Due to the progress of publishing and education and the all-round development of society, it has lost its monopoly position and become a branch of popular culture. The so-called serious literature is different from popular literature or popular literature.
Edit the literary category of this paragraph.
1, divided into three categories according to the carrier: oral literature, written literature and online literature;
2. According to the author's time, it can be divided into ancient literature, modern literature, modern literature and contemporary literature. Their scope is constantly changing with readers;
3. Divided into: European and American literature, China literature, Japanese literature, Latin American literature, etc.
4, according to the reader is divided into:
A, according to the audience identity/age, there are children's literature, adult literature, etc. ;
B, according to the reader group and content, it is divided into serious literature and popular literature or popular literature, folk literature, minority literature, religious literature, etc.
5. According to the content, it can be divided into historical biography literature, documentary literature, fantasy literature and reportage.
6. According to the genre of expression, it is divided into novels, essays, poems, reportage, dramas, operas, scripts, folklore, fables, note novels, unofficial history, fairy tales, couplets and jokes. Others, such as historical biography, philosophy, fu, parallel prose, essays, literary criticism, computer games (including game machines) with text plot structure, etc.
7. According to creative ideas, it can be divided into: romantic literature, realistic literature, etc.
The above classification is only a generalization. As an example of classification, it is not a comprehensive classification.
Edit this literary theory
1, literary theory
First, western literary theory
B, China's literary theory
2. Literary criticism and research
3. Literature history: foreign literature history and China literature history.
4. Literary schools, literary ideas and literary societies.
Literary research 1, literary aesthetics 2, literature and art 3, literature in the new period of socialism 4, history of literary thought 5, literary criticism 6, literary history a, modern literature b, modern literature 7, comparative literature 8, dance literature 9, derivative literature.
Editing this literary type
China's classical literature is divided into poems and essays, and prose is divided into rhymes and essays. Modern literature is generally divided into four literary genres: poetry, prose, novel and drama. China's lyric poems and prose (called ancient prose) are the earliest and the most developed. The west is divided into two basic types: poetry and prose. Narrative poems and dramas mature earlier and novels are more developed.
Edit four literary genres in this paragraph.
Traditional poetry is a rhythmic literary work. It expresses some strong feelings through the imagination and lyricism of poetry. Poetry is the oldest literary form, and China is one of the most developed countries in the world. From China's earliest poetry collection "The Book of Songs" to the earliest lyric poem "Li Sao". Yuefu in Han Dynasty, metrical poems, ci poems, Yuanqu poems in Tang and Song Dynasties, and new poems since the May 4th Movement. Folk songs of past dynasties. It constitutes the unparalleled great tradition of China's poetry. In contrast, western narrative poetry developed late and combined with drama, and made great achievements. For example, Homer's epic, Dante's Divine Comedy and Shakespeare's plays.
Prose is a literary form without strict rhythm and space restrictions. As opposed to verse. China's prose is developed from the prose of pre-Qin philosophers, and there are famous prose works representing famous writers. Among them, historical prose, prose, recitation and other applied styles have had a far-reaching impact on later generations. China has been the most developed country in prose in the world since ancient times.
Drama is another ancient literary form. Mainly through the dialogue between different roles to express the author's thoughts and feelings. Drama can be used for stage performance and reading.
Novel is a comprehensive literary form with virtual world as its content. Traditionally, prose is the mainstay. Zhuangzi: Decorating novels as a county magistrate. China's novels in the modern sense began with fables in pre-Qin prose, matured in notes of the late Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties, and then spread to novels represented by four wonderful books and short stories represented by Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Western novels are called novels and prose epics. As a later literary form, novels are associated with myths and legends. Because of its huge capacity, it profoundly and comprehensively reflects the reality and people's thoughts, and has become one of the mainstream literary forms since modern times.
Edit this passage of literary figures
Writers, playwrights, essayists, novelists, poets and literary critics.
Edit this literature in different languages or countries.
Asian literature: China literature, Ma Xin literature and Japanese literature.
European literature: English literature, German literature, Greek literature and Russian literature.
American literature: American literature, Latin literature.
Edit the different meanings of this document.
(1) one of social ideology. In ancient times, all books and documents written in words were collectively called documents. Modern art refers to the art of shaping images with language to reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings, so it is also called "language art". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, literature was divided into two categories: verse and prose. Modern literature is usually divided into poetry, prose, novel, drama, film and television literature and other genres. Various schools have various styles.
② One of the four families of Confucius. Advanced Analects of Confucius: "Literature, Ziyou, Xia Zi." Xing Bingshu: "If the article has knowledge, there is a child tour and Xia Zi." He also teaches subjects for aristocratic children. Song Dynasty's Biography of Lei Cizong: "The world attaches importance to art, making Danyang Yin Lixuan learn, the prince cited He Chengtian to make history, and Situ made literature from the army."
(3) refers to the cultivation of the word chapter. Yuan Jie's "Da Tang Fu": "Who is old when the text is not old?"
(4) official name. The Han dynasty was placed in the state, county and kingdom, or "literary history" or "literary history", which was initiated by later tutors. In order to select talents, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially set up the subject of "Xianwen", and all counties recommended talents to take the exam in Beijing. Those who are recommended are called "sages". "Virtue" refers to a person with good moral character and noble morality; "Wen" refers to people who are proficient in Confucian classics. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it became known as "literary engagement". In the Tang Dynasty, the doctor was placed in Zhou Xian County, which was renamed as "Literature" in Dezong, and the prince and the king were also placed as "Literature". Abolished in Ming and Qing dynasties.
Edit this paragraph of modern literary journal.
Literature: 1933 was founded in Shanghai in July of 1, founded by the Literature Society and published by Shanghai Life Bookstore. 1 Volume is edited by Literature Society, and volumes 2 to 9 are edited by Fu Donghua, Zheng Zhenduo and Wang Tongzhao successively. Huang Yuan participated in editing 1 to 5 volumes. Zheng Zhenduo and Mao Dun are the main promoters of literature. Members of the editorial board include Yu Dafu, Mao Dun, Hong Shen, Chen Wangdao, Xu Tiaofu, Fu Donghua, Ye and Zheng Zhenduo. At the beginning of its publication, Lu Xun was a member of the editorial board. The purpose of running a magazine is to concentrate the strength of writers all over the country and supply the needs of general literary readers with books with rich content and representing the latest trend. The publication is rich in content and numerous in columns, which change from time to time. Relatively fixed are novels, essays, poems, dramas, literary forums, book reviews, writers' essays, literary pictorial, translation and world literature views. Among them, it mainly publishes the literary creations, literary theories and works of famous writers, and often publishes and comments on the works of new writers. Contributors include Lu Xun, Ba Jin, Lao She, Ding Ling, Bing Xin, Zhu Ziqing, Xu Dishan, Guo Shaoyu, Geng Jizhi, Tian Han, Zheng, Dai Wangshu, Zhang Tianyi and Li Liewen, as well as Guo Moruo, A Ying, Zhou Yang, Hu Feng, Jane, Lin Yutang, Shen Congwen, Ai Wu, Xiao Jun, Xiao Hong and Li Liewen. He published many influential works in his creation. Novels such as Mao Dun's Can Winter, The Story of Multi-angle Relationship and Big Nose, Ye Shengtao's Overriding Three or Five Doors and a Trainee, Wang Tongzhao's Shan Yu and Autumn Harvest, Xu Dishan's Spring Peach and Daughter's Heart, and Wang Luyan's Under the Roof and the Country. Lao She's Coming to the Stage, Micro-God and My Life, Zhang Tianyi's Bao's Father and Son, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Shen Congwen's Eight Horses, Suffering, Roaring Xu Jiatun, Jane Xian 'ai's Tragedy of the Country, Peace in the World and Duanmu Hongliang's Wonderland on Earth. Prose essays such as My Vaccine by Lu Xun, Remembering Wei Suyuan Jun, Miscellaneous Talks after Illness, Sorrow of Growing Together by Zhu Ziqing, You and Me by Feng Zikai, Essays on Destiny Hall by Ba Jin, Songs of Laborers and Essays on Journey. Such as Wang Tongzhao's Her Life and Hanging Today's Battlefield, Cang Kejia's Black Hand of Evil, Weapons of the Central Plains, Zhu Xiang's One Night in Zhuang Zhou and other poems; Such as Hong Shen's Peach Blossom after Robbery, Chen's The Battle between Jintianzhai and Lugou Bridge, Sai Jinhua, Li Jianwu's Liang, Lao Wang and His Comrades, etc. Most of these works of different genres are based on real life, describing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles and other social contradictions at that time and becoming important works in the history of modern literature.
Literature pays more attention to the study of China's modern literary history and writers' works. Among modern literary newspapers and periodicals, it is the publication that publishes the most monographs by writers, including Bing Xin Lun by Mao Dun, Lu and Peanut Lun, Lin Yutang Lun by Hu Feng, Xu Zhimo Lun by Mu, Guo Moruo's Poetry Lun and Zhou Zuoren by Xu Jie. Ding Ling's Mother, Shan Yu, Night in the South, Liu Xiji, On Grain Fields, Peng's Good News of Huang Jia, Snowfield, The Great Sage by Wan Dihe, Dandelion by Cai Xitao and Sunrise by Cao Yu. In literature, Lu Xun's On the Third Man, On Irony, The Scholars (full text 1-7), Untitled Grass (1-3), Zhou Yang's On Realism, Typicality and Personality, and Hu Feng's On. The Historical Significance of the May 4th Literature Movement written by Yu Dafu, Jin, Yi, Hu, Shen Qiyu and others, The Rise and Background of China New Literature, and Mao Dun's Is the Future of New Literature in Crisis? On the future of early vernacular poetry and narrative poetry, Zhu Ziqing's Exploration of Miscellaneous Poems and New Poetry, Qu Yi's Trace and Outlet of New Poetry, Chen Yumen's Future of China's New Poetry, Zhang Geng's Present Stage of China's Drama and Hong Shen's 1933 China Film are all about China's new literature. These articles have important historical value for studying the historical development of modern literature in China. In July 1934, Literature also published a special issue on the first anniversary of literature-Me and Literature. Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Zheng, Hu Feng,, Shen Congwen, Bian and other 59 people wrote down their respective relationships with literature and "cordial experiences" and "became precious materials in the history of literature" ("Me and literature? Introduction). 1In July, 935, the Special Issue of the Second Anniversary of Literature was published, written by 60 people including Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Ye, Zhu Ziqing, Yu Dafu, Hong Shen, A Ying, Hu Feng and Feng Zikai, which briefly introduced the characteristics of literature and various literary schools at home and abroad from various angles. 1936, 165438+ 10, 65438+February published "Special Commemorative Edition of Mr. Lu Xun" (I) and (II). Mao Dun, Zheng Zhenduo, Wang Tongzhao, Fu Donghua, Yu Dafu, Zheng, Ouyang Fanhai, and Li Qun all wrote inscriptions for the newcomer.
Literature also pays attention to the study of China's classical literature, and has published Qu Yuan Times by Guo Moruo, On Jin Ping Mei Ci and the Evolution of Journey to the West by Zheng Zhenduo, Pipa Ci of Ming Folk Songs by Gu Jiegang, Poets and Taoists of Song Dynasty by Chen Zizhan and so on. , 1934 in June.
Literature also attaches great importance to the translation and introduction of foreign literary works and literary theories, including Pushkin, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev, Gorky, Andersen, Heine, Schiller, Keats, Hugo and Roman? Roland, Whitman, Mark? Twain and other famous writers' representative works and theoretical works, as well as articles commenting on them, have also published Translation Special Issue, Weak Minority Literature Special Issue, Commemoration of the Death of World Literati 1935, Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of Turgenev's Death Special Issue and Gorky Memorial Special Issue. These translations and materials record the close relationship between China's modern literature and foreign literature.
Literature was founded in the early 1930s, and it became a publishing and creative position for left-wing writers and progressive writers when the Novel Monthly stopped publishing and the Left-wing Alliance was repeatedly banned. Its dominant tendency of anti-imperialism and feudalism is the same. 1937 After the publication of Volume 9, Issue 2 in August, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, and the length of literature was reduced. In the same year 10 165438, the publication of Volume 9, Issue 4 was closed. Literature, with 6 issues 1 volume, No.52 * * 9 volume, was the longest published and most influential literary periodical in 1930s.
The Spiritual Value of Editing this Literature
In addition to external, practical and utilitarian values, literature also has internal, seemingly useless and utilitarian values, that is, spiritual values.
Spirit has many different definitions. We generally define the concept of spirit in this sense: it is an intentional existence within human beings, an organic unity of many psychological factors of human rationality and sensibility, and a psychological activity process of human beings constantly surpassing themselves and perfecting themselves. Therefore, spiritual value is different from material value, which is internal, ontological and constantly transcending itself. Literary creation is the spiritual activity of literary and art workers, literary works belong to the spiritual products of human beings, and the acceptance and appreciation of literature and art also belong to human spiritual activities. Therefore, the spiritual value of literature and art should be its own most intrinsic and basic value. As Moritz Geiger, an early German phenomenologist, pointed out, "In a work of art, there are certain features that constitute its value", that is, the spiritual value of art, that is, it does not serve a certain purpose, so he can't understand art. These values are experienced by people as features existing in the work and are included in the work of art. "
While performing various "service" duties, art has forgotten what it is, and while we have too many "works of art", we have also lost our "artistic spirit".
Art is not only a tool, but also a "work". But art is essentially a way of life, an attitude towards life, the connotation of life and the spirit on which life depends.