seclusion, Tao lived in seclusion, and visited Chengtian Temple and Huanxisha at night. What time? Su Shi's poems and poems of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zi Zhannuo. Dongpo lay man, Dongpo Zhi Lin, Dongpo Yuefu Notes, Tide Watching, Zi Gong Jing, Wulin Past Events, Snow Watching Pavilion, Zhang Zongzi, Shigong Hao. , butterfly-saddle layman Meng Qian, Mountain Creek Trip, Divination Operator, Storm on November 4th, Lu You's Seven-character Poem of Southern Song Dynasty, Jiannan Poem Draft, Weinan Anthology, Long Song Line, Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poem, Wild Hope, Wang Jitang's Five-character Poem, A trip to the mountains, during the Northern Song Dynasty, moved to the left to show my grandnephew's items, selected works, sent to Dongyang Preface, Song Lian's Jing Lian, Qian Xi's Song Anthology, Crossing Zero and, Wen Tianxiang's seven-character quatrain in the Southern Song Dynasty, the word "to be kind", the complete works of Mr. Wenshan, Mountain Slope Sheep, Tongguan nostalgia, Zhang Yanghao's Yuan Quzi, Ximeng Hao Yun Zhuang, , Yolanda Sanqu, Lv Qian, Shide Xishan Banquet Tour, Xiaoshitang Ji, Liu Zongyuan, Tang Yongzhou Eighth Ji Zihou, Liuhe Dongji, Yue Wengting Ji, Ouyang Xiu, Song Ziyong Shu, self-styled drunkard, also known as Liu Yiju, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, Travel Notes, Yuan Hongdao Zhong Gong, Yuan Zhonglang School, Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems, Gong Zizhen, Ding Haoan Gong Zizhen.